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Geospatial Technologies, Ecological Footprint

Analysis, Environmental Impact Assessment and

Development Path Analysis

Planning Tools for

Sustainable Environment

December 2016

SD as process and/or SD as result

DRR

• Decrease in fatality rate

• Increase in economic losses

Sustainable Development

= sustain (for present) + able to sustain (for future generations)

Sus. Dev.

Low-Carbon Resilient

BCPBottom-up / Community

based

Green

Geospatial and Mapping Technologies for DRM

Disaster Risk Management

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

Real-time monitoring

Keeping historical data, records establish morphology enabling prediction

Hazard and Risk Zonation

Disaster Communication

Geospatial and Mapping Technologies

Various uses

http://www.businessinsider.my/

Land use, land cover, land use changes future planning mitigation management of urban resources (land, water, transportation, food, recreation, etc.)

Land use, land cover, land use changes future planning mitigation/alert decision makers

Enforcement/border patrol/identify potential, suitable areas remotely

Ecological FootprintAnalysis

An overview

http://planningguidance.communities.gov.uk/blog/guidance/environmental-impact-assessment/

Globalization

Increase energy consumption

Non-renewable source

Increase CO2 emission (80% of energy consumption)

Global warming issueClimate change (extreme, unpredictable, negative impacts

to our cities, livelihood and environment)

“bangau oh bangau”

Renewable source

(Household) consumption ofelectricity, domestic watersupply, cooking gas and use ofvehicle

Low Carbon Initiatives for Cities

(+transportation, etc.)

Passive design

Energy efficient

Renewable energy + renewable tech

Natural resources are an essential

component of a sustainable future.

The Ecological Footprint, which

assesses humanity’s pressure on

natural resources and situates

consumption levels within the Earth’s

ecological limits.

EF is widely recognized as an excellent

measure of environmental sustainability

and is used by governments and

institutions worldwide.

The Ecological Footprint is a resource

accounting metric that answers the

research question, “how much of the

regenerative capacity of our planet

do we use?”

……….by quantifying the demand that

human consumption and waste

generation place on the biosphere.

The measure of biocapacity

complements the Ecological Footprint,

and tracks how much natural

productive capacity is available to meet

demand.

These two measures, taken together, provide a partial ecological balance

sheet for the world.

Footprint > Biocapacity = humanity is using more than can be

regenerated, and therefore must be drawing down the standing stock of

resources or causing an accumulation of wastes that must be processed by

the biosphere.

Climate change is an example of the effect of exceeding the waste

assimilation capacity of our global ecosystems.

The Ecological Footprint and biocapacity are measured in global hectares,

an area that is weighted according to the average productivity of biologically

productive land and water in a given year to make different land-use types

comparable at the global scale.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

An overview

http://planningguidance.communities.gov.uk/blog/guidance/environmental-impact-assessment/

An EIA may be defined as: “a formal process to predict

the environmental consequences of human

development activities and to plan appropriate

measures to eliminate or reduce adverse effects and to

augment positive effects.”

EIA has three main functions:

1. to predict the problems,

2. to find ways to avoid them

(i.e. the problems)

3. to enhance positive effects.

http://www.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag3072/lecture_notes/L13_STAG3072_EIA.pdf

“EIA adalah suatu kajian bagi mengenalpasti, meramal, dan menghuraikan akan kebaikan dan keburukan

sesuatu cadangan projek pembangunan. Kajian ini perluada hubungan komunikasi antara pihak-pihak

berkepentingan iaitu masyarakat setempat, pemaju danpihak berkuasa”

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)

EIA has three main functions:

1. to predict the problems,

2. to find ways to avoid them (i.e.

the problems)

3. to enhance positive effects.


Purpose of EIA

is to protect the environment

by ensuring that a local

planning authority is given the

full knowledge of the likely

significant effects of the

proposed project (make

informed decisions/before

planning permission)

to ensure that the public are given early

and effective opportunities to participate in

the decision making procedures

EIA should not be a barrier to growth +

will only apply to a small proportion of

projects considered within the town and

country planning regime. Local planning

authorities have a well established general

responsibility to consider the environmental

implications of developments which are

subject to planning control.

Screening

• proposed project falls within the remit of the regulations

• likely to have a significant effect on the environment therefore requires an assessment.

• determining the extent of issues to be considered in the assessment and reported in the Environmental Statement.

• applicant can ask the local planning authority for their opinion on what information needs to be includedScoping

• compile the information reasonably required to assess the likely significant environmental effects of the development.

• public authorities must make available any relevant environmental information in their possession “envistatement”

Preparing

5 Stages of EIA

• The Envi Statement (and the application) must be publicised.

• The statutory ‘Consultation Bodies’ and the public must be given an opportunity to give their views about the proposed development and the Environmental Statement.

Apply &

Publicity

• local planning authority and/or the Secretary of State in deciding whether or not to give consent for the development based on analysis and report

• public must be informed of the decision and the main reasons for it.

