quiet silent...silent usually carries more positive suggestions of stillness or quietness

1

Abstract: This paper is intended to analyze differences in the semantic distribution of quiet and silent through the largest corpus available in the world, Bank of English, and to show that unmarked quiet is used in many different situations, while marked silent is preferred to emphasize the situations in which actions that are usually expected to be performed with some noise are done without any noise, in which actions that are expected to be performed with or without noise are contrasted, and in which speakers or writers feel anxiety or fear about quietness, or subjects’ strong will is implied.

Key Words: English synonyms, English usage, English grammar, corpus linguistics, lexicography

1. はじめに

　英語を外国語として学ぶ者は，自分の意思を正確に誤解なく伝えてコミュニケーションの目的を達成することが多くの場面で要求される．類似する表現の中で，どのような場面でどのような表現

を使えばよいのか，選択を迫られたときにシノニムの知識や情報は欠かせない．筆者はかねてより，コーパス活用の利点である，

(1) a. 英米の参考書にない当該表現についても分析記述が可能となり，英米の参考書に負うところの多い現状を打破できる

b. 少人数のインフォーマント調査では避けることのできないインフォーマント自身の個人差を吸収できる

c. 母語話者が無意識のうちに行っている使い分けを分析の対象とすることができる

d. 母語話者ゆえに見過ごされていた現象や言語事実を非母語話者の立場から客観的に明らかにすることができる

といった点を生かしながら，日本語母語話者が誤りやすい英語シノニム表現について分析研究してきている．　本稿では quietと silentを取り上げる．quietは「静かな」，silentは「沈黙した」といった日本語訳を与えられることが多いが，両者の用法は重なるところが多く，非母語話者にとって適切に使い

コーパスを活用した英語シノニム・語法研究 *̶quietと silent̶

井　上　永　幸

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

A study of English synonyms using corpus data:quiet and silent

Nagayuki INOUE

Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University

2 井　上　永　幸

分けることの難しいシノニムペアのひとつである．通常の辞書はもちろん，ESL/EFL辞書や参考書でも，非母語話者が求める情報を得られることは少ない．以下の節で，quietと silentがどのような状況で好んで用いられるかについて検討してゆく．

2. 先行研究

　まずは代表的な ESL/EFL用のものを中心に，最近の辞書を見てみよう．(2) – (13) を見られたい 1)．

(2) LDOCE5 (s.v. QUIET) 2)

(3) LDOCE5 (s.v. SILENT)

(4) OALD8 (s.v. QUIET)

(5) OALD8 (s.v. SILENT)

3コーパスを活用した英語シノニム・語法研究

(6) CCAD (s.v. QUIET)

〔途中省略〕

(7) CCAD (s.v. SILENT)

〔途中省略〕

(8) CALD3 (s.v. QUIET)

(9) CALD3 (s.v. SILENT)

(10) MED2 (s.v. QUIET)


(11) MED2 (s.v. SILENT)

(12) ODE2 (s.v. QUIET)

(13) ODE2 (s.v. SILENT)

以上に引用した辞書の内容を，語義別に整理したのが (14) である．なお，必ずしもある辞書で語義として整理されていなくても，同用法が用例の中で現れている場合は，他の辞書が設定した語義のもとで整理してある．表の行頭にある数字は便

宜上つけたもので特に意味はない．以下の説明では，この番号を使って，「［語義…番］」のような示し方をして，原典の辞書の語義番号と区別することにする．

(14) 辞書における quietと silentの各語義掲載状況語義 quiet silent

1 〈人が〉無言の，何も言わない ※叙述的に：LDOCE5, CCAD LDOCE5, OALD8, CCAD, CALD3, MED2, ODE

2 〈人が〉（性格的に）無口な LDOCE5, OALD8, CCAD, CALD3, MED2, ODE

※ 限定的に：LDOCE5, OALD8, CCAD, MED2, ODE

3 〈場所が〉静かな LDOCE5, CCAD, MED2 LDOCE5, OALD8, CCAD, CALD3, MED2, ODE

4〈人・物が〉音［声］を立てない，静かな 3)

※時に命令文で：LDOCE5, O A L D 8 , C C A D , C A L D 3 , MED2, ODE

5 〈感情・態度などが〉内に秘めた※ 限定的に：LDOCE5, OALD8, CCAD, MED2

6 〈場所・状況・時間が〉活動的でない，平穏な，混乱のないLDOCE5, OALD8, CCAD, CALD3, MED2, ODE

7 〈商売が〉暇な LDOCE5, OALD8, CALD3, MED2

8 〈活動などが〉内密の，ひっそりとした※限定的に：CCAD, ODE

9 〈色・衣服などが〉地味な ODE

10〈行為・活動が〉無言の ※ 限定的に：LDOCE5，OALD8, MED2, ODE, CCAD 4)

11〈人・報告などが〉《…について》情報提供しない，言及しない《on, about》

LDOCE5, OALD8, MED2, ODE

12〈映画が〉無声の ※ 限定的に：LDOCE5, OALD8, CCAD, ODE

13〈文字が〉黙字の LDOCE5, OALD8, MED2, ODE

14〈病気・問題などが〉症状のない，表には出ないMED2

［語義 1 – 3 番］は quietと silentのいずれにも，［語義 4 – 9 番］は quietのみに，［語義 10 – 14 番］はsilentのみに見られる．このような語義分布を一覧表にすることによって，これら 2語が微妙な役

割分担を行っていることがうかがわれる．　次に，シノニムの専門辞典を見てみよう．(15)

は Gove (1984)，(16) は Hayakawa (1971) である．

(15) Gove (1984), s.v. STILL

still adj Still, stilly, quiet, silent, noiseless can all mean making no stir or noise. . . . Quiet, like still,

may imply absence of perceptible motion or sound or of both, but it carries stronger suggestions of lack of

excitement, agitation, or turbulence, and of tranquillity, serenity, restfulness, or repose <through the green

evening quiet in the sun—Keats> <the happy stillness of dawn . . . the quiet morning air—Meredith> <a quiet

town filled with people who lived quiet lives and thought quiet thoughts—Anderson> <all the impetuous

restlessness of her girlhood had left her and she had bloomed into a quiet half-indolent calm—Buck> Silent

and noiseless differ from the other words of this group in being frequently applied to motion, movement, or

stir that is unaccompanied by sound. Silent usually carries more positive suggestions of stillness or quietness

<the Earth . . . from West her silent course advance[s]—Milton> <three mountaintops, three silent pinnacles

of aged snow—Tennyson> whereas noiseless usually connotes absence of commotion or of sounds of activity

or movement <along the cool sequestered vale of life they kept the noiseless tenor of their way—Gray> <this

quiet sail is as a noiseless wing to waft me from distraction—Byron) 

(16) Hayakawa (1971), s.v. SILENT

SILENT noiseless quiet still

These words are comparable when they are applied to persons or things that make no sound. Silent

simply means refraining from speech or being without noise; it does not necessarily suggest serenity or

motionlessness: His silent reproach was accompanied by vigorous gestures; a silent fi lm; a silent conversation

between deaf-and-dumb people who communicated by sign language. Because it implies only the absence of

sound, silent can be more emphatic than any of the other words: The vast crowd felt silent at the news that the

president was dead.

Quiet and still, although denoting silence, have different implications. Quiet implies freedom from activity

or commotion; still suggests an unruffled or tranquil state, and often implies that the calm is an interlude

between periods of noise or agitation. In most contexts, therefore, silent, quiet, and still are not interchangeable

without changing the sense: a quiet street; a quiet neighbourhood; a still forest. Note that there is a sense

of permanence about quiet but none about still, which indeed suggests the potentiality of the opposite of


stillness: a still moment when the eye of the storm passed overhead. On the other hand, when referring simply

to the absence of speech, and especially if used predicatively, the three words may be interchangeable: a child

who keeps silent (or quiet or still). Even here still is ambiguous, since it may simply suggest the absence of

fi dgeting. . . .

