qmul microwaves module intro
DESCRIPTION
QMUL Microwaves module introTRANSCRIPT
ECS644UMicrowave & MillimetreWave Electronics
Khalid [email protected]
Monday 28th September 2015
29/09/2015 ECS644U 1
SummaryThe course will examine the principles and fundamentals of high frequency circuits in modern electronics, for analysis and design of microwave and millimetrewavesystems.
29/09/2015 ECS644U 2
People
• Lecturer: Dr Khalid Rajab
• Office: ENG E205, Engineering Building
• Office Hours: Tuesday 0900-1000
Thursday 0900-1000, 1400-1500
By appointment
• Email: [email protected]
• Teaching Assistant: Peter Alizadeh
• Labs: Mr. Kok Ho Huen [email protected]. Dave Wilkinson [email protected]
29/09/2015 ECS644U 3
Class Times
• Interactive lectures:• Monday 0900 – 1100
• Labs• Monday 1600-1800
• Note: no lecture on 2nd November
• Most lectures will have some interactivity.• Running simulations.
• Quizzes.
• Group discussions.
• Lab sessions:• Design work (simulations).
• Fabrication.
• Measurements & testing.
29/09/2015 ECS644U 4
Microwave & Millimetrewave Electronics
•Background• History
• What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is Millimetrewave Electronics?
• What will we learn?
• Coursework & Lab Assignments
• Information Resources
29/09/2015 ECS644U 5
James Clerk Maxwell
• In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell published a scientific theory predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves. He discovered that a CHANGING magnetic field will induce a CHANGING electric field and vice-versa.
• Maxwell’s Equations
29/09/2015 ECS644U 6
Heinrich Hertz
• Proved the existence of radio waves in the late 1880s.
• Developed spark gap generator as a source ( about 100MHz)
• Detecting loop and small air gap which sparked when excited
• Showed the velocity of radio waves was equal to the velocity of light
• Simplified Maxwell’s mathematics to a set of equations called Maxwell’s equations
• Showed the laws of reflection and refraction applied to radio waves
29/09/2015 ECS644U 7
(10-12) Dielectric polarization effects.
(13) Mercury induction coil interrupter.
(14) Meidinger cell. (15) Vacuum bell jar.
(16) HV induction coil. (17) Bunsen cells.
(18) Large-area conductor for charge storage.
(19) Circular loop receiving antenna.
(20) 8-sided receiver detector.
(21) Rotating mirror and mercury interrupter.
(22) Square loop receiving antenna.
Hertz’s EM lab * Photograph and identification courtesy of J. H. Bryant, University of Michigan.
Original apparatus used by Hertz:
(1)50MHz Tx spark gap & loaded dipole.
(2)Polarization tests/parallel wires.
(3)Cathode ray vacuum device.
(4)Hot-wire galvanometer.
(5)Reiss or Knochenhauer spirals.
(6)Rolled-paper galvanometer.
(7)metal sphere probe.
(8)Reiss spark micrometer.
(9)Coaxial transmission line.
(23) Refraction & dielectric measurement.
(24) Two square loop receiving antennas.
(25) Loop Rx antenna. (26) Tx dipole.
(27) High-voltage induction coil.
(28) Coaxial line. (29) HV discharger.
(30) Cylindrical parabolic reflector/Rx.
(31) Cylindrical parabolic reflector/Tx.
(32) Circular loop receiving antenna.
(33) Planar reflector.
(34, 35) Battery of accumulators.
Hertz’s Basic Experimental System
29/09/2015 ECS644U 9
Guglielmo Marconi
• First class entrepreneur as well as inventor.
• Granted the world's first wireless telegraphy patent in 1896.
• Identified the need to communicate with ships at sea.
• Over 110 years ago (December 12, 1901) he demonstrated transatlantic communication -the killer application! What can YOU do?
29/09/2015 ECS644U 10
Marconi’s Transatlantic Communications
29/09/2015 ECS644U 11
Guglielmo Marconi was in St John’s, Newfoundland, when he heard the three dots of the letter `S' come through in Morse Code from 2,000 miles away in Poldhu, Cornwall.
