qrma: earlier detection is better prevention & safer protection

7/27/2019 QRMA: Earlier Detection is Better Prevention & Safer Protection

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Earlier Detection is Better Prevention & Safer Protection

Leading Killer Diseasesin the

Philippines, USA & Worldare

Preventable Agape Foundation (Agasoft)

October, 2013


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PHILIPPINES: Top Causes of Mortality in the Philippines, 2009


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USA: Top 15 Causes of Death, 2011

Source: National Vital Statistics, USA


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USA: Deaths due to CVD & its Preventable Factors


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WORLD: Top Killer Diseases & their 10 Preventable Factors


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Source: The Global Burden of Chronic Diseases - Overcoming Impediments to Prevention and Control

http://depts.washington.edu/rfgh/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Global-burden-of-chronic-dz-JAMA-2004.pdf
http://depts.washington.edu/rfgh/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Global-burden-of-chronic-dz-JAMA-2004.pdfhttp://depts.washington.edu/rfgh/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Global-burden-of-chronic-dz-JAMA-2004.pdfhttp://depts.washington.edu/rfgh/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Global-burden-of-chronic-dz-JAMA-2004.pdf


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WORLD: Projected Main Causes of Death Worldwide, All Ages, 2005

Source:http://www.smartglobalhealth.org/issues/entry/chronic-diseases. Article Title: Chronic diseases and their risk factors by Smart Global Health.org
http://www.smartglobalhealth.org/issues/entry/chronic-diseaseshttp://www.smartglobalhealth.org/issues/entry/chronic-diseaseshttp://www.smartglobalhealth.org/issues/entry/chronic-diseaseshttp://www.smartglobalhealth.org/issues/entry/chronic-diseases


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STUDIES SHOW THAT TODAYS DISEASES ARE PREVENTABLE


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WORLD: Projected Deaths By Cause for High-, Middle-and-Low Income Countries


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WORLD: 16 Leading Causes of Death Worldwide Are Preventable

The Global Burden of Chronic Diseases - Overcoming Impediments to Prevention and Control by: Derek Yach, MBChB, MPH;Corinna Hawkes, PhD; C. Linn Gould,

MS, MPH; Karen J. Hofman, MD

http://depts.washington.edu/rfgh/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Global-burden-of-chronic-dz-JAMA-2004.pdf


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WORLD: At least 40% of Cancers are Preventable

Source: Chronic diseases and their risk factors by Smart Global Health

Website: http://www.smartglobalhealth.org/issues/entry/chronic-diseases


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WORLD: LEADING KILLER DISEASES ARE PREVENTABLE

Source: Heart Disease, Stroke, Cancer and Diabetes Rising In Developing WorldByRebecca Lim|Health & Medicine

April 28, 2011

In 2008, 36.1 million people died from heart disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, cancer and diabetes, with 80 percent of cases occuring in low- andmiddle-income countries.

AsianScientist (Apr. 28, 2011)Non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide and are on the rise, the first WHOGlobalstatus report on noncommunicable diseases(NCDs) launched yesterday confirms. In 2008, 36.1 million people died from conditions such as heartdisease, stroke, chronic lung disease, cancer and diabetes. Nearly 80 percent of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries.

Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, or 17 million people annually, followed by cancer (7.6 million), respiratory disease (4.2million), and diabetes (1.3 million). These four groups of diseases account for around 80 percent of all NCD deaths, and share four common riskfactors:

Tobacco use.

Physical inactivity.

Harmful use of alcohol.

Poor diets.

Low- And Middle-Income Countries Hit Hardest

The rapidly growing burden of NCDs in developing countries is driven by a few factors.

Firstly, the negative effects of globalization such as rapid and unplanned urbanization have led to lifestyles characterized by reduced physical activityand unhealthy lifestyle choices. This is further aggravated due to irresponsible marketing by tobacco and junk food companies looking to expandtheir businesses in these developing markets. Vulnerable populations within society such as children, adolescents and women are seen as easy targetsfor these companies.

Secondly, people from developing nations tend to consume energy dense foods. This practice was necessary for the labor-intensive occupations theyonce held. But with the rapid economic growth in some of these countries, peasants who would otherwise have settled for a life of farming now have
http://www.asianscientist.com/author/rebeccalim/http://www.asianscientist.com/author/rebeccalim/http://www.asianscientist.com/author/rebeccalim/http://www.asianscientist.com/category/health-medicine/http://www.asianscientist.com/category/health-medicine/http://www.asianscientist.com/category/health-medicine/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240686458_eng.pdfhttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240686458_eng.pdfhttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240686458_eng.pdfhttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240686458_eng.pdfhttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240686458_eng.pdfhttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240686458_eng.pdfhttp://www.asianscientist.com/category/health-medicine/http://www.asianscientist.com/author/rebeccalim/


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more career options open to them. These people move into cities in droves and take up occupations such as driving taxis and clerical jobs which arenot as physically demanding. This is when their staple of energy dense foods becomes a problem.