(15) の Gove (1984) では，まず，quietが（stillと同様），知覚可能な動作または音，あるいはその両方がないことを暗示することがあるが，興奮・動揺の欠如，静けさ・平穏さ・平静さ・静穏さを（still

より）強く暗示することを述べている．silent（とnoiseless）は（still, stilly, quietなどと違って），音を伴わない運動・移動・混乱にしばしば用いられることを指摘した上で，silentは，通例，静けさを比較的積極的に暗示するとしている．一方，(16)

の Hayakawa (1971) は，silentも quietも音を立てない人や物事に使うことができるが，silentはしゃべるのを慎んでいたり音を立てないようにしていることを単に意味し，精神的な落ち着きや動作のなさは必ずしも意味しない〔つまり，動作はあってよい〕ことにふれた後，silentは音のなさのみを暗示するので，他の語〔noiseless, quiet, still〕より強意的になることがあることを指摘している．また，quietについては，活動や騒動から解放されていることを暗示し，silentと違って不変性を含意する．なお，話し声がしないことに単に言及し，特に叙述的に用いられる場合は，silentとquiet（そして still）は交換可能であることを指摘している．Gove (1984) と Hayakawa (1971) で共通しているのは，quietは音と動作のいずれにも言及するが，silentの方は音にのみ注目し，より強意的に響くという点である．

3. 分析

　本節では，公開されている世界最大のコーパスBank of English 5) を使って，quietと silentが実際にどのような環境で好んで用いられているかということを考察した上で，一般化を試みる．　Bank of Englishを quiet@で検索すると 6)，30,732行が抽出される．一方，silent@で検索すると 7)，14,741行が抽出される．後で両者のスコア同士を比較できるように，頻度数の少ないsilentの 14,741に合わせて，quietから 14,741例を無作為抽出したものを分析に用いることにする．

3.1. 共起する名詞　quietと silentはいずれも一般的な形容詞であるので，限定用法と叙述用法のいずれでも用いることができる．本節では，両語が限定用法で用いられる場合，どのような名詞とともによく用いられるかということを検証してゆく．　(17) は quietと silentの t-score picture表示から，両者の直後の位置に当たるコラム R1のデータを抜き出したものである．R1の位置に生起する単語が t-scoreの高い順に 50位まで並べられ，頻度の情報も添えてある．また，名詞以外の項目は網掛けを施してある．

(17) quiet@及び silent@の t-score pictureコラム R1quiet silent

R1 freq. t-score R1 freq. t-score1 and 1302 26.3911 1 for 746 22.54372 life 238 14.7869 2 and 907 18.50413 about 255 13.9931 3 on 501 17.69694 but 304 13.4457 4 sons 267 16.31375 man 158 11.8137 5 as 418 16.28456 revolution 97 9.7876 6 about 251 13.85177 place 104 9.5225 7 majority 187 13.58478 night 99 9.2444 8 fi lm 186 13.41809 corner 86 9.1535 9 movie 170 12.945910 for 281 8.9921 10 prayer 122 11.018811 day 98 8.7280 11 night 129 10.739812 voice 79 8.6651 12 fi lms 101 9.976013 word 75 8.4220 13 witness 100 9.954314 time 112 8.3577 14 spring 101 9.946315 as 192 7.7175 15 movies 97 9.793916 than 98 7.6567 16 auction 94 9.664517 moments 58 7.5395 17 but 199 9.175318 room 64 7.4846 18 son 88 9.133819 street 60 7.2269 19 reading 84 9.000520 diplomacy 46 6.7637 20 when 137 8.882621 spot 48 6.7562 21 protest 62 7.797622 trading 45 6.5302 22 treatment 60 7.546523 little 55 6.3381 23 except 58 7.463624 until 51 6.3118 24 296 7.279225 satisfaction 38 6.1158 25 tribute 48 6.883026 confi dence 39 6.0378 26 era 48 6.842727 country 48 6.0081 27 partner 49 6.834028 dignity 34 5.7993 28 screen 48 6.803429 way 56 5.7365 29 during 58 6.743230 period 37 5.6936 30 then 74 6.559031 streets 34 5.6714 31 scream 43 6.534632 cul 32 5.6524 32 again 55 6.467233 now 66 5.6469 33 until 53 6.466234 desperation 32 5.6404 34 tears 42 6.398435 evening 34 5.5703 35 type 43 6.353136 residential 31 5.5184 36 killer 38 6.098837 because 57 5.4757 37 bob 38 5.942638 times 39 5.4202 38 while 49 5.609939 drink 31 5.3776 39 he 172 5.520640 game 38 5.2859 40 because 51 4.948741 town 33 5.2734 41 contemplation 24 4.893442 american 37 5.1438 42 room 31 4.827243 except 28 5.0725 43 since 36 4.695044 person 30 4.9035 44 revolution 23 4.670145 contemplation 24 4.8934 45 online 8) 23 4.647946 nights 25 4.8827 46 throughout 24 4.597047 moment 29 4.8771 47 vigil 21 4.571948 ones 26 4.8372 48 cinema 21 4.507749 again 36 4.8270 49 she 79 4.463550 determination 24 4.8203 50 man 36 4.4161

(17) から，名詞だけを抜き出して，意味分野別に分類したのが (18) である．

(18) quiet@及び silent@の t-score pictureコラム R1に現れる名詞の分類quiet silent

場所place, corner, room, street(s), spot, country, cul-de-sac, residential (area [street]), town

行為prayer, auction, reading, protest, treatment, tribute, tears, scream, contemplation, revolution, vigil

時 night(s), day, time(s), moment(s), period, evening 映画 fi lm(s), movie(s), era, screen, cinema

事 life, revolution, trading, drink, game, contemplation, determination 人など son(s), majority, witness, partner,

type, killer, man

感情・態度 satisfaction, confi dence, dignity, way, desperation 時 night, spring

人 man, person 場所 roomその他 ones

　quietの方は，人に関する分野やその他に分類した文法的代用形である onesを除いて，場所，時，事，感情・態度などの分野に比較的バランスよく分布している．一方，silentの方は，行為を表す名詞が最も多い．ここに分類されている名詞の多くは，silent prayer（黙祷），silent auction（書面で入札をする競売），silent reading（黙読），silent

protest（無言の抗議），silent treatment（（喧嘩の後などで）口をきかないこと），silent tribute（無言の賛辞，黙祷），silent tears（（声を上げず泣いて）涙を流すこと），silent revolution（無言の革命），silent vigil（無言の抗議行動）など，通例は言語や音声を伴う行為が何らかの理由で無言あるいは無音で行われているものである．なお，silent

contemplation（黙考）のように，本来無言あるいは無音で行われるものにあえて強意的に付け加えられることもある．(19) – (28) を見られたい．

(19) and do the beatifi ciation, even if he was sick."

 Sister Browne shook the Pope's hand as he

entered the chapel. `He is such a gracious

old man," she said. After a few minutes of

silent prayer and some barely audible murmurs,

the Pope stood up from the padded kneeler in

front of the tomb and sat in a straight-backed

chair under a statue of St Joseph and a portrait

of Mary mackillop.

—Corpus: oznews/OZ. Text: NA---950120.

(20) wines accompanied by macarthur Park's

award-winning oakwood smoked barbecued

baby back ribs, grilled chicken, house-made

sausages and an array of cheeses and breads.

There will also be a silent auction and live

music. Tickets are $40 per person, including

a commemorative glass, unlimited wine and

food. For more information, call 321-9990. 

Send restaurant and dining out news to Monica

—Corpus: usnews/US. Text: NU3---940916.

(21) we were getting for the reading rate? <x16>

It was oral. <x04> I know it was oral, but still

what was the oral reading rate? <x16> 130s,

140s was like the average. <x21> So 150 is

probably a safe silent reading rate. <x04>

Okay. <tc text="pause"> <x21> I actually have

this from Ron <tc text="inaudible"> work. It

goes up to -- by seventh grade, it's almost 300,

250, 300. <x01> David, can we move

—Corpus: usspok/US. Text: SU2-------7.

(22) Now the Braves trail the Twins two games

to one in the best of seven series. Both

teams called last night's game a classic, but

members of the American Indian Movement

might disagree. They held a silent protest

last night at Atlanta's Fulton County Stadium

to demonstrate against what's called the

tomahawk chop. That's the arm gesture that

Braves fans have adopted to cheer for their

team.

—Corpus: usspok/US. Text: SU1---911023.

(23) he becomes, the more he owes. [THE

Silent TREATMENT] Do you know when

you are giving those around you the silent

treatment? I'll bet you do, but you won't admit

it. We can give people the silent treatment

for many reasons, but usually it is because we

are upset about something. We can't or won't

communicate our feelings; we resent that others

don't sense our needs, and then we shut them

—Corpus: brbooks/UK. Text: BB-Wm931277.

(24) died when panam fl ight 103 was blown out of

the sky in December 1988, the three minutes

of silence were particularly poignant. The town

hall bell tolled at 11am and local people stood

in silent tribute. At the Scottish Parliament,

around 100 delegates at a race relations

conference joined msps to observe the silence.

For the second time this week, the chamber fell

into silence as a mark of

—Corpus: brrnews/UK. Text: NB5---010915.

(25) But Scully did not become pregnant, so

Anderson had to be shot using tricky camera-

work. She worked until a week before Piper's

birth, and was filming again 10 days later. Ì

shed a lot of silent tears. At times, all I wanted

to do was quit and be with my baby," she has

said. She tries to have Piper on set as much as

possible and, although she is not there when I

visit, there is a pedal


(26) the prime minister demanding measures to

protect final salary-based pensions. It wants

the schemes to be redefined as pay and made

legally enforceable through employment

contract law. "There is a silent revolution

going on in the world of work. Employers are

turning back a century of progress in pension

provision," said Mr Lyons. But the calls for

urgent action are likely to fall on deaf ears.

—Corpus: brnews/UK. Text: NB3---020219.

(27) s abortion clinic. Dr. Henry Morgentaler,

clinic staff, and supporters sipped wine and

nibbled on hors d'oeuvres inside the west-end

clinic, while a small group of protesters held

a silent vigil across the street. Separating

the groups were two locked doors, one posted

with the papers of a court injunction barring

protesters from the property. A year ago,

the clinic was the scene

—Corpus: strathy/CA. Text: NCX--92---3.

(28) along the water's edge. Anna blows into her

hands and looks out across the pond towards

the copper dome of the London Central

Mosque. I sit quietly next to her. After a few

minutes' silent contemplation Anna says, `We

need to talk about Christmas.' `Christmas?'

I repeat stupidly. Ùh-huh.' ÒK.' I shiver.

`Shoot.' Òbviously we'll go to Guildford.'

Òbviously.' One of the many disadvantages

—Corpus: brbooks/UK. Text: BB--M022242.

　次の silent fi lm(s), silent movie(s), silent screen, silent

cinemaなどは，いずれも現在普及している通常の音声を伴う映画に対して，それらが普及する前の「無声映画」を表す表現として，silent eraは「無声（映画）時代」を表す表現として用いられる．

(29) Review's D.W. Griffith career achievement

award for acting in 105 movies over 75 years

from best friend Helen Hayes, who praised her

as a woman without fear. When Gish, 91,

was acting in the silent film Way Down East,

she spent two winter days floating down a

New England river on a real ice fl oe, her hand

frostbitten as she trailed it in the water and

tears frozen on her eyelashes, Hayes

—Corpus: strathy/CA. Text: NCX--88---1.

(30) Street Gardens in the shadow of the Scott

Monument where shooting of his latest Indian

feature fi lm is ''in the completion stages'', has a

lot to live up to. In the days of the silent movie

his grandfather clocked up 40 productions,

while his father, Manmohan, who died seven

years ago, was so successful with blockbusters

that he earned the nickname ''Steven Spielberg

of the East''. Desai,


(31) of the modern game's most watchable faces.

Try his next TV interview with the sound

turned down and then think of Keaton or Laurel

or Chaplin. In another life, surely, the man was

a star of the silent screen. Why did they

call this proposed Premiership second division

the "Phoenix League"? Which ashes exactly

can we expect to glimpse it rising from? A

glance at the wage bills of English

—Corpus: times/UK. Text: NB1---011208.

(32) which is now duplicating its success with

American audiences), and the Mexican road

movie Y tu Mama Tambien (And Your Mother

Too) by former Mexican TV director Alfonso

Cuaron. The days of silent cinema will be

recalled by two events, with King Vidor's

The Crowd (with musical accompaniment by

Brisbane's queen of jazz Clare Hansson and

sound artist Lawrence English) showing at City

Hall on July

—Corpus: oznews/OZ. Text: NA1---020704.

(33) as " the Swedish night ingale" , born in

Stockholm, 1820; Le Corbusier (Charles-

Edouard Jeanneret), architect, born in La

Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, 1887; Janet

Gaynor, American fi lm actress of the silent era,

born in Philadelphia, 1906; Sammy Price, jazz

pianist and bandleader, born in Honey Grove,

Texas, 1908. DEATHS: William Tyndale,

translator of the Bible, burnt at the stake for

heresy in


　人の分野で何気なく使われているように思われる silent son(s) 9) も，単なる「口数の少ない息子」というよりも，自閉症（autism）の息子を「物言わぬ息子」のように表現する場合に好んで用いられる．また，silent majority（声なき大衆）10)，

silent witness（暗黙の証言）11) なども，本来は声を上げて行われる状況を暗示する語にあえてsilentを添えて表現されている．silent partner（出資だけして業務に関与しない社員）は，通常であればいっしょに行動する partnerが業務に口出しをしないことを表している 12)．silent type（無口なタイプの人）は，quiet typeより強意的に響くため，対照的な形容詞 strongを伴って strong, silent type

（強くて無口なタイプの人）のような形で用いられる際には特に好まれる 13)．silent killer（サイレントキラー）は人ではなく，癌など自覚症状なく進行する病気に対して用いるが，silentから受ける印象とは逆の killerという語に添えられてその不気味さを醸し出す．silent man（無口な人）は，quiet manの方が高頻度だが，他の語と対照したり強意的に用いる場合に好まれる．(34) – (42) を見られたい．

(34) parents and looking for growth. This difference

will be respected. Finally, this book will not

`dysfunctionalize" everything. Contrary to

popular myths, not every problem a silent son

has originates with a dysfunctional family.

Many of our issues come from simply being

parents, spouses, workers, and men. There are

many positive attributes common among men

raised in dysfunctional families.

—Corpus: brbooks/UK. Text: BB-Wm931277.

(35) when the city is grappling with other

charges of racism. Cincinnati Reds owner

Marge Schott has been accused of making

racist and anti-Semitic remarks. Some fear she

may actually speak for a silent majority. There

are indications that crimes motivated by racial

or religious bigotry are on the rise nationwide.

Alan Ketchum, the regional director of the

Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith,


(36) contraption like the Jowetts Javelin or the

Austin A30, there has been a tale of enduring

love between man or woman and upholstery.

The car becomes part of the family, and

frequently the silent witness (or perhaps the

venue, particularly if it has fold-down seats)

for some of the most intense experiences in

people's lives. British motor manufacturers

have almost all perished because

—Corpus: brnews/UK. Text: NB3---990414.

(37) people in the club. This will be a year of

secret matters, a time when you must do your

best to be discreet and let no one know your

plans. You could find yourself involved in a

business deal as a silent partner. Institutions

of various kinds will be important this year,

especially institutions for the aged or places of

confi nement such as hospitals. Maybe someone

you know goes to such a place


(38) and impressionable young boy, it bore multiple

lessons - on the power of illness and the power

of the state - as well as different strategies

for dealing with each. Ted's father was

a strong silent type with an unexpected

tender streak. For example, he cultivated an

unexpected hobby of collecting wild flowers

when the society around him expected him to

be in church. Since he was color

—Corpus: usbooks/US. Text: BU-Nm90-439.

(39) Haven Trust in the spring. Adam's

commitment to hs cause has grown over the

past year; he was shocked to discover how

many of his friends had been touched by the

disease. `Cancer is the silent killer of our age.

A friend of mine has just rung to say she's

found the hugest lump in her breast. She's my

age, 40." He knows that his fundraising

efforts may not make much difference to her,

—Corpus: brmags/UK. Text: MBX----6030.

(40) the prosecution: `You brought this charge - You

Prove It! I have nothing to say." This right

has been for years the subject of critisim of that

lobby wish to have it abolished. They say that a

silent man should be presuMED2 to be a guilty

man and he should have a duty to speak up

in his own defence failing hich the trial judge

should be able to make the most damaging

reference and invite the

—Corpus: brmags/UK. Text: MBX-----393.

(41) did allow any steamers in. Our game was not

to trim mugs who wanted to play for some sort

of thrill. There was no need for that.' Billy Hill

came over as a very smooth customer -- a cold,

hard and silent man with totally expressionless

eyes (one villain later said it was like looking

into black glass). But, more signifi cantly, Hill

was also a skilful gambler, possessing a sixth

sense about the

—Corpus: brbooks/UK. Text: BB-Ym022197.

(42) t get out or reach beyond its limits. Nor is he

scandalised. No protest would be adequate,

he knows. He simply will not use his voice

when speech is so corrupted. He is a strong

and silent man. Shakespeare's only one. <dl>

Mon 04-Jun-2001 </dl> <hl> Poem of the day

</hl> <bl> Duncan Lesley, Alan Riach </bl> A

profi le of a strong and silent man. Alan Riach

is Reader in Scottish Literature at


　時を表す表現では nightと springが現れているが，silent nightについては，129例中，曲名のSilent Nightに直接言及した例は 91例を占め，そうでない例でも曲名に影響されて用いられることも少なくない．また，silent springについては，101例中，殺虫剤による環境破壊を描いた Rachel

Carson著，Silent Spring (1962) に直接言及するものが 100例に及び，それに影響された表現もわずかばかり見られる．さらに，場所を表す roomの例では，単に「静かな部屋」を表す quiet roomと違って，対照的な状況の下で強意的に silent room

（静まりかえった部屋）が好んで用いられていることがわかる．(43) – (49) を見られたい．

(43) who in later life left a good job at The Daily

Telegraph to tread the boards in The Student

Prince. As a child Fyffe hated cricket but loved

making sponge cakes, and at the age of fi ve he

sang Silent Night in a convent concert. Though

bottom in all his classes, he was hugely popular

as Aladdin in the school pantomime. As a

teenager he yearned to be the next Ivor Novello

but, as he once


(44) be associated with a turkey. And it says

everything about his power in British TV

that the BBC is returning to a show which it

first used 18 years ago as its main Christmas

cracker. <hl> Give me a silent night; Christmas

Television </hl> <bl> Erica Wagner </bl> <dt>

24 December 2001 </dt> What will I be

watching on television over the festive season?

Er, not much. I might just have said


(45) of carcinogens into the environment, and he

can, if he wishes, eliminate many of them."

We are living in a `sea of carcinogens" and

it is up to us to clean up that sea. Rachel

Carson's Silent Spring has become a classic

of environmental literature. The book has

sold more than a million copies and has never

gone out of print; at least twenty-two foreign-

language translations have

—Corpus: usbooks/US. Text: BU-Nu---1374.

(46) bring in their own stock to be slaughtered at

30,000 each day. This government, which has

failed to face up to its shortcomings, must act

decisively, or else we face the prospect of a

truly silent spring. <dl> Wed 27-Feb-2002 </

dl> <hl> South and west among the best </hl>

<bl> Heather macleod </bl> With Albert Drive

on the south side of Glasgow and Dowanhill in

the west end regarded as


(47) she too must have feared that Reba's attack

would escalate from verbal to physical. "Come

on, Reba," Marliss said, grabbing the other

woman by the arm. "Let's go." They left then,

leaving behind a silent room full of people and

a stunned and flushed Joanna Brady. Reeling

like the victim of a hit-and-run, Joanna could

think of nothing at all to say. Gradually the

level of conversation in the room

—Corpus: usbooks/US. Text: BU-cF012081.

3.2. 共起する副詞　quietと silentは形容詞であるのでその前に副詞が生起することも少なくない．(48) は quiet及びsilentの直前の位置であるコラム L1に生起する語のMI-scoreリストである．副詞以外の語には網を掛けてある．


(48) quiet@及び silent@のMI-score pictureコラム L1quiet silent

L1 freq. MI-score L1 freq. MI-score1 eerily 28 10.2850 1 hypermature 6 14.12012 deathly 11 9.9644 2 obdurately 3 11.79803 unnervingly 3 9.7160 3 deafeningly 5 11.71394 unnaturally 6 8.7533 4 stonily 4 11.09755 uncharacteristically 8 8.6829 5 karloff 8 11.01136 unusually 39 8.0361 6 eerily 34 10.56527 deceptively 5 7.6069 7 spookily 5 10.23228 smoother 5 7.5557 8 puglia 3 9.73899 strangely 24 7.5245 9 deathly 9 9.674910 unbelievably 5 7.2677 10 morosely 3 9.400811 awfully 7 7.2394 11 remained 532 9.105512 relatively 105 7.1476 12 conspicuously 14 9.078413 revellers 4 7.1251 13 unnaturally 7 8.975714 whisper 13 7.1142 14 surmise 4 8.825015 eerie 6 6.7758 15 uncharacteristically 8 8.682916 kept 210 6.7756 16 strangely 53 8.667617 noticeably 4 6.7411 17 fell 632 8.547718 fairly 57 6.5309 18 allianz 3 8.295119 keep 379 6.4863 19 remain 428 8.241320 shy 20 6.4714 20 levitt 4 7.980021 brooding 4 6.4189 21 ominously 7 7.936822 comparatively 6 6.4034 22 faire 7 7.855423 keeping 77 6.2932 23 diplomatically 4 7.841124 remarkably 11 5.9423 24 mouthing 3 7.824925 styled 4 5.8989 25 steadfastly 4 7.722926 curiously 5 5.7141 26 stays 31 7.388927 solemn 3 5.7043 27 stubbornly 5 7.351328 deadly 12 5.6824 28 stayed 102 7.348029 oddly 5 5.5231 29 curiously 15 7.299330 somewhere 33 5.4939 30 keaton 3 7.212531 reasonably 11 5.4430 31 falls 73 7.189632 surprisingly 13 5.3094 32 utterly 28 7.066533 very 559 5.3042 33 fallen 78 7.044734 grew 28 5.2533 34 mercifully 4 7.029335 normally 26 5.2311 35 resolutely 4 6.852636 pretty 57 5.2094 36 sullen 3 6.796037 relative 16 5.2092 37 sustained 29 6.754138 unexpectedly 4 5.2041 38 noticeably 4 6.741139 stayed 23 5.1989 39 momentarily 5 6.561040 wonderfully 4 5.1676 40 oddly 10 6.523241 amazingly 3 5.1006 41 remaining 63 6.460842 nice 50 5.0846 42 kept 167 6.445043 keeps 16 5.0226 43 hitherto 6 6.397744 traditionally 8 4.9491 44 largely 57 6.207445 absolute 10 4.8299 45 terMED2 5 6.182746 sincere 3 4.8010 46 stay 155 6.181347 extremely 23 4.7933 47 buffet 4 6.153648 incredibly 6 4.7782 48 mysteriously 3 6.099749 uneasy 3 4.6853 49 fall 120 6.022550 remained 24 4.6347 50 sat 98 5.8699


