quality control of product
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Quality Control of Product. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. Analysis of Product. Quality Control involves the entire process of obtaining a product that meets defined specifications expressing both its purity and potency - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Quality Control of Product
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Analysis of Product• Quality Control involves the entire process of obtaining a product that meets defined specifications expressing both its purity and potency• Testing methods include cell biology, virology, chemistry, analytical chemistry, molecular biology & the potency of the product• Different methods have different levels of
detection ie, values can go from grams to nanograms
Electrophoresis and Movement of Molecules
• Molecules can have distinct charges– Positive or Negative –Net charge will cause different movement through
gel • Molecules can have different shapes– Linear– globular– Alpha helix
+
Macromolecular charge
• Macromolecules have a variable net charge that depends on pH
• pH at which net charge is zero = pI
• Electrical shielding of charge occurs when counterions are solvated
V=
V =
Electrophoresis
• Horizontal Agarose Gels• Agarose forms a gel or molecular sieve
that supports the movement of small materials in solution used for DNA
• Vertical Polyacrylamide Gels • Made of Polyacrylamide • Used for Protein molecular size, shape, charge • IEF electrophoresis• Western Blot technique
Horizontal Gels
• Gel Box set up frequently used in DNA analysis
Agarose gels
• Usually used in DNA analysis • Made up of linear polysaccharide mol wt of
12,000 • Basic repeating unit is agarobiose • Gels are prepared at 1% to 3% providing
tunnels for molecules to move through• DNA can be much larger then most proteins
Agarose Gel with DNA Bands
• DNA is negatively charged
• Smaller sized DNA moves faster than Larger DNA
• Markers are used to determine relative sizes of DNA pieces
markers
PAGE
• Native : Protein is prepared with little disturbance to the cellular material– Proteins are associated –Movement of samples through the gel can be
inconsistent• SDS : Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Is a detergent – Protein coated with a negative charge in
proportion to its molecular weight– Denatures and unfolds protein– Reducing agents (DTT)break amino acid cross-links
P
Polyacrylamide Gel Creates tunnels in gel for molecules to move through
Uses for PAGE
• Separates proteins from each other– Proteins separated by size– Isoelectric point
• Determines– Molecular size of protein– Quantifies the amount present– Displays Impurities– Used in western blot assays by antigen interactions
Determine Molecular Weight
1. Run standard molecular weight markers on gel2. Run unknown protein on the same gel3. Create a graph of the mol wt versus distance molecule has moved4. Using the distance the unknown has moved
determine the molecular weight from graph
Molecular Weight Markers
Migration of molecular weight of standards are compared to unknown samplewt std vs unknown
Molecular Weight vs Distance
Western Blot Analysis
• Identifies protein through antibody interaction• Run proteins on denatured gel (SDS-PAGE)• Transfer (blot) proteins onto membrane• Probe the membrane with primary antibody• Add secondary antibody (this antibody is linked
to an enzyme)• Substrate is added and color appears
SDS Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis
SDS Effect on Protein Movement
• Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate denatures protein and covers it with negative charges : moves to + end
• Vertical gels are designed so the top of the gel box is attached to the negative power outlet
• The bottom of the gel box is attached to the positive power outlet
• Movement through the PAGE gel is proportional to mass not to charge
Movement of Proteins on an SDS Gel
Stacking of proteins at top of gel at start
Low weight molecular dye
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Distribution of proteins in a charged field
Protein Migration
Highest Molecular Wt. protein
% Polyacrylamide in Gel
• Gels can be made at different concentrations of polyacrylamide
• Example: gels made at 3%,6%,9% and 12% will produce different openings through which the molecule will migrate
• The larger the opening allows large molecules to move through the gel
Vertical Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Equipment for Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis EquipmentMini-PROTEAN Tetra Cell
Closed Mini Gel holder
Open Gel Holder:Allows New Gel to be Inserted
Gel HoldersPlaced in Mini-Protean Tetra Cell
Procedure in Short
LoadGe Place Buffer
Equip
Electrophoresis of Samples
Setting Up and Running Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Gels –
Youhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnEdmk1SqvgTube
Samples: boiled 3’ with loading dye (2x Laemmli buffer + running dye) Mini-PROTEAN tetra cell: Set up according to SOP given in workbookPower settings: 75 volts for 45 – 60 minutesRunning dye should notrun off the bottom of gel