CornwallNewfoundland
1927 Bell Labs: Early mobile phones!
29/09/2015 ECS644U 12
1940s RADAR
29/09/2015 ECS644U 13
209 MHz
25 MHz
Microwave & Millimetrewave Electronics
•Background• History
• What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is Millimetrewave Electronics?
• What will we learn?
• Coursework & Lab Assignments
• Information Resources
29/09/2015 ECS644U 14
What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is it used for?
• What is different compared to traditional circuit analysis?
• A design example
29/09/2015 ECS644U 15
The Frequency Spectrum
29/09/2015 ECS644U 16
Frequency Spectrum
• Radio Frequency (RF)• TV, wireless phones, GPS• 300 MHz – 3 GHz operational frequency• 1 m – 10 cm wavelength in air
• MicroWave (MW)• RADAR, future mobile broadband system• 8 GHz – 40 GHz operational frequency• 3.75 cm – 7.5 mm wavelength in air
• Millimetrewave• Auto collision avoidance• 50-300GHz
29/09/2015 ECS644U 17
29/09/2015 ECS644U 18
Frequency Spectrum regions
• Radio Frequency (RF)• ~ 300 MHz … ~ 3 GHz operational frequency• ~1 m … ~ 10 cm wavelength in air
• Microwave (MW/μW)• ~ 3 GHz … ~ 30 GHz operational frequency• ~ 10 cm … ~ 1 cm wavelength in air
• Millimetrewave(mmW)• ~ 30 GHz … ~ 300 GHz operational frequency• ~ 1 cm … ~ 1 mm wavelength in air
29/09/2015 ECS644U 19
Frequency Band Designations
Freq. Band Wavelength
3 – 30 Hz 105 – 104 km
30 – 300 Hz 104 – 103 km
300–3000 Hz 103 – 102 km
3 – 30 kHz 102 – 10 km
30 – 300 kHz 10 – 1 km
300–3000 kHz 1 km – 100 m
3 – 30 MHz 100 – 10 m
30–300 MHz 10 -1 m
0.3–3 GHz 1 m – 10 cm
3 – 30 GHz 10 – 1 cm
30–300 GHz 1 cm – 1 mm
20
Freq. BandIEEEband
3 – 30 MHz HF
30 – 300 MHz VHF
300–1000 MHz UHF
1 – 2 GHz L
2 – 4 GHz S
4 – 8 GHz C
8 – 12 GHz X
12 – 18 GHz Ku
18 – 27 GHz K
27 – 40 GHz Ka
40 – 75 GHz V
75 – 110 GHz W
110 – 300 GHz mm
ITU band
Extremely Low Freq. (ELF)
Super Low Freq. (SLF)
Ultra Low Freq. (ULF)
Very Low Freq. (VLF)
Low Freq. (LF)
Medium Freq. (MF)
High Freq. (HF)
Very High Freq. (VHF)
Ultra High Freq. (UHF)
Super High Freq. (SHF)
Extremely High Freq. (EHF)
ITU RadarBand
Frequency
VHF138 – 144 MHz216 – 225 MHz
UHF420 – 450 MHz890 – 942 MHz
L 1.215–1.400 GHz
S2.3 – 2.5 GHz2.7 – 3.7 GHz
C 5.250–5.925 GHz
X 8.50 – 10.68 GHz
Ku13.4 – 14.0 GHz15.7 – 17.7 GHz
K24.05–24.25 GHz24.65–24.75 GHz
Ka 33.4 – 36.0 GHz
V 59.0 – 64.0 GHz
W76.0 – 81.0 GHz92.0 – 100.0 GHz
mm
126 – 142 GHz144 – 149 GHz231 – 235 GHz238 – 248 GHz
*The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Frequency Bands in Microwaves
• Frequency Band Designations
21
C D E F G H I J K
P L S C X Ku K Ka
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.4 18.0 20.0 26.5 40.0
Previous
Designations
Current
Designations
Frequency GