quality tools to develop sustainable building design and ... tools to develop sustainable... ·...

Quality Tools to Develop Sustainable Building Design and Construction

By

Dr. Abdul Razzak Rumane, PhD, FIE, FCQI, RSC

Saudi Quality Conference 2017

Jeddah-KSA

© 2017 by Rumane

Topics to be Discussed

Introduction

What is Sustainable Construction

What is Construction Projects

Principles of Construction Quality

Development of Construction Projects

Quality Tools

Applicable Tools Study Stage

Design Stage

Construction Stage

How to Achieve Sustainable Construction

Introduction

The construction industry makes an important contribution

to the competitiveness and prosperity of the economy.

Construction plays an important role in our drive to

promote sustainable growth and development.

Buildings are responsible for almost half of carbon

emission, half of our water consumption, about one third

of landfill waste and one quarter of all raw materials used

in the economy.

Introduction

Brundtland Commission on Environment and

Development in 1987, emphasizes upon ‘sustainability’

whether it be a sustainable environment, sustainable

economic development, sustainable agricultural and rural

development and so on.

Sustainable development as defined by Brundtland Commission is “ Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

Introduction

Sustainability focuses on;

Environment issues

Economical factors

Social requirements

Introduction

A number of tools and rating systems have been created by LEED(USA),BREEAM(UK), and HQE (France) in order to asses and compare the environmental performance of the buildings.

Accordingly the designer has to address environmental and social issues and comply with local environmental protection codes.


Sustainable construction is designing and developing a construction project(s) which focuses on;

A. Environmental Protection

Global climate change

Adhering to climate change policy

Dwindling fossil fuel

Energy conservation

Reduction in pollution

B. Economical

Cost effective over the entire life cycle


Increasing profitability by using resources more effectively (resource efficient)

Buildable/Constructable

C. Social

Comfortable living

Good air quality

Comfortable temperature

Comfortable lighting

Clean water

Comfortable sound


Figure SCD 1 illustrates interconnection between Environment, Economical, and Societal (social) components of sustainability.

What is Sustainable Construction-(Figure SCD 1)

Environmental

Economical Social

Sustainability

Construction Projects

What is Construction Project?

Construction is translating Owner’s goals and objectives,

by the contractor, to build the facility as stipulated in the

contract documents, plans, specifications within budget

and on schedule.

Construction projects are custom oriented and custom

design having specific requirements set by the

customer/owner to be completed within finite duration and

assigned budget.

TABLE 1 illustrates Principles of Construction Quality.

Principles of Construction Quality (TABLE 1)

Principle Construction Project’s Principle

Principle 1 Owner, Consultant (Designer), Contractor are fully responsible

for application of quality management system to meet defined

scope of work in the contract documents

Principle 2 Consultant (Designer) is responsible to provide Owner's

requirements explicitly and clearly defining in the contract

documents

Principle 3 Method of payments (Work progress, material,

equipment..etc.) to be clearly defined in the contract

documents. Rate analysis of BOQ or BOM item to be agreed

before signing of contract

Principle 4 Contract documents should include a clause to settle the

dispute arising during construction stage

Principles of Construction Quality (TABLE 1)-Contd


Principle 5 Contractor should study all the documents during

tendering/bidding stage and submit his proposal taking into

consideration all the requirements specified in the contract

documents

Principle 6 Contractor shall follow an agreed upon quality assurance and

quality control plan Consultant shall be responsible to

oversee the compliance with contract documents and

specified standards

Principle 7 Contractor shall follow the submittal procedure specified in the

contract documents

Principle 8 Contractor is responsible to construct the facility as specified

and use the material, products, equipment, and methods

which satisfy the specified requirements.

Principles of Construction Quality (TABLE 1)-Contd


Principle 9 Each member of project team should participate in all the

functional areas to continuously improve quality of project

Principle 10 Contractor is responsible to provide all the resources,

manpower, material, equipment.etc. to build the facility as per

specifications

Principle 11 Contractor to build the facility as stipulated in the contract

documents, plan, specifications within budget and on

schedule to meet owner's objectives

Principle 12 Contractor should perform the works as per agreed upon

construction program and handover the project as per

contracted schedule.


Project development is a process spanning from the

commencement of project initiation and end with close out

and finalizing project records after project construction.