Decision

Making

Seksyen 34A(1) Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling, 1974 (Akta 127) – Pindaan 1985

• Perintah kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Aktiviti yang ditetapkan) (Penilaian Kesan

Kepada Alam Sekeliling) 1987

• Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact

Assessment) Order 1987

EIA and Legislation

Kesalahan akan didenda tidak melebihi RM100,000 ataupenjara tidak melebihi 5 tahun atau kedua-duanya sekali


• EIA commissioned on 1st April 1998

• EIA is a very important planning tool:-

1. To prevent environmental problems

resulted from development activities

2. To overcome any costly mistakes

during project implementation


Activities that require EIA


Activities that require EIA

(according to size of

project)


1. Manipulation of EIA requirements and needs

depending on the size of project (by phases?)

2. EIA is a report submitted to DOE, but paid by

developer to EIA consultant for the use of the

developer (client?)

3. EIA was granted after project already being

carried out/commenced

4. Duplication in nature (template)?

EIA – Something to think about……

Development Path Analysis (DPA)An overview

http://www.jobsandgrowthni.gov.uk/downloads/guidance_note_no_12__development_path_analysis_-_1st_revision_june_10.pdf

Development Path Analysis (DPA)

DPA is based on an assumption that

certain patterns of development, or

“development paths,” are more

environmentally sustainable than others

and that regions have choices about

which path to pursue.

The tool recognises six development

paths.

Path A: Actions that promote

activities that simply meet

environmental regulations.

Path B: Actions that clean up

the mess from past activities or

actions that promotes physical

regeneration.

Path C: Actions that put in

place environmental

infrastructure to reduce the

negative environmental impact

of development activities.

Path D: Actions that help organisations to

meet increasing environmental standards.

Path E: Actions that improve the resource

efficiency (“eco-efficiency”) of existing

activities.

**Path F: Actions that support, as well as

encourage, new types of activity or

behaviour using fewer environmental

resources, or producing less pollution, than

existing activities in the area.

Path A Path F

Objective:

to help shift activity away from Path A and

toward activity under Path F.

Path A is activity that simply meets minimum

environmental regulations and, therefore, makes a

minimal contribution to environmental

sustainability.

Path F makes a significant contribution; it is

activity that pursues environmental protection at

the same time as it pursues economic and social

development.

The paths in between are paths that mitigate the

impact of existing activity in some way.

Path A: Actions that promote

activities that simply meet

environmental regulations.

Path F: Actions that support, as

well as encourage, new types of

activity or behaviour using fewer

environmental resources, or

producing less pollution, than


Development Path

Project A Funding A

Profile of overall

amount of funding

for each path

Project B Funding B

Project C Funding C

Project D Funding D

Path A:

Actions that promote activities that simply meet environmental regulations.

Assessment criteria:

1. Projects that just meet the minimum

environmental regulations;

2. Projects that result in “business as usual” with no

improved environmental features;

3. Training that does not incorporate energy

efficiency or waste reduction measures; and

4. Supporting business growth without insisting on

the incorporation of a degree of energy

efficiency or waste reduction measures.

If YES, then a Path A project

If NO, move to Path B

EXAMPLES to help decide if it is a Path B project:

Regeneration of a run down disadvantaged urban/rural

area/locality;

Re-establishment of a fishery on a contaminated river;

Collecting and recycling of “waste materials;”

Planting indigenous trees in deforested areas; and

Training which includes project work to clean up run down

areas’

If YES then a Path B project

If NO, move to Path C

Path B:

Actions that clean up the mess from past activities or actions that promotes

physical regeneration.

EXAMPLES to help decide if it is a Path F project:

Environmental research projects, e.g.investigations on other forms of renewableenergy; and

Using renewable sources of energy only

Path F:

Actions that support, as well as encourage, new types of activity or behaviour

using fewer environmental resources, or producing less pollution, than


If YES, then a Path F project

If NO, start at Path A again and gothrough the Path descriptions, includingthose in the specific Programme, todecide on the most appropriate path

When applications are received, assign each project into path A, B, C, D, E or F using

the project categorisation form. Consider the DPA paths at the time of project

selection.

Each project should be given only one path, and this path must reflect the balance

of activities carried out under the project and their attendant environmental impacts.

Once selections have been made, enter the DPA paths for all projects into the

central monitoring database and file the project categorisation forms with the rest

of the project documentation.

Monitor your DPA results at priority level and consider whether the results are

satisfactory. If they are not, consider ways of adjusting the design of the priority

to attract more applications that correspond to the desired path(s).

Development Path Analysis (DPA) - Summary

Uncertainty

It may not always be clear which path is the most appropriate.

A project may be an activity that both puts in place environmental

infrastructure and encourages new forms of behaviour, for instance. Or a

project may have various stages or components that could be associated

with different paths.

Another complexity is knowing how much to expect from projects. It may

not be clear what degree of change in behaviour is needed to enable a

project to be categorised as Path F rather than Path A, or how much clean up

or efficiency is needed to merit being categorised as Path E or B.

Decide what “business as usual” is and how much change is reasonable to

expect at this stage

Assess and judge each path based kinds of activities and impacts

associated with a project, and use reasonable judgement + Consider both

direct and indirect impacts

Consult any sustainable development strategies for your organisation or

sector

Ensure consistency at least across your own measure, and record the

reason for your decision

Focus on the type of the activity rather than the scale

Some tips

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