Overwhelmed with the speed of growth, many governments are already struggling to deal with more pressing issues such as the need forinfrastructure. As such, interventions such as anti-smoking laws, promoting physical activity and healthy eating get relegated on their list ofpriorities.

Thirdly, the aging populations across Asia due to increased life expectancies and reduced birth rates mean that people are living long enough todevelop NCDs.

Economic Impact Of NCDs On Poor Countries

Loss of income.

When a family member is afflicted with a NCD such as cancer, the economic impact on the family can be devastating. NCDs often result inmany days off work, which translates to a reduction in income. This reduction can be particularly drastic if the breadwinner falls ill.Casualties of this extra-tight budget are often children, whose educational opportunities might be cut off. Without an education, these children

are unable to escape poverty.

Financial hardship from paying for healthcare.

In most developing countries, governments are unable to subsidize healthcare so the out-of-pocket expenditure for a family with a sickmember can be significant. Diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease require multiple daily medications that place a huge financialburden on struggling families. According to the WHO report, an estimated 1.4 million to 2 million Indians experienced catastrophic spendingin 2004, and 600,000 to 800,000 people were impoverished by the costs of caring for cardiovascular disease and cancer. The findings ofanother study also revealed that one in four families living in the worlds poorest countries borrows money or sells assets to pay for healthcare.

Decrease in national productivity and income, while the healthcare bill burgeons.

Days off work due to NCDs result in a decrease in national productivity and income. It has been estimated that in 2005, China lost S$18billion in national income from heart disease, stroke and diabetes. In addition, China and India are projected to lose International $ (I$) 12,558billion (0.93 percent of the GDP) and I$ 237 billion (1.5 percent of the GDP) respectively as a result of these same illnesses between 2005 to2015.

This study on health and poverty suggests a vicious cyclewhere poverty leads to NCDs and NCDs lead to poverty. So what can be done to helpdeveloping nations escape this cycle?


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Preventing NCDs: The Role of Governments

Reducing tobacco use.

The most cost effective way to reduce tobacco use is by increasing taxes on tobacco products, as this deters many would-be buyers and forcesconsumers to cut down on their consumption. The revenue from the tobacco tax could even help subsidize health care. Implementing policiesthat result in smoke-free work and public places reduce second hand smoke, which in turn reduces the incidence of lung cancers from passive

smoking. Smokers looking to cut down or quit smoking will also benefit from this policy. No health intervention is complete without publiceducation. Studies have shown that graphic warnings on tobacco packages and regular mass media campaigns are effective in reducingdemand.

Promoting physical activity.

Numerous studies have shown that regular physical activity is protective against cardiovascular disease and various types of cancer. Exactlyhow much physical activity is recommended? 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity every day for those aged 5-17.For adults 18 and above, 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of the two, is recommended. This policy is particularly effective if schools

and workplaces are targeted. Exercise should be incorporated into daily life at a young age, and schools can help achieve this byimplementing a physical activity component taught by trained teachers in a supportive environment. Workplaces that provide space for fitnessand involve workers in program planning and implementation tend to do well in increasing the physical activity levels of their employees.

Reducing harmful alcohol use.

This can be achieved through the following measures.

o Increasing excise taxes on alcoholic beverages.

o Regulating availability of alcoholic beverages, including minimum legal purchase age, restrictions on outlet density and on time of sale, and,

where appropriate, governmental monopoly of retail sales.o Restricting exposure to marketing of alcoholic beverages through marketing regulations or comprehensive advertising bans.

o Drink-driving countermeasures including random breath testing, sobriety check points and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for drivers at

0.5 g/l, with reduced limits or zero tolerance for young drivers.

o Treatment of alcohol use disorders and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful drinking.

Promoting healthy diets.

Unhealthy diets increase the risk of NCDs including cardiovascular disease, some cancers and diabetes. Eating habits are, and always will be,a personal choice. While a government can educate its population on healthy eating, the reality is that fast food tastes good and junk food is


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cheap. To struggling families on a tight budget, it is an attractive option despite what the health boards say. To tackle this issue, governmentsneed to raise taxes on unhealthy foods while reducing taxes on healthy options. Studies have shown these measures to be particularly effectivein lower-income populations.

o Achieving a balance between energy intake from food, and energy expenditure from physical activity to maintain a healthy weight.

o Limiting energy intake from total fat (not to exceed 30 percent of total energy intake), and shifting fat consumption away from saturated fat to

unsaturated fat, and towards elimination of trans-fatty acids.

o Limiting intake of free sugars.o Limiting sodium consumption from all sources and ensuring that salt is iodized.

o Increasing consumption of fruits, legumes, whole grains and nuts.

Source:World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/

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