The project development process is initiated in response to

an identified need.

It covers a range of time framed activities extending from

identification of a project need to a finished set of contract

documents and to construction.


Construction projects have involvement of many participants comprising Owner, Designer, Contractor and many other professionals from construction related industries.

Each of these participants is involved to implement quality in construction projects.

These participants are both influenced by and depend on each other in addition to “others players” involved in the construction process.


Participation involvement of owner/client, designer, contractors at different stages of project is required to develop sustainable construction

The application of various quality principles, tools, and methods by all the participants at different stages of construction project will ensure completion of construction and making the project most qualitative, competitive and economical.


Construction project development has three major

elements. These are;

Study

Design

Construction

As the project develops, more information and

specifications are developed.

TABLE 3 Illustrates various activities during Study Stage

Study Stage (TABLE 2)

Element Description

Problem

Statement/Need

Identification

Define project needs, goals, objectives

Need Assessment Identification of needs

Prioritization of needs

Leveling of needs

Deciding what needs to be addressed

Need analysis Perform project need analysis/study to outline the scope

of issues to be considered in the planning phase.

Feasibility Study Technical studies, economics assessment, financial

assessment, market demand, environmental and social

assessment.

Establish Project

objectives/Goals

Scope, time, cost, quality.

Study Stage (TABLE 2)-Contd

Element Description

Identify project

delivery system

Establish how the participants, owner, designer (A/E),

and contractor will be involved to construct the

project/facility.

(Design/Build/Bid, Design/Build, Guaranteed

Maximum Price, CM type, PM type, BOT, Turnkey..etc)

Identify project team Select Designer (A/E) firm if Design/Bid/Build type of

contract system is selected. Select other team

members based on project delivery system

requirements.

Identify alternatives

(Conceptual

alternatives)

Identify alternatives based on a predetermined set of

performance measures.

Preliminary

resources

Estimate resources

Preliminary schedule Estimate the duration for completion of project/facility

Study Stage (TABLE 3)-Contd

Element Description

Preliminary financial

implications

Preliminary budget estimates of total project cost (life

cycle cost) on the basis of any known research and

development requirements. This will help arrange the

finances. (funding agency).

Authorities clearance Identify issues, sustainability, impacts, project

constraints and potential approvals (environmental

authorities, permits) required so that subsequent

design and authority approval processes.

Select alternatives Select preferred alternative.

Project initiation Project charter


TABLE 4 Illustrates various activities during Design

Stage

Design Stage (TABLE 3)

Element Description

Develop concept

design

Report, drawings, models, presentation

Project planning Prepare project plan

Schematic design Preliminary design, value engineering

Design development Detailed design

Construction

documents

Construction contract documents


TABLE 5 Illustrates various activities during Construction

Stage

Construction Stage (TABLE 4)

Element Description

Bidding/Tendering Bidding package and request for proposal.

Contractor selection Most competitive bidder

Construction Contractor to execute contracted works.

Monitoring & Control Monitor and control scope, schedule, cost, quality, risk,

procurement of the project.

Commissioning and

Handover

Testing, commissioning and handover.

Project close out Close the project.

Quality Tools for Construction Projects

There are several types of tools, techniques, methods, in

practice, which are used as quality improvement tools and

have variety of applications in manufacturing and process

industry.

However all of these tools are not used in construction

projects due to the nature of construction projects which

are customized and non repetitive.


• What is Quality Tools?

• Quality tools are the charts, check sheets, diagrams,

graphs, techniques, and methods which are used to create

an idea, engender planning, analyze the cause, analyze the

process, foster evaluation and create a wide variety of

situations for continuous quality improvement.

• What is the befit of applying Quality Tools?

• Applications of tools enhance chances of success and help

maintain consistency, accuracy, increase efficiency and

process improvement.


How many categories of Quality Tools are used in

Construction Projects?

There are ten most common broader categories of Quality

Management Tools used in Construction Projects.

• Each of these categories have various types of tools.

• There are several types of tools, techniques, methods, in

practice, which are used as quality improvement tools and

have variety of applications in manufacturing and process

industry.


• However all of these tools are not used in construction

projects due to the nature of construction projects which

are customized and non repetitive.