(48) にはいろいろな副詞が含まれている．下の

(49) は，程度副詞のみを抜き出して，quietとsilentに分けて表示したものである．順位を書き入れていないものは，MI-scoreの 50位までにラ

ンクされていないため，抽出したそれぞれ 14,741

行の KWIC表示から手作業で数え上げたものである．

(49) 程度副詞quiet silent

L1 freq. MI-score L1 freq. MI-score11 awfully 7 7.2394 32 utterly 28 7.066512 relatively 105 7.1476 very 46 –18 fairly 57 6.5309 relatively 8 –22 comparatively 6 6.4034 fairly 3 –33 very 559 5.3042 comparatively 3 –36 pretty 57 5.2094 pretty 2 –47 extremely 23 4.7933 extremely 2 –

utterly 1 – awfully 1 –

quietの方は，一般的な very，pretty，fairlyといったものから，やや程度が甚だしい状態を表すawfully，極大詞（maximizer）である extremely，相対的な評価であることを表す relatively，comparativelyなどがリストアップされているが，silentの方は極大詞の utterlyのみがリストアップされている．quietが幅広い副詞の修飾を受けやすいのに対して，silentはもともと意味が強いためか，極大詞の utterlyのみがリストアップされ

ている．silentがなぜ quietの方にリストアップされている extremelyではなく，utterlyの方と相性がよいのかについては，極大詞の意味分布に関わる問題なので，稿を改めたい．　(50) は，(48) のリストの内，静けさや沈黙について話し手・書き手の何らかの評価を示す副詞のみを抜き出したもので，quiteと silentに共通して現れる副詞については網掛けしてある．

(50) 話し手・書き手の何らかの評価を示す副詞quiet silent

L1 freq. MI-score L1 freq. MI-score1 eerily 28 10.2850 6 eerily 34 10.56522 deathly 11 9.9644 7 spookily 5 10.23223 unnervingly 3 9.7160 9 deathly 9 9.67494 unnaturally 6 8.7533 12 conspicuously 14 9.07845 uncharacteristically 8 8.6829 13 unnaturally 7 8.97576 unusually 39 8.0361 15 uncharacteristically 8 8.68297 deceptively 5 7.6069 16 strangely 53 8.66769 strangely 24 7.5245 21 ominously 7 7.936810 unbelievably 5 7.2677 29 curiously 15 7.299317 noticeably 4 6.7411 38 noticeably 4 6.741124 remarkably 11 5.9423 40 oddly 10 6.523226 curiously 5 5.7141 48 mysteriously 3 6.099728 deadly 12 5.682429 oddly 5 5.523131 reasonably 11 5.443032 surprisingly 13 5.309435 normally 26 5.231138 unexpectedly 4 5.2041


40 wonderfully 4 5.167641 amazingly 3 5.100644 traditionally 8 4.949148 incredibly 6 4.7782

(48) のリストで，quietと silentの両方にランクされている副詞には，eerily（不気味なほど），deathly（死んだように），unnaturally（異様に），uncharacteristically（珍しく），strangely（奇妙なくらい），curiously（妙に），noticeably（人目を引くほど），oddly（常軌を逸するくらい）など，静けさの様子を比喩的に表現したり，静けさの程度が正常な状態や期待される状態を越えることを表現する副詞が含まれる．quietに特有の副詞としては，unnervingly（度肝を抜くほど），unusually（いつもと違って），deceptively（見かけと違って），unbelievably（信じられないほど），remarkably（著しく），deadly（死んだように），reasonably（ほどよく），surprisingly（驚くほど），normally（普通に），unexpectedly（予想外に），wonderfully（すばらしく），amazingly（たまげるほど），traditionally

（伝統的に），incredibly（とてつもなく）などがあがっており，異常さを訴える副詞が多いものの，中立的あるいは肯定的な評価を表す副詞も現れている．一方，silentに特有の副詞としては，spookily（不気味なほど），conspicuously（際だって），ominously（不吉なほど），mysteriously（不可解なほど）などがあがっており，静けさの程度が正常な状態や期待される状態を越えることを表現する副詞も含まれるものの，その静けさの状態を不思議に思ったり恐ろしく思う気持ちを表す副詞があがっている．　(51) は，(48) のリストの内，silentの方にのみ現れる，主語の強い意志を暗示する副詞をまとめたものである．

(51) 主語の強い意志を暗示する副詞silent

L1 freq. MI-score2 obdurately 3 11.79803 deafeningly 14) 5 11.71394 stonily 4 11.0975

10 morosely 3 9.400823 diplomatically 4 7.841125 steadfastly 4 7.722927 stubbornly 5 7.351334 mercifully 4 7.029335 resolutely 4 6.8526

(51) には，obdurately（かたくなに），deafeningly

（故意に（言明を避けて）），stonily（石のように），morosely（不機嫌な様子で），diplomatically

（外交的な駆け引きで）15)，steadfastly（一貫して），stubbornly（頑固に），mercifully（慈悲深く），resolutely（固い決意で）などが現れているが，いずれも主語の強い意志を暗示している．(52)–(53)

を見られたい．

(52) Councillor's son is a bully and a fool,' Xaforn

said -trenchantly. 'He was told by the others-'

'Yes?' JeuJeu prompted when Xaforn came

to a grinding halt. When Xaforn remained

stubbornly silent, JeuJeu heaved a deep sigh

and sat back in her chair, stretching her legs out

before her and crossing them at the ankles. 'I 'll

tell you, then,' she said. 'The others told

—Corpus: brbooks/UK. Text: BB-gF042789.

(53) silence. `He should have bloody told me . He

still should have told me. wnat was I to think?"

'Would you have believed him if he had?" Liz

said. Moira was stonily silent again. Eventually

she said, `You 're on their side, are n't you?"

'No," Liz said, `I agree he was foolish." 'And

me?" Liz looked ahead up

—Corpus: brbooks/UK. Text: BB--F93-916.

(54) quiet@及び silent@の t-score pictureコラム L1quiet silent

L1 freq. t-score L1 freq. t-score1 a 2989 48.6552 1 was 1232 31.93992 very 559 23.0446 2 a 1214 25.40193 was 618 20.3980 3 fell 632 25.07244 keep 379 19.2507 4 remained 532 23.02325 the 1497 17.6924 5 remain 428 20.61986 be 392 15.9061 6 the 1413 15.97617 and 744 14.4549 7 were 309 15.45928 kept 210 14.3590 8 kept 167 12.77459 so 205 12.2169 9 stay 155 12.2783

10 relatively 105 10.1746 10 be 270 11.741011 keeping 77 8.6630 11 keep 141 11.518212 too 87 8.3080 12 been 182 10.870713 were 130 8.1345 13 fall 120 10.785914 been 122 7.8452 14 stayed 102 10.037515 is 255 7.5947 15 sat 98 9.730116 fairly 57 7.4681 16 went 101 9.449817 pretty 57 7.3457 17 is 293 9.305118 went 62 7.1081 18 fallen 78 8.764819 nice 50 6.8626 19 falls 73 8.485420 much 62 6.3340 20 stood 69 8.158021 stay 44 6.3111 21 and 539 8.152722 unusually 39 6.2212 22 almost 73 8.025523 really 52 6.2089 23 remaining 63 7.847124 real 16) 44 5.9879 24 are 162 7.757225 bit 41 5.8944 25 largely 57 7.447626 are 129 5.7875 26 completely 57 7.406127 s 234 5.7809 27 strangely 53 7.262228 this 118 5.6855 28 many 72 7.030329 some 67 5.6328 29 remains 48 6.724830 somewhere 33 5.6170 30 strong 50 6.683831 all 86 5.3415 31 keeping 42 6.329232 eerily 28 5.2873 32 totally 39 6.122833 grew 28 5.1527 33 eerily 34 5.827134 his 124 5.0838 34 stays 31 5.534535 its 64 5.0768 35 falling 32 5.528636 normally 26 4.9632 36 grew 31 5.435937 strangely 24 4.8724 37 sustained 29 5.335338 remain 26 4.8215 38 virtually 29 5.268639 gone 27 4.7273 39 suddenly 30 5.258140 remained 24 4.7017 40 mostly 29 5.255941 rather 30 4.6895 41 utterly 28 5.252042 stayed 23 4.6652 42 lay 25 4.812843 extremely 23 4.6228 43 <hl> 44 4.720944 her 77 4.6149 44 very 46 4.6957

