quiz (retroviruses)
TRANSCRIPT
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Yusri Arif bin Sapaee
5th Year Medical Student
Kasr El-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University
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Classification of retroviruses that cause
disease in humans
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Structure of the human
immunodeficiency virus
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HIV proviral genome
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Binding of HIV to surface of lymphocyte
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Attachment and entry of HIV virus
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The H
IV r
eplicati
on c
ycle
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Common modes of transmission of HIV
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Typical time course of HIV infection
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Pathogenesis of HIV
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Pattern of opportunistic infections
associated with declining CD4+ cell
counts
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Highly active antiretroviral therapy
(HAART)
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Retroviruses are non enveloped positive
sense ssRNA viruses
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Retroviruses contain enzyme reverse
transcriptase
Retroviruses rely on the reverse
transcriptase (RT) enzyme to transcribe
their genome from RNA into a DNA
copy, which can then be integrated as a
DNA provirus into the genomic DNA of
the host cell.
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Important members of Retroviridae family
that affect humans are?
HIV Lentivirinae subfamily
HTLV Oncovirinae subfamily
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Human Immunodeficiency Viruses replicate
in?
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HIV-2 is the major cause of AIDS worldwide
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HIV-2 is characterized by the
following EXCEPT:
First described in 1986
Slower in progression
Limited mostly to West Africa and Portugal
Much less severe
Has 2 groups (M & O)
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Group M viruses are rare and limited to
western part of Africa
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HIV-1 and HIV-2 resemble each other
strikingly. However, they differ in?
The virus has spherical shape with a
diameter of 100nm.
The virus envelope is line with an HIV
protein called p17 (matrix protein, MA).
Inside, a conical-shaped capsid (CA) made of
protein called p24 (core antigen)
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What is the most abundant protein in the
virus particle?
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Envelope antigens
Core capsid antigens
RT antigen
Its absence successful tx
Responsible for receptor binding
gp120
p66/51 complex
gp120 (SU) & gp41 (TM)
p17 and p24
p24
HIV antigens
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Cells that are not infected by HIV
Monocytes/macrophages
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
CD4+ T helper lymphocytes
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, neurones and glial cells
Hepatocytes
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Name receptors on the cell surface
required for the entry of HIV into the cell
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First
Second
Third
Forth
Fifth
Assembly and budding
Transcription
Reverse transcription
Integration
Translation
Post-fusion events
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HIV antibody positive
HIV antibody negative, HIV RNA detectable
HIV antibody negative, HIV RNA viral load >5000 copies/ml
HIV antibody negative, HIV RNA viral load 50-5000 copies/ml
HIV antibody negative, HIV RNA viral load <50 copies/ml
Not infected
Acute HIV infection
Established HIV infection & no acute infection
Repeat HIV RNA test in the same specimen
Indeterminate repeat testing on follow up specimen
Diagnosis of acute HIV infection
(acute retroviral syndrome)
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How to diagnose HIV infection in newborns?
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Nucleoside analogues transcriptase inhibitors
Non-nucleoside analogues transcriptase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Fusion inhibitors
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
Ritonavir
Lamivudine
Nevirapine
Indinavir
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
(HAART)
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How to monitor anti-HIV therapy?
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Best regimen for post-exposure
chemoprophylaxis
1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor + 2 protease inhibitor
1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor + 1 protease inhibitor
2 fusion inhibitors + 1 protease inhibitor
1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor + 2 fusion inhibitors
2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors + 1 protease inhibitor