• Some of these quality management tools that are most

commonly used in construction industry are listed under

following broader categories (TABLE 5);

Categories of Quality Tools (TABLE 5)

Categories Serial

Number

Classic Quality Tools 1

Management and Planning Tools 2

Process Analysis Tool 3

Process Improvement Tools 4

Innovation and Creative Tools 5

Lean Tools 6

Cost of Quality 7

Quality Function Deployment 8

Six Sigma 9

Triz 10

Applicable Tools (Study Stage)

Study Stage

Some of the Tools which are useful for application during Study Stage are as follows;

Innovation and Creative Tools

5W2H (FIGURE 1)

Need Analysis (TABLE 6)

Brainstorming (FIGURE 2)

Delphi Techniques (FIGURE 3)

5W2H (FIGURE 1)

Serial

Number

5W2H Related Analyzing Questions

1 Why New project

2 What What advantage it will have over other

similar projects

3 Who Who will be the customer for this project

4 Where Where can we find market for the project

5 When When the project will be ready for use

6 How many How many such projects are in the

market

7 How much How much market share we will have by

this project

Need Analysis (TABLE 6)

Serial

Number

Points to be considered for Need Analysis

1 Is the project in line with organization’s strategy/strategic plan

and mandated by management in support of a specific

objective?

2 Is the project a part of mission statement of the organization?

3 Is the project a part of vision statement of the organization?

4 Is the need mandated by regulatory body?

5 Is the need for meeting government regulations?

6 Is the need to fulfill the deficiency/gap of such type of

project(s) in the market?

7 Is the need created to meet market demand

Need Analysis (TABLE 6)-Contd

Serial

Number


8 Is the need to meet the research and development

requirements?

9 Is the need for technical advances?

10 Is the need generated to construct a facility/project which is

innovative in nature?

11 Is the need aims to improve the existing facility?

12 Is the need a part of mandatory investment?

13 Is the need to develop infrastructure?

14 Is the need will serve the community and fulfill social

responsibilities?


Serial

Number


15 Is the need created to resolve specific problem?

16 Is the need will have effect on environment?

17 Is the need has any time frame to implement?

18 Is the need has financial constraints?

19 Is the need has major risk?

20 Is the need within capability of the owner/client, either alone or

in cooperation with other organizations?

21 Is the need can be managed and implemented?


Serial

Number


22 Is the need realistic and genuine?

23 Is the need measurable?

24 Is the need shall be beneficial?

25 Is the need comply with environmental protection agency

requirements?

26 Is the need comply with government’s health and safety

regulations?

Brainstorming (FIGURE 2)

Identify

Team

Members

Select

Team

Members

Define the

Problem or

Issue to

Team

Members

Circulate

Problem

Statement

(Facilitator)

Explain

Brainstorming

Rules

( Facilitator)

General Ideas

(Team

Members)

Record Ideas Modify

Ideas

Evaluate

Ideas

Select

Idea(s)

Implement

Idea(s)

Point Scale

Criteria

Highest

Score

On White Board

or Flip Chart

Checklist or Any

other technique No

criticism

Free

Flow of

Ideas

Freewheel

Thinking

Large

Quantity

of Ideas

Variety

of

Ideas

Delphi Technique (FIGURE 3)

Identify/Select

Subject Matter

Identify Team

Members

having

Expertise/Kno

wledge of the

Subject

Select Team

Members/

Panel of

Experts

Circulate

Questions

to Team

Members

Response from

Team Members

Summarize

Response Accept

Idea(s)

Proceed with the

Idea(s)/Solution

Check

for

Conse

nsus

YES Re-circulate

Feedback/

Answers to

Team

Check

for

Consen

sus

Iteration

Accept

Idea(s)

Proceed

with the

Idea(s)/

Solution

NO

YES

NO

Applicable Tools (Design Stage)

Design Stage

Some of the Tools which are useful for application during Design Stage are as follows;

Innovative and Creative Tools

DMADV (FIGURE 4)

Process Analysis

Cost of Quality (FIGURE 5)

Process Improvement

PDCA (FIGURE 6)

Lean Tools

Mistake Proofing (FIGURE 7)

Fundamental Objectives of DMADV (FIGURE 4)

1 Define—What is

important?

Define the project goals and

customer deliverables

2 Measure—What is

needed?