3.3. 共起する動詞　(54) は quietと silentの t-score picture表示から，両者の直前の位置に当たるコラム L1のデータを抜き出したものである．L1の位置に生起する単

語が t-scoreの高い順に 50位まで並べられ，頻度の情報も添えてある．また，動詞を太字で示してある．


(55) quiet@及び silent@の t-score pictureよりコラム L1の動詞一覧quiet silent

L1 頻度小計割合 L1 頻度小計割合3 was 618 1 was 1,2326 be 392 7 were 30913 were 130 10 be 27014 been 122 12 been 18215 is 255 17 is 29326 are 129 24 are 162 2,448 44.8%27 s 17) 109 1,755 64.3% 4 remained 5324 keep 379 5 remain 4288 kept 210 23 remaining 6311 keeping 77 666 24.4% 29 remains 48 1,071 19.6%18 went 62 3 fell 63239 gone 27 13 fall 12045 goes 25 114 4.2% 18 fallen 7821 stay 44 19 falls 7342 stayed 23 67 2.5% 35 falling 32 935 17.1%38 remain 26 8 kept 16740 remained 24 50 1.8% 11 keep 14133 grew 28 28 1.0% 31 keeping 42 350 6.4%46 fell 24 24 0.9% 9 stay 15549 became 24 24 0.9% 14 stayed 102

34 stays 3146 staying 22 310 5.7%16 went 10147 goes 24 125 2.3%15 sat 98 98 1.8%20 stood 69 69 1.3%36 grew 31 31 0.6%42 lay 25 25 0.5%

合計 2,728 100.0% 合計 5,462 100.0%

45 goes 25 4.5904 45 fi rms 23 4.594046 fell 24 4.5540 46 staying 22 4.589347 shy 20 4.4217 47 goes 24 4.480948 own 35 4.3776 48 still 38 4.349549 became 24 4.3082 49 both 33 4.312150 few 29 4.1636 50 long 33 4.0829

quietの方には，be動詞，keep，go，stay，grow，remain，fall，becomeなどが，silentの方には be，fall，remain，keep，stay，fall，stay，sit，go，

be動詞，keep，go，stay，remain，grow，fallなど，両方のリストに現れている動詞はあるものの，becomeや sit，standなどのようにどちらか一方のリストにのみ現れている動詞もある．quietで目立つのは be動詞と keep，silentで目立つのは be

動詞，remain，fallである．ここでは，silentの方

と特徴的に多く共起している remainと fallに注目してみたい．remainは本来であれば変化が期待できるような状況で，予想に反して依然として変化していない状況に言及する際に用いられる．一方，fallは主語や一般的予想に反してある状態に変化することを表す．いずれも，対照的な文脈で

stand，grow，lieなどが含まれている．これらについて，動詞別にまとめなおし，小計と全体の中での割合を示したのが (55) である．

強意的に用いられる際に好まれる silentとはなじみやすい動詞といえるであろう．(56) – (57) を見られたい．

(56) first is lost. Remaining silent gives the seller

just two options. They can either accept your

offer, or make a counteroffer. In either case

you have not changed your position. I once saw

a salesman remain silent for 25 minutes while

the customer decided on the colour of his new

Mercedes-Benz S-class (and, yep, they did buy

the car). If the seller looks like accepting

your offer, hold


(57) soldiers have been withdrawn and dozens of

prisoners of war have been exchanged. Pierre

Vicary reports. Pierre Vicary reporting:

 In many parts of Croatia, the heavy guns

have fallen silent with only minor cease-fire

violations reported. All Yugoslav army barracks

have begun being evacuated throughout the

republic including the large Marshal Tito tank

and artillery garrison in


4. おわりに

　quietと silentについて，Bank of Englishを使って分析を試みた．まず，共起する名詞については，quietは，場所，期間，事，感情・態度，人など，多様な名詞と用いられるのに対して，silentは，行為，映画，人，期間，場所などを表す名詞と用いられる．silentは，通常は言語や音声を伴うものを無言あるいは無音で行う場合，もともと無言あるいは無音で行われるものでも対照的に強意で付加される場合に好まれる．共起する副詞についても，quietは多様な副詞と用いられるが silentはもともと強意のため，一部の極大詞や，あまりの静けさに疑問を感じたり恐ろしさを感じることを表す副詞，主語の強い意志を暗示する副詞と相性がよい．共起する動詞については，quietと silent

で共通して用いられる共起する動詞も多いが，対照的な文脈で強意を表すものは場合，silentが好まれる．静かさを表す語として無標の quietに対して，無音や無言をことさら強調する silentということになる．　たとえば，一般的に騒がしいことが想定される crowd(s)という語と静かなことが想定されるgesture(s)という語について，quietと silentの共起例を見てみよう．(58) – (61) を見られたい．

(58) quiet crowd(s) の例 1 fellow club members. These days it is frequented by an quieter crowd. Its 1,200 members pay about ｣ 750. Th 2 range target, he achieved nothing more than a sight of a quiet crowd dispersing. By the following morn 3 well-behaved by world crowd standards. In Perth, despite quiet crowds, security guards were particularly h(59) silent crowd(s) の例 1 of Yugoslavia, where a somber military band and a silent crowd of thousands were on hand for Presid 2 She stepped through a gap in one of the walls into a silent crowd of portraits: dozens of photographs 3 <dt> 15 September 2001 </dt> Lost in thought, a silent crowd gathers outside a Dublin cathedral y 4 up. It was suffi cient to enliven a sparse and hitherto silent crowd and there was more to come soon afte 5 the Japanese, and the equaliser gave the hitherto silent crowd its supportive voice. A yellow card 6 yesterday when our way was blocked by a large silent crowd in front of the television shop in t 7 roar now. Somehow Jake Silverman had drawn the soaking, silent crowd forward and set it alight. `Toda 8 Curtis, who is himself a Hungarian Jew. Addressing the silent crowd the Hungarian President, Mr Arpad Go 9 injections, or of the sympathetic ovation from the silent crowd on the rails as fi nally, tenderly, h 10 8300 or visit . <hl> Ground Zero draws in the silent crowd; Sun World; Travel; United States of 11 adorned with a crown and purple shields and watched by silent crowds at every station it passed. As 12 and there are no dry eyes. Meanwhile, in London, silent crowds shuffl e wistfully past a crowned co 13 A woman was in a hurry: alone, apparently, among the silent crowds standing patiently while a seemingl 14 exchange words with her. At times he smiled at the silent crowds. When Lord Archer was asked if he w 15 the Duke of Edinburgh set out for Sandringham; to the silent crowds she managed a gracious smile despite 16 changes in all, and the cortege moved away, through silent crowds which rippled into applause only wh

(60) quiet gesture(s) の例 1 stroked the backs of those standing next to them, a quiet gesture of comfort, reassurance and support 2 o take part in the military operations in Croatia. Their quiet gesture was only the latest sign of a growi 3 Coast suburb she grew up in. She is tiny. Serenity and quiet gestures complement her mobile smiles. But (61) silent gesture(s) の例 1 candles and moved towards the government building in a silent gesture of support for Georgian independen 2 that it was very hard for her. Peter Ivanovich made a silent gesture signifying his full conviction tha 3 right hand (which was missing two fi ngers) and with a silent gesture slowed the advance of the party. T 4 portion of which directly hit the bottom line. No silent gesture or comment went unnoticed. Kendall 5 Felix Adler and the other writers made all sorts of silent gestures for me to keep quiet. Sennett too 6 opposite feelings shade and slide into each other; the silent gestures of people who feel puzzled, rejec

