quantum computer
TRANSCRIPT
Quantum computer
1 A Quantum Computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for
use as a quantum space-time in 1969.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer
1 Although Quantum Computing is still in its infancy, experiments have been carried out in which Quantum Computational operations
were executed on a very small number of qubits (quantum bits). Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national governments and military funding
agencies support Quantum Computing research to develop Quantum Computers for both civilian and national security purposes,
such as cryptanalysis.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer
1 Large-scale Quantum Computers will be able to solve certain problems
much more quickly than any classical computer using the best currently
known algorithms, like integer factorization using Shor's algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-
body systems
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Basis
1 A quantum computer operates by setting the qubits in a controlled initial state that represents the
problem at hand and by manipulating those qubits with a fixed sequence of quantum logic
gates
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Basis
1 An example of an implementation of qubits for a quantum computer could start with the use of particles with two spin states: "down" and "up" (typically written and , or and ). But in fact any
system possessing an observable quantity A, which is conserved under time evolution such that A has at least two discrete and sufficiently spaced consecutive eigenvalues, is a suitable
candidate for implementing a qubit. This is true because any such system can be mapped onto
an effective spin-1/2 system.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Bits vs. qubits
1 A Quantum Computer with a given number of qubits is fundamentally different from a classical computer composed of the same number of
classical bits
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Bits vs. qubits
1 The state of a three-qubit Quantum Computer is similarly described by
an eight-dimensional vector (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h), called a ket
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Operation
1 However, by repeatedly initializing, running and measuring the quantum computer, the probability of getting
the correct answer can be increased.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Operation
1 For more details on the sequences of operations used for various quantum algorithms, see universal quantum
computer, Shor's algorithm, Grover's algorithm, Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm, amplitude amplification, quantum Fourier transform, quantum gate, quantum adiabatic algorithm and
quantum error correction.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Potential
1 This ability would allow a Quantum Computer to decrypt many of the
cryptographic systems in use today, in the sense that there would be a polynomial time (in the number of digits of the integer) algorithm for
solving the problem
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Potential
1 Lattice-based cryptosystems are also not known to be broken by Quantum Computers, and finding a polynomial
time algorithm for solving the dihedral hidden subgroup problem,
which would break many lattice based cryptosystems, is a well-
studied open problem
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Potential
1 For some problems, Quantum
Computers offer a polynomial speedup
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Potential
1 For problems with all four properties, the time for a Quantum Computer to solve this will be proportional to the square root of the number of inputs. That can be a very large speedup,
reducing some problems from years to seconds. It can be used to attack
symmetric ciphers such as Triple DES and AES by attempting to guess the
secret key.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Potential
1 There are a number of technical challenges in building a large-scale Quantum Computer, and thus far Quantum Computers have yet to
solve a problem faster than a classical computer. David
DiVincenzo, of IBM, listed the following requirements for a practical
Quantum Computer:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Quantum decoherence
1 A very different approach to the stability-decoherence problem is to
create a topological Quantum Computer with anyons, quasi-
particles used as threads and relying on braid theory to form stable logic
gates.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 One-way Quantum Computer (computation decomposed into
sequence of one-qubit measurements applied to a highly entangled initial state or cluster
state)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Adiabatic Quantum Computer or computer based on Quantum
annealing (computation decomposed into a slow continuous
transformation of an initial Hamiltonian into a final Hamiltonian,
whose ground states contains the solution)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Topological Quantum Computer (computation decomposed into the braiding of anyons in a
2D lattice)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 For physically implementing a Quantum Computer, many different
candidates are being pursued, among them (distinguished by the physical system used to realize the
qubits):
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Superconductor-based Quantum Computers (including SQUID-based
Quantum Computers) (qubit implemented by the state of small
superconducting circuits (Josephson junctions))
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Trapped ion Quantum Computer (qubit implemented by the internal state of trapped
ions)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Electrically defined or self-assembled quantum dots (e.g. the Loss-
DiVincenzo Quantum Computer or) (qubit given by the spin states of an electron trapped in the quantum dot)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Quantum dot charge based semiconductor Quantum Computer (qubit is the position of an electron
inside a double quantum dot)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Solid-state NMR Kane Quantum Computers (qubit realized by the nuclear spin state of phosphorus
donors in silicon)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Electrons-on-helium Quantum Computers (qubit is the electron
spin)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Fullerene-based ESR Quantum Computer (qubit based on the