Measure and determine customer

needs and specifications

3 Analyze—How we

fulfill?

Analyze process options and

prioritize based on capabilities to

satisfy customer requirements

4 Design—How we build

it?

Design detailed process (es)

capable of satisfying customer

requirements

5 Verify—How do we

know it will work?

Verify design performance

capability

Cost of Quality during Design Phase

Categories of Quality costs related to design phase of construction projects can be summarized as follows;

1.Internal Failure Costs

2.External Failure Costs

3.Appraisal Costs

4.Prevention Costs

Internal Failure Costs

• Redesign/Redraw to meet fully coordinated design

• Rewrite specifications/documents to meet

requirements of all other trades

External Failure Costs

• Incorporate design review comments by Client/Project Manager

• Incorporate specifications/documents review comments by

Client/Project Manager

• Incorporate comments by Regulatory Authority (ies)

• Resolve RFI (Request for Information) during Construction

Appraisal Costs

• Review of Design Drawings

• Review of Specifications

• Review of Contract Documents to ensure meeting Owner’s

Needs, Quality Standards, Constructability, and

Functionality

• Review for Regulatory requirements, Codes

Prevention Costs

• Conduct technical meetings for proper coordination

• Follow quality system

• Meeting Submission Schedule

• Training of project team members

• Update of software used for design

PDCA during Design(FIGURE 5)

• (Develop Design) • Develop Design

Drawings

• Develop Specifications

• Coordinate with Other Trades

• Prepare Contract Documents

• (Review) • Compliance to Client

Needs/Requirements

• Check for Project Schedule

• Check for Project Budget

• Check for Conflict with Other Trades

• Compliance to Regulatory Requirements, Standards, Codes

• Check for Constructability

• Check for Environmental Compatibility

• (Establish Scope) • Establish Owner’s

Requirements

• Establish Standards, Codes

• Establish Project Schedule

• Establish Project Budget

• (Implement Comments) • Implement Review comments

(if any)

• Take Corrective Action(if required)

• OR

• Release Documents for Bid/Construction

ACT PLAN

DO CHECK

Mistake Proofing (TABLE 7)

Serial

Number

Items Points to be Considered to Avoid

Mistakes

1 Information 1. Terms of Reference (TOR)

2. Client’s preferred requirements matrix

3. Data collection

4. Regulatory requirements

5. Codes and Standards

6. Historical Data

7. Organizational requirements

Mistake Proofing (TABLE 7)-Contd

Serial

Number


Mistakes

2 Mismanagement 1. Compare production with actual

requirements

2. Interdisciplinary coordination

3. Application of different codes and

Standards

4. Drawing size of different trades/specialist

consultant (s)

3 Omission 1. Review and check design with TOR

2. Review and check design with client

requirements

3. Review and check design with Regulatory

requirements

Mistake Proofing (TABLE 7)-Contd

Serial

Number


Mistakes

3 Omission

4. Review and check design with Codes and

Standards

5. Check for all required documents

4 Selection 1. Qualified team members

2. Available material

3. Installation method

Applicable Tools (Construction Stage)

Construction Stage

Some of the Tools which are useful for application during Construction Stage are as follows;

Management and Planning Tool

Networking Arrow Diagram (FIGURE 7)

Process Analysis Tool

Root Cause Analysis Diagram (FIGURE 8)

Process Improvement Tool

DMAIC (FIGURE 9)

PDCA (FIGURE 10)

Cost of Quality

Applicable Tools (Construction Stage)

Construction Stage

Classic Quality Tools

Process for Checklist (FIGURE 11)

Networking Arrow Diagram (FIGURE 6)

A B C D

F

G H

E

Excavation Compaction Waterproofing Formwork

Reinforcement Installation

of Utilities

Concrete Casting

Root Cause Analysis for Bad Concrete (FIGURE 7)

Improper Supervision

Improper Pouring Temperature

Insufficient Curing Non-continuity in Casting Weather

Dusty, Rainy

Vibrator

Pump

Mixer

Cement Aggregate Calibration

Water Admixtures

Design Mix

Manpower Method Environment

Machine

Incompetent Labour

Material Measurement

BAD

CONCRETE

Fundamental Objectives of DMAIC (FIGURE 8)

1 Define—What is

important?