(59) に見られるように，本来騒がしいと思われるcrowdに対して驚きや意外な気持ちをこめて静かさを表現する場合は silentが好まれる．一方，(61)

に見られるように，通常は無音や無言であることが予想されることが多い gesture(s) では対照的に強意で無限や無音を表現する場合にも silentが好

まれることになる．　もう一つ興味深い現象がある．(17) には，quiet

では 15位に，silentでは 5位に asがリストアップされている．その理由の 1つは as quiet asと as

silent asという句が用いられているからである．(62) と (63) を見られたい．

(62) as quiet as . . . の例 1 cott Sattler. `We were all shocked by this. Craig is as quiet as a church mouse," Sattler said. Levy blast 2 arpeted by Rome for that statement and has had to be as quiet as a church mouse since. But when he is 3 fl at as a sound-proofed Ferrari F40. There is no jet as quiet as a Citation, and G-CITI has been in my fam 4 new Bosch Speedstar washing-machine, ｣ 699 (above, is as quiet as a fan heater. The steady, low pitch is ac 5 ise levels of as little as 50 decibels-that's almost as quiet as a library! * In these cost- and ecolo 6 to-wear fashion retailers such as Jil Sander ("It's as quiet as a mausoleum"), The Duffer of St George (" 7 ng <hl> Britain Votes </hl> <subh> Kitchen ballot is as quiet as a monastery: Polling station </subh> <bl> 8 a chance. I didn't say a word during the race, I was as quiet as a mouse." One victory shout later and his 9 onight but my wife says I'm a split personality. I'm as quiet as a mouse until the anointing comes. <tc te 10 to a plate --- for anything at all. But the rock was as quiet as a skull. The only sound I heard was the d 11 us leap `back in fear, but otherwise the woods were as quiet as a tomb. Quiet as a tomb? I fought another 12 game of not stepping on the cracks. The house seemed as quiet as always. Amy sighed as she peeled off her 13 e car. Feel like my neck is welded. And Bunny sleeps as quiet as an eggbeater.'' They walked around in the 14 o fans streamed out of the arena, the Shark Tank was as quiet as an empty goldfi sh bowl. While San Jose co 15 no winner of a Wyong Maiden has ever been so "hyped" as Quiet As, an Octagonal fi lly out of the smart stay 16 tting and a full moon rising over the hills, this is as quiet as any place in the settled part of the Unit 17 and he was standing by an open grave. Everywhere was as quiet as during those elongated moments on Armisti 18 they have been behaving. Dannis birthday is not as quiet as expected and Cheryl and Angie have to wor 19 n, when committee quorums can be fi lled. Thursday is as quiet as Friday used to be, most Fridays feel like 20 ad been empty. So I had thought. The shacks had been as quiet as gravestones, until the fi gures rose from 21 f Lords It is inconceivable that Tommy Dunne will be as quiet as he was against Clare, or that David Kenne 22 urned. Their eyes held. When she spoke her voice was as quiet as his. `I put this uniform on, sir, because 23 ke any other player. I'll try my hardest to keep him as quiet as I can. To have the chance to play against 24 d calm to Sarajevo. TOM GJELTEN, Reporter: It is as quiet as I've ever seen it in Sarajevo. I, of cour 25 In this application the 2.2-litre turbo diesel isn't as quiet as it is in some other Nissans, although it 26 ghly prized - or prized at all - on the open market. As quiet as it was, it was consistent with the "recip 27 moon never leaves the lover. The poet--she is there as quiet as light. I want to be more than I was meant 28 star, That fi tful, fi ery Lucifer, Watching with mind as quiet as moss Its light nailed to a burning cross. 29 any parts of Central London tonight the streets were as quiet as on a Sunday." At Sandringham, where Princ 30 free on November 3, 1922, in a ceremony that he kept as quiet as possible, Brecht married the fi ve months' 31 hrough the jungle to get there and were warned to be as quiet as possible. But Lucy found the thought of c 32 face down and open across her thigh. He tried to be as quiet as possible, but she mumbled, seeming to sen 33 ere they got it from, we've done our best to keep it as quiet as possible, but they made a circus of it." 34 d but that's irrelevant. Lake wanted everything kept as quiet as possible. He was due for retirement in tw

35 to restrict her salt intake, and to rest and remain as quiet as possible. Hospital admission is essential 36 to restrict her salt intake, and to rest and remain as quiet as possible. Hospital admission is essential 37 ing" because most of the equipment is designed to be as quiet as possible. However, when a submarine is ca 38 y Pressing her hand hard against her mouth, she kept as quiet as possible so as not to disturb her sleepin 39 XP, Microsoft recommended that a computer "should be as quiet as possible so that it is welcome in the kit 40 r I is seen from the nose and mouth, keep the animal as quiet as possible until help arrives or until it i 41 the light from windows and space in which to teach. As quiet as possible, using soundproofi ng to stop sou 42 ill For the sake of everyone it is better to keep it as quiet as possible. We must wait for the referee's 43 great car to be in on a longish journey because it's as quiet as pussy and there's space to stretch your l 44 Lucy. "Where are we going?" Kate asked, trying to be as quiet as she could be. "To get the talisman," Lucy 45 . her keys from the dresser and left her room. Being as quiet as she could, she went downstairs and out th 46 spond, but the telepathic space that they shared was as quiet as still water. He supposed that Master Smit 47 to her alone in the pool with Cain. She tried to be as quiet as the boy had been, but she was in the midd 48 be. Maybe. But my brother and I do know he came home as quiet as the evening." And here's the poem `My Gra 49 Northeast Philadelphia - one for each crash site. Or as quiet as the evening lighting of curbside luminari 50 mile of a wind farm will confi rm that they are about as quiet as the M1 motorway, depending on wind direct 51 already heading back to the dacha. They tried to be as quiet as they could as they walked through the woo 52 didn't County offi cials, hoping to keep the mess as quiet as they could, nearly tripled their offer, t 53 and a diva for an interval singalong. The crowd went as quiet as they ever got - at least until Dilhara Fe 54 es, we made but we could not see them. It all looked as quiet as usual. People over there were still drivi 55 eek, Dan is depressed because the Queen Vic is about as quiet as Walford library and he knows Peggy and Fr 56 off-day and still get you a result. "We kept him as quiet as we could but he's had two chances and put 57 . lady with no little noise, although we tried to be as quiet as we could. Knowing the paths and the bridg 58 aid quietly. `Don't speak now, mistress. Just follow as quiet as you can. And if you know any spells to hi 59 a room and wait there till someone comes to you. Be as quiet as you can. Be quick!' The three she had sin(65) as silent as . . . の例 1 recalls, the offi ces of the president of Russia were as silent as a bank after closing time. Parkhomenko r 2 d rising is the custom in whorehouses. The place was as silent as a cathedral; only the smells were differ 3 sk, sixth fl oor of the Museum of Natural History was as silent as a cave. The noise had come from his righ 4 things. You have been so inward these last years." "As silent as a cetic # Hanuman said, quoting the old 5 to him and smiled. `Hello, Bardo," was all he said. `As silent as a cetic, I see. Ah, but you've done well 6 d in the slit her throat? A nice sharp knife is just as silent as a chloroform sponge. It would have been 7 farce. At times, in the fi rst half, Twickenham fell as silent as a church on a Wednesday afternoon, lulle 8 tiny fi gure alone in a walled-up section of the city as silent as a desecrated grave. It was neverthel 9 woke him---certainly not her footfalls, for she was as silent as a ghost. Perhaps it was the bone-deep kn 10 a few administration in 1992) the offi cial view was as silent as a graveyard (which is where Grant would 11 `Too world that he was now plunging.. BOOK 2: DREAM As silent as a mirror is believed Realities plunge in 12 ny a more modern Los Angeles-class sub could manage. As silent as a sea snake, mackenzie put his sub behin 13 ess a down diagonally like parted curtains, her face as silent as a statue, she could be carved from stone 14 e t initiate conversation, Soli was likely to remain as silent as a stone. After a long time, Soli said, ` 15 that he was gone. In the sixties rugby players were as silent as a ventriloquist with a broken dummy. An 16 iving between the twin halves of the city unnoticed, as silent as any sea creature and equally as unconnec 17 ws prisoners being tortured in Saudi Arabia they are as silent as halal lambs. RICHARD BRUNSTROM, the 18 ut he enters, maybe six. And fi ve times he goes out, as silent as he came. He never speaks a line. He neve 19 a he enters, maybe six. And fi ve times he goes out, as silent as he came. He never speaks a line. He neve 20 enormous room fi lled with dull and glassy light, and as silent as if it were miles under-sea. Nereids fl oa 21 s for me to get my breath. Behind us, the church was as silent as if the audience had drawn in a single gr 22 indignity of it! In the middle of the night, it was as silent as it was dark. `Black as the pitch from po 23 , but centrally-heated emptiness. And meal-times are as silent as leaves falling; Mary listens to it as sh 24 nd was held to be even more frightening. He could be as silent as Miller, and when he did speak was as ter 25 et those fl ames, when I drew back the curtains, were as silent as northern lights, as if fed by the snow i 26 repeated. For 17 seconds, the stadium fell about as silent as one could expect with thousands of rabid 27 The redcoated soldiers stalk through the rainy night as silent as predators. And predators they are, brist 28 she wasn't alone in the house. Somebody had come in. As silent as smoke, and just as harmless---surely, on 29 es lodgings, warm, welcoming, spotless, and at night as silent as snow. It is also one of the few building 30 f and dry, and he began to whisper. Finally, he grew as silent as Soli, who was standing beside him. He co 31 e any pain. When my breast grew cold, everything was as silent as the dead in their graves. What profound