electronic spin of atoms or molecules encased in fullerene structures)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Optics-based Quantum Computer (Quantum optics) (qubits realized by appropriate states of different modes
of the electromagnetic field, e.g.)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Diamond-based Quantum Computer (qubit realized by the electronic or nuclear spin of Nitrogen-vacancy
centers in diamond)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Bose–Einstein condensate-based Quantum Computer
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Transistor-based Quantum Computer – string Quantum Computers with
entrainment of positive holes using an electrostatic trap
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 Rare-earth-metal-ion-doped inorganic crystal based Quantum Computers
(qubit realized by the internal electronic state of dopants in optical
fibers)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 This approach was liked by investors more than by some academic critics,
who said that D-Wave had not yet sufficiently demonstrated that they
really had a Quantum Computer
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 In September 2011 researchers also proved that a Quantum Computer can be made with a Von Neumann architecture (separation of RAM).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 In April 2012 a multinational team of researchers from the University of
Southern California, Delft University of Technology, the Iowa State
University of Science and Technology, and the University of
California, Santa Barbara, constructed a two-qubit Quantum Computer on a crystal of diamond
doped with some manner of impurity, that can easily be scaled up in size
and functionality at room temperature
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 In September 2012, Australian researchers at the University of New
South Wales said the world's first Quantum Computer was just 5 to 10
years away, after announcing a global breakthrough enabling
manufacture of its memory building blocks. A research team led by
Australian engineers created the first working "quantum bit" based on a single atom in silicon, invoking the same technological platform that
forms the building blocks of modern day computers, laptops and phones.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 In February 2013, a new technique Boson Sampling was reported by two
groups using photons in an optical lattice that is not a universal
Quantum Computer but which may be good enough for practical
problems. Science Feb 15, 2013
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Developments
1 In May 2013, Google Inc announced that it was launching the Quantum
Artificial Intelligence Lab, to be hosted by NASA’s Ames Research Center. The lab will house a 512-qubit Quantum Computer from D-
Wave Systems, and the USRA (Universities Space Research
Association) will invite researchers from around the world to share time on it. The goal being to study how
Quantum Computing might advance machine learning
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Relation to computational complexity theory
1 A quantum computer is said to "solve" a problem if, for every
instance, its answer will be right with high probability
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Relation to computational complexity theory
1 BQP is suspected to be disjoint from NP-complete and a strict superset of P, but that is not known. Both integer factorization and discrete log are in BQP. Both of these problems are NP problems suspected to be outside BPP, and hence outside P. Both are suspected to not be NP-complete. There is a common misconception that quantum computers can solve
NP-complete problems in polynomial time. That is not known to be true, and is generally suspected to be
false.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Relation to computational complexity theory
1 The capacity of a quantum computer to accelerate classical algorithms has
rigid limits—upper bounds of quantum computation's complexity. The overwhelming part of classical calculations cannot be accelerated on a quantum computer. A similar
fact takes place for particular computational tasks, like the search
problem, for which Grover's algorithm is optimal.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computer - Relation to computational complexity theory
1 The existence of "standard" quantum computers does not disprove the Church–
Turing thesis
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Adiabatic quantum computation - D-Wave Quantum Computers
1 The D-Wave is an adiabatic quantum computer made by a Canadian company of the same name.
Lockheed-Martin purchased one for $10 million in 2011 and Google
purchased a Model 2 D-Wave in May 2013 with 512 qubits.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer
1 NMR Quantum Computing uses the spin states of molecules as qubits.
NMR differs from other implementations of Quantum Computers in that it uses an
ensemble of systems, in this case molecules. The ensemble is initialized to be the thermal
equilibrium state (see quantum statistical mechanics). In
mathematical parlance, this state is given by the density matrix:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer
1 Some early success was obtained in performing quantum algorithms in NMR systems due to the relative maturity of NMR technology. For
instance, in 2001 researchers at IBM reported the successful
implementation of Shor's algorithm in a 7-qubit NMR Quantum Computer.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer
1 Hence NMR Quantum Computing experiments are likely to have been
only classical simulations of a Quantum Computer.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
One-way quantum computer
1 The one-way or measurement based Quantum Computer is a method of
Quantum Computing that first prepares an entangled resource
state, usually a cluster state or graph state, then performs single qubit
measurements on it. It is "one-way" because the resource state is
destroyed by the measurements.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
One-way quantum computer - Implementations
1 One-way quantum computation has been demonstrated by running the 2
qubit Grover's algorithm on a 2x2 cluster state of photons. A linear
optics quantum computer based on one-way computation has been
proposed.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Kane quantum computer
1 The Kane Quantum Computer is a proposal for a scalable Quantum
Computer proposed by Bruce Kane in 1998, then at the University of New South Wales. Often thought of as a hybrid between quantum dot and
NMR Quantum Computers, the Kane computer is based on an array of
individual phosphorus donor atoms embedded in a pure silicon lattice.