Define the project goals and

customer deliverables

2 Measure—How are we

doing?

Measure and determine current

performance

3 Analyze—How we

fulfill?

Analyze and determine root cause

of the defects

4 Improve—What needs

to be done?

Improve the process by

permanently removing the defects

5 Control—How do we

guarantee performance?

Control the improved process’s

performance to ensure sustainable

results

PDCA during Execution(FIGURE 9)

• Follow Approved Shop Drawings

• Use Approved Materials

• Follow Method Statement

• Follow Manufacturer’s Recommendations

• Check for All Non Conformities

• Check Work Executed as per Approved Shop Drawings

• Check Approved Material Installed

• Check Functionality of Installed Works/Systems

• Prepare Shop Drawings

• Submit Materials

• Get Shop Drawings Approved

• Get Materials Approved

• Corrective Action

• Prevent Defect from Re occurrence

ACT PLAN

DO CHECK

Cost of Quality in Construction Projects

Cost of Quality in construction projects may not directly

affect the overall cost of project, however it may affect

the project schedule and thus affecting the quality of the

project.

Costs of Quality during design phases are mainly to

ensure development of project design and documents fully

meet Client’s requirements/TOR (Terms of

Reference)/Matrix of Owner’s Requirements.

Cost of Quality - Construction Phase

• Quality costs during Construction phase are different that

of Design phase.

• There are certain hidden costs which may not affect

directly the overall cost of the project, however it may cost

contractor in terms of money and may affect the

completion schedule of the project.

Rejection /non approval of executed/installed works by the

supervisor due to non compliance with specification will

cause the contractor loss in terms of;

1) Material

2) Manpower

3) Time


• The contractor shall have to rework or rectify the work

which will need additional resources and will need extra

time to do the work as specified.

• This may disturb contractor’s work schedule and affect

execution of other activities. The contractor has to

emphasis upon “Zero Defect” policy, particularly for

concrete works.


To avoid rejection of works, contractor has to take

following measures; Execution of works as per approved shop drawings using approved

material

Following approved method of statement or manufacturers

recommended method of installation

Conduct continuous inspection during construction/installation process

Employ properly trained workforce

Maintain good workmanship

Identify and correct deficiencies before submitting the check list for

inspection and approval of work

Coordinate requirements of other trades, for example if any opening is

required in the concrete beam for crossing of services pipe.


Timely completion of project is one of the objectives to be

achieved.

To avoid delay in completion schedule proper planning

and scheduling of construction activities is necessary.

Since construction projects have involvement of many

participants, it is essential that requirements of all the

participants are fully coordinated.

This will ensure execution of activities as planned resulting

timely completion of project.


Normally the construction budget is fixed at the inception

of project, therefore it is required to avoid variations

during construction process as it may take time to get

approval of additional budget resulting time extension to

the project.

Categories of costs related to construction phase can be

summarized as follows;

1) Internal Failure

2) External Failure

3) Appraisal

4) Preventive


Internal Failure Costs

Rework

Rectification

Rejection of check list

Corrective action

External Failure Costs

Breakdown of System

Repairs

Maintenance

Warranty

Appraisal Costs

Design review/Preparation of shop drawings

Preparation of composite/co-ordination drawings

On-site material inspection/test

Off-site material inspection/test

Mock up

Pre-check list inspection

Functionality Tests

Prevention Costs

Preventive action

Training

Work procedures

Method statement

Calibration of instruments/equipment

Planning and Managing Quality System

Process for Checklist(FIGURE 10)

Approved shop

drawing/

Approved

composite

drawing

Preparation

of Related

Works

Site

Co-

ordination

Quality

Check by

Contractor

Submit

Checklist

Inspection

by

Consultant

Approved

Material

Proceed Next

Activity

Functional

Relationship

Approved

Not

Approved

Conclusion

Thus it can be summarized that with implementation of

quality tools during design and construction, a

sustainable project can be achieved.

THANKS to Publisher

This material is derived from the book titled;

“Quality Tools for Managing Construction Projects”

Author: Abdul Razzak Rumane

Publisher: CRC Press (A Taylor & Francis Group Company)

Florida, USA

ISBN: 9781466552142

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466552142

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466552142

THANK YOU