32 se, foot on the property, and the ranchers have been as silent as the dead troopers. Edwards, 44, a genial 33 if She rarely spoke, was more mute than her animals, as silent as the earth we du,g and as ageless, her fa 34 are you?' Thomas asked again, but the second man was as silent as the fi rst. He was a big man with bony ri 35 ds trickling under wooden walkways. Otherwise, it is as silent as the grave. The lights are coming closer, 36 ger and not give a damn. It irks me that both remain as silent as the grave until about 4pm. Could society 37 n when I've needed you. Tell me." But the letter was as silent as the hills, as silent, she suddenly thoug 38 r separately; but Wu Han was the soul of discretion, as silent as the legendary Mo. `Is he not the ban 39 meaning, yet even as they hint at it they are mute, as silent as the stone they are made of. Set just ove 40 question," she said coolly. "Or am I supposed to be as silent as the wallpaper you think I have the IQ of 41 e crowd of onlookers; the miserable petitioners were as silent as they had been since the fi rst morning of 42 er him that, except for the rain, the woods had been as silent as they were wet. I wanted to reassure him 43 al would have called a man. My father was busy being as silent as Web was full of sound. William Dawe 44 inal as she sat down on the bed. She planned to stay as silent as Yana until the snacks arrived. Instead s

(62) は 59行あるが，同一行が 2行あるため，実質は 58行で，(63) は 44行である．ただ，(62) のas quiet asには possibleを従える行が 13行ほどあるということであるので，それを除けば，45

行となり，(63) の as silent asと数の上では大差ないことになる．問題は quietの方にだけ as . . .

as possibleの形が現れていることである〔30 – 42

行〕．また，ほぼ同じ意味を表す as . . . as one can

[could] の形についてみると，(62) の quietでは

canが 3例〔23，58，59の各行〕，couldが 6例〔44，45，51，52，56，57の各行〕，(63) の silentではcouldが 1例見られるだけである〔26行目〕．なぜ，as quiet as possibleが見られて，as silent as possible

が見られないのかは，3.2の冒頭で言及したように silentの段階性の低さに関係すると思われる。通常の段階性を有する quietが原級比較と生起し，極限に近い強さを表す silentが原級比較と生起しにくいことに矛盾はない 18)．

注* 本研究は，平成 20年度～平成 24年度科学研究費

補助金（基盤研究（C），20520442）「コーパスを

活用した英語シノニム・語法研究」に基づくもの

である．査読者の方には，貴重なコメントをいた

だいた．この場を借りてお礼申し上げる次第であ

る．

1) 紙幅の都合で，以下の引用では，関係箇所のみ引

用してある．成句については割愛してある．

2) LDOCE5の quietには THESAURUSと称するコラ

ムがあるが，特に新しい情報はないので割愛する．

3) LDOCE5では At last the guns fell silent. のように，

gunを主語にして動詞 fallとともに用いられた用

例を，［語義 3, 10番］に相当する用法とともに語

義番号 3で扱っている（cf. (2)）．MED2ではこの

用法は成句 fall silentの語義 2で扱われている．

4) CCADは行為（action）だけでなく感情（emotion）

も含めている．

5) 2010年 3月現在のデータ（5億 2000万語）を使っ

ている．

6) 実際には，検索式 quiet@で抽出時，quiet，quieted，

quieter，quietest，quieting，quietsが抽出可能であ

ることが示されるが，quieted，quieting，quietsは

除いて抽出してある．以下の表でも同じ処理が施

してある．

7) こちらは，検索式 silent@で抽出しても，他の活用

変化形は表示されないので，silentのみの頻度で

ある．

8) “Why Are Drug Firms Silent Online?” という文を含

む行が 23行続くため．

9) Bank of Englishで silent+son@は 355例あるが，同

一ソース（BB-Wm931277）からのものが 351を占

める．silent+daughter@はわずか 1例．このあたり

は，自閉症の発生率が男性と女性で 4:1であると

言われていることも影響しているかもしれない．

10) LDOCE5は “the ordinary people in a country, who

are not active politically and who do not make their

opinions known” と説明している．

11) witnessは 100例中，77例は英国 BBCで 1996年

から放映中のドラマ名 Silent Witnessとして現れ

る．

12) 時に quiet partnerも用いられる．

(i) Or almost. It read: `I love you Sean x Steve."

 Trouble was, I wasn't absolutely sure I was ready

for a menage a trois, particularly one involving two

males. <h> COMPUTERS </h> THE quiet

partner in Microsoft, -founder Paul Allen, will visit

Australia for the fi rst time next month. He will give

a keynote speech at the MultiMED2ia 95 conference on

October 31 and November 1 in


13) quietも typeと共起可能．

1 wife Carol Williams told the Seattle Times, "He wasn't a quiet type. He liked to talk. He liked to mingle with 2 seen as the life and soul of the party. He was always a quiet type, a little introverted. All the men who had worked 3 have to be vocal or is this optional, because I'm a quiet type ordinarily and being noisy makes me uncomfortable.

14) KWICには同じ行が 2行含まれるので，実際には

4例である．

15) moroselyは，主語の考えと相反する実態に対して

強く抵抗する思いを表現している．diplomatically

は，相手に不快感や反感を生じさせないやり方を

とるという人扱いの巧みさを暗示しながら，主語

の主義主張は達成するといったことを表す．

16) 44例中，30例は競馬馬 Real Quietを指す固有名詞．

17) sは isの縮約形または所有格の -’sを反映したもの

と思われる．(54) に示されている 234にはそれら

がすべて含められているので，ここでは叙述用法

となる isの縮約形だけの数字である 109を採用し

ている．

18) 副詞形の silentlyは as silently as possibleの形が見

られる．

1 ucceeded in pulling himself over on the parapet as silently as possible; and after looking to see if he wa 2 ried waiting until late at night, then crossing as silently as possible, but still they woke the guards. L 3 The rest of us edge quietly forward, creeping as silently as possible on the crisp snow and staying hidd 4 an you reach it to push transmit?" Bob squirmed as silently as possible and managed to get his bound h 5 an elephant only a few feet away. We crept away as silently as possible. Vultures circled overhead, a sure

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quiet silent...silent usually carries more positive suggestions of stillness or quietness

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