Both the nuclear spins of the donors and the spins of the donor electrons
participate in the computation.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Kane quantum computer
1 Nuclear spin is useful to perform single-qubit operations, but to make
a Quantum Computer, two-qubit operations are also required
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Kane quantum computer
1 Unlike many Quantum Computation schemes, the Kane Quantum
Computer is in principle scalable to an arbitrary number of qubits. This is
possible because qubits may be individually addressed by electrical
means.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Kane quantum computer
1 The group remains optimistic that a practical large-scale Quantum Computer can be built.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Non-deterministic Turing machine - Comparison with quantum computers
1 It is a common misconception that quantum computers are NTMs. It is believed but has not been proven
that the power of quantum computers is incomparable to that of NTMs. That is, problems likely exist that an NTM could efficiently solve
that a quantum computer cannot. A likely example of problems solvable
by NTMs but not by quantum computers in polynomial time are NP-
complete problems.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Trapped ion quantum computer
1 A trapped ion Quantum Computer is a type of Quantum
Computer
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Trapped ion quantum computer
1 This makes the trapped ion Quantum Computer system one of the most
promising architectures for a scalable, universal Quantum
Computer
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Topological quantum computer
1 To live up to its name, a topological Quantum Computer must provide the
unique computation properties promised by a conventional Quantum
Computer design, which uses trapped quantum particles.
Fortunately in 2002, Michael H. Freedman along with Zhenghan Wang, both with Microsoft, and
Michael Larsen of Indiana University proved that a topological Quantum Computer can, in principle, perform
any computation that a conventional Quantum Computer can do.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Topological quantum computer
1 However, any level of precision for the answer can be obtained by adding more braid twists (logic
circuits) to the topological Quantum Computer, in a simple linear
relationship
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer
1 This was done in a way that fulfilled DiVincenzo Criteria for a scalable Quantum
Computer,D
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer
1 A candidate for such a Quantum Computer is a
lateral quantum dot system.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer - Implementation of the two-qubit gate
1 The Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer operates, basically, using
inter-dot gate voltage for implementing Swap (computer science) operations and local
magnetic fields (or any other local spin manipulation) for implementing
the Controlled NOT gate (CNOT gate).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Diamond-based quantum computer
1 An individual N-V center can be viewed as a basic unit of a Quantum
Computer, and it has potential applications in novel, more efficient
fields of electronics and computational science including
quantum cryptography and spintronics.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Diamond-based quantum computer - Energy level structure and its manipulation by external fields
1 The first pulse coherently excites the electron spins, and this coherence is then manipulated and probed by the subsequent pulses. Those dynamic
effects are rather important for practical realization of quantum
computers, which ought to work at high frequency.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Nanoelectronics - Quantum computers
1 Entirely new approaches for computing exploit the laws of quantum mechanics for novel
quantum computers, which enable the use of fast quantum algorithms. The Quantum computer has quantum bit memory space termed Qubit for several computations at the same time. This facility may improve the performance of the older systems.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computers
1 A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for
use as a quantum space–time in 1969.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computers
1 quantum computing is still in its infancy but experiments have been
carried out in which quantum computational operations were
executed on a very small number of qubits (quantum
bits).[http://phys.org/news/2013-01-qubit-bodes-future-quantum.html New qubit control bodes well for
future of quantum computing] Both practical and theoretical research
continues, and many national governments and military funding
agencies support quantum computing research to develop
quantum computers for both civilian and national security purposes, such
as cryptanalysis.[http://qist.lanl.gov/qcomp_map.shtml Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap] for a sense of where the research is
heading.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Quantum computers
1 Large-scale quantum computers will be able to solve certain problems
much more quickly than any classical computer using the best currently
known algorithms, like integer factorization using Shor's algorithm
or the Quantum algorithm#Quantum simulation|simulation of quantum
many-body systems
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
Search algorithm - For quantum computers
1 There are also search methods designed for quantum computers, like Grover's algorithm, that are theoretically faster than linear or
brute-force search even without the help of data structures or heuristics.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
For More Information, Visit:
• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quantum-computer-toolkit.html
The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com