quantification and characterization of dust emissions from tracked vehicles and helicopters using...
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Quantification and Characterization of Dust Emissions from Tracked Vehicles and Helicopters Using Optical Remote Sensing
Poster Number: 90
Abstract Unique military activities, such as movement of tracked vehicles on unimproved roads and flying of rotary winged aircraft in arid regions, emit particulate matter (PM) to the atmosphere. Both visual air quality and public health can be adversely affected by PM emissions. Remote methods to quantify the mass of PM emitted from these fugitive sources are not well established. In this study, a novel method using optical remote sensing (ORS) was developed to quantify the size distributions, mass concentrations, and emission factors for PM that is emitted to the atmosphere during select military activities. The ORS devices consist of a ground-based Micro-Pulse Lidar (MPL), two Open Path-Fourier Transform InfraRed (OP-FTIR) spectrometers and two Open Path- Laser Transmissometers (OP-LTs). An algorithm was formulated to invert the Lidar equation, which was applied to compute the dust extinction profiles from the MPL’s backscatter light signals. This method was then implemented characterize dust plumes from military activities. Dust emissions that were generated by the movement of three types of tracked vehicles (M-113, Bradley, and M-1) were characterized at Yakima Training Center (YTC) in Washington State, USA. Also, dust plumes that were generated by lying rotary winged aircraft (Bell 210 helicopter) over two surface types (i.e. desert pavement and disturbed desert soils) were characterized at Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) in Arizona, USA.
Schematics of Field Campaigns
Ke Dua, Mark J. Rooda, Byung J. Kimb, Michael R. Kemmeb, Ram A. Hashmonayc, Ravi Varmad, and Wangki Yuena
Methodology and Site Photos
Experimental setup for measuring dust emissions from the flying of
helicoptersHelicopter, monitoring equipment and dust plume
Professional Affiliationsa. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaignb. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Construction
Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL)c. ARCADISd. National University of Ireland
Raw MPL data
Normalized relative backscattering (NRB)
Extinction profile,
1-D mass concentration profile, g/m3
MPL data correction
Plume transmittance
Particle size distribution, N(Dp) from OP-FTIR and OP-LT
Refractive index, m
Particle density, Mie model
K* =Conc. = K*
2-D mass concentration profile from interpolation of four 1-D profiles along MPL scanning paths
Dust emission factor, g/vkm* or g/helicopter pass
2p
1p
2p
1p
D
D
pp2
pe
D
D
pp3
p
dD)D(ND)m,α(Q
dD)D(ND32
Lidar equation inverting method
Wind data
Helicopter Dust plumeMoving directionTracked vehicle
Scanning MPL
FTIR & LT
retroreflector
Reflective target
MPL pathDust plume
Dusty road
Wind
FTIR-LT path
LIDAR
275 m 89 m
Note: map not to scale
Moving directionTracked vehicle
Scanning MPL
FTIR & LT
retroreflector
Reflective target
MPL pathDust plume
Dusty road
Wind
FTIR-LT path
LIDARLIDAR
275 m 89 m
Note: map not to scale
Approach
Scanning MPL
OP-FTIR & OP-LT
RetroreflectorReflective target
MPL paths
Dust plume
Soil surface
OP-FTIR and OP-LT paths
LIDAR
304 m 89 m
Note: map not to scale
Withdraw
3 m
133 m
Approach
Bell 210 Helicopter
Scanning MPL
OP-FTIR & OP-LT
RetroreflectorReflective target
MPL paths
Dust plume
Soil surface
Wind
OP-FTIR and OP-LT paths
LIDARLIDAR
304 m 89 m
Note: map not to scale
Withdraw
3 m
133 m
Approach
Scanning MPL
OP-FTIR & OP-LT
RetroreflectorReflective target
MPL paths
Dust plume
Soil surface
OP-FTIR and OP-LT paths
LIDARLIDAR
304 m 89 m
Note: map not to scale
Withdraw
3 m
133 m
Approach
Bell 210 Helicopter
Scanning MPL
OP-FTIR & OP-LT
RetroreflectorReflective target
MPL paths
Dust plume
Soil surface
Wind
OP-FTIR and OP-LT paths
LIDARLIDAR
304 m 89 m
Note: map not to scale
Withdraw
3 m
133 m
LIDARLIDAR
304 m 89 m
Note: map not to scale
Withdraw
3 m
133 m
Experimental setup for measuring dust emissions from the moving tracked
vehicles
MPLTracked vehicle Dust plume
*vkm: vehicle kilometer traveled
Mass concentration (g/m3)
t
t
Mass concentration (g/m3)
t
t
05
10152025303540
8 8 24 32 40 8 8 12 16 16 40 16 16 40
Vehicle Speed (km/hour)
Mas
s E
mis
sion
Fac
tor
(g-P
M/v
kt)
PM2.5
PM10
Results
Summary and ConclusionsCompare results from this method to those obtained with
other independent measurements Dust plumes generated from the moving of tracked vehicles and the
flying of helicopters were detected using optical remote sensing. MPL is capable of conducting "time of flight" measurements, which are
important for capturing the properties of the entire plume compared to other measurement techniques
The dust plumes were characterized for their horizontal and vertical dimensions, heterogeneity, temporal variability, extinction profile, and transmittance by using MPL and reflective targets.
Future Work
2008 Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop, Dec 2-4, Washington D.C.
Poster Number: 90
Evolution of plume extinction profile during a helicopter pass(Bell 210 Helicopter moving at 30 km/hr toward the MPL)
Funding support from the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of Department of Defense (DoD)
Support staff from Yuma Proving Ground Support staff from Yakima Training Center Desert Research Institute (DRI)
Acknowledgements
PM mass emission factors for helicopters
Evolution of plume mass concentration for PM10 profile during a vehicle travel (Bradley Tank, moving at 32 km/hr toward the MPL)
Direction vehicle is movingDirection vehicle is moving
PM mass emission factors for tracked vehicles
Bradley Tank M1A1 Tank M113 Tank
103
Direction helicopter is flyingDirection helicopter is flying
0 210-2 (m-1)1.210-2410-3 810-3 1.610-2
Towers for pointmeasurements
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurements
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurements
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurements
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
Direction helicopter is flyingDirection helicopter is flying
0 210-2 1.210-2410-3 810-3 1.610-2
Towers for pointmeasurements
OP -FTIR and OP-LT’soptical paths
Towers for pointmeasurements
OP -FTIR and OP-LT’soptical paths
Towers for pointmeasurements
OP -FTIR and OP-LT’soptical paths
Towers for pointmeasurements
OP -FTIR and OP-LT’soptical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP -FTIR and OP-LT’soptical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP -FTIR and OP-LT’soptical paths
OP -FTIR and OP-LT’soptical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP - FTIR and OP-LT’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP - FTIR and OP-LT’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
OP - FTIR and OP- LT ’s optical paths
Towers for pointmeasurement
t t
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 15 30 60
Helicopter Speed (km/hour)
Em
issi
on F
acto
r(g
/pas
s)
PM2.5
PM10
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
15 25-30 35 45-60
Helicopter Speed (km/hour)
Em
issi
on F
acto
r(g
/pas
s) PM2.5
PM10
Desert Pavement Disturbed Soil