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2010-03-05 QRA Model with Uncertainties 1
QRA Model with Probabilistic Parameters and Its Application for Road Tunnels
Speaker: Xiaobo QuSupervisor: Qiang Meng
2010-03-05 QRA Model with Uncertainties 2
Contents
QRA Model Review2
QRA with Uncertain Parameters3
Application for Road Tunnels4
Conclusion and Future Work5
Background 1
2010-03-05 QRA Model with Uncertainties 3
Background
Background A risk criteria is deemed required for tunnel >240 m in Singapore (the Road Traffic Act, 2005)EU Directive shows that the risk assessment is compulsory for every road tunnel in Europe (EU Directive, 2004)A project quantitative risk assessment of road tunnelscollaborated with LTA
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Background
Input parameters Frequency of fire in tunnel (no fire record in CTE since it was officially open in 1989)Probability of fire detection system fails to workProbability of tunnel ventilation system fails to workAir velocity when tunnel ventilation fails to workEvacuate time when fire detection system fails to work ……
Uncertainty is an unavoidable element affecting outputs of the model!
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Background
How to represent uncertainties? Probability theory (pdf)Fuzzy theory (membership function)Evidence theory Uncertainty theory ……
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Background
Literature review and objective Huang et al. (2000) initially considered the fuzzy parameters in event tree analysisBaraldi and Zio (2008) took the uncertainty propagation in event tree analysis into considerationThis paper will deal with the uncertainty propagation in quantitative risk assessment
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Contents
QRA Model Review2
QRA with Uncertain Parameters3
Application for Road Tunnels4
Conclusion and Future Work5
Background 1
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QRA Model Review
Introduction Use reliability and statistics to engineering design Proposed by US Atomic Energy Commission for evaluating the safety level of nuclear power plant (US Atomic Energy Commission, 1957)To assess the safety level of hazardous installations such as road tunnel, nuclear power plant, work zone, and etc.
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QRA Model Review
Procedure
Identify basic condition of the system
Identify possible hazardous incidents- Analyze possible top events
Consequence estimation- Consequence estimation model
Frequency calculation- Fault tree and event tree analysis
Evaluation of safety level and risk- Calculate individual risk, societal risk and expected number of fatalities
Safety Evaluation - Set risk criteria and limits
EndYes
NoAccept the risks or not ? Risk reduction
measures
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QRA Model Review
Input and output of the model Input parameters
Probability of fire detection system fails to workProbability of tunnel ventilation system fails to workAir velocity when tunnel ventilation fails to workEvacuate time when fire detection system fails to work ……
Output Frequency and consequence of each particular scenario Risk index (societal risk and expected number of fatalities)
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QRA Model Review
Top events Depends on expert judgment and historical recordTrigger the event tree
Fault treeEstimate the frequency of top eventPresent all possible causes rendering a single event
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QRA Model Review
Event treeAll the possible scenarios Different frequencies and consequences Example road tunnel
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QRA Model Review
Event Tree for road tunnels
Ventilation
Success (0.95)
Failure (0.05)
Off peak (0.7)
Frequencies Deaths & Injuries
f1
f2
f3
f4Fire in tunnelW = 9.095e-5
Peak hour(0.3)
Fire detection
f5
f6
f7
f8
Period of Day
Success (0.95)
Failure (0.05)
Success (0.99)
Failure (0.01)
Success (0.99)
Failure (0.01)
Success (0.99)
Failure (0.01)
Success (0.99)
Failure (0.01)
1 0.1n =
2 1.0n =
3 0.1n =
4 2.0n =
5 0.2n =
6 1.1n =
7 0.2n =
8 1.1n =
Event tree
Fault tree Consequence
Model
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QRA Model Review
Risk IndexExpected number of fatalities Societal risk
Relationship between the frequency and number of people suffering from a specified level of harm from a top eventRepresented by F/N curve
F: likelihood of N or more fatalities (frequency)N: number of fatalities
Widely used in risk assessment for hazardous installations
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Contents
QRA Model Review2
QRA with Uncertain Parameters3
Application for Road Tunnels4
Conclusion and Future Work5
Background 1
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QRA with Uncertain Parameters
Probabilistic Parameters Event tree parameters Fault tree parameters Consequence parameters
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QRA with Uncertain Parameters
Example
Ventilation
Success (1-pd)
Failure (pd)
Off peak (0.7)
Frequencies Deaths & Injuries
f1
f2
f3
f4Fire in tunnelW = 9.095e-5
Peak hour(0.3)
Fire detection
f5
f6
f7
f8
Period of Day
Success (1-pd)
Failure (pd)
Success (1-pv)
Failure (pv)
Success (1-pv)
Failure (pv)
Success (1-pv)
Failure (pv)
Success (1-pv)
Failure (pv)
1 0.1n =
2 1.0n =
3 0.1n =
4 2.0n =
5 0.2n =
6 1.1n =
7 0.2n =
8 1.1n =
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QRA with Uncertain Parameters
Methodology (Monte Carlo Simulation)Step 1: sample the ith realization of the probabilistic variable vector Step 2: compute the frequencies and fatalities for the ithrealizationStep 3: return to step 1 and repeat Step 4: stop when all the realizations are computed
The number of fatalities and frequencies of each scenario are uncertain variables which has n realizations
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QRA with Uncertain Parameters
Risk indices Expected number of fatalities (Uncertain variables)Societal risk
Each realization has a societal risk
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Contents
QRA Model Review2
QRA with Uncertain Parameters3
Application for Road Tunnels4
Conclusion and Future Work5
Background 1
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Application for Road Tunnels
Probabilistic parameters Probability of fire detection working normally Probability of ventilation system working normallyEvacuate time when fire detection works normallyEvacuate time when fire detection fails to workAir velocity when ventilation system fails to workAir velocity when ventilation system works normally……
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Application for Road Tunnels
Probabilistic parameters
Detection failure rate pdf Ventilation failure rate pdf
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Application for Road Tunnels
Probabilistic parameters
Air velocity (ventilation normal ) Air velocity (ventilation failure)
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Application for Road Tunnels
Frequency estimation model
Consequence estimation model ( )∏
==
K
kjk SEP
ijf
1
)(
( )5.1849 0.0273( , ) / TDH DHF F t T t e −= =( )1.036
COCO
K X tF
D=
22
8.13 0.54(20.9 )oo XtF
e− −=
22
6.1523 0.5189* coco XtF
e−=
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Application for Road Tunnels
Frequencies of Scenario 1Scenario 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02 1.00E+03
Frequency
Pro
babi
lity
Scenario 1
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Application for Road Tunnels
Consequences of Scenario 1Consequence
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 10 20 30 40 50
Consequence
Prob
abili
ty
Consequence
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Application for Road Tunnels
Expected Number of FatalitiesExpected Value
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.00E+00
1.00E-01 2.00E-01 3.00E-01 4.00E-01 5.00E-01 6.00E-01 7.00E-01
Expected Value
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Contents
QRA Model Review2
QRA with Uncertain Parameters3
Application for Road Tunnels4
Conclusion and Future Work5
Background 1
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Conclusion and Future work
Conclusion Proposed an approach to take the variability of parameters into account Apply the new model to road tunnel in Singapore Propose the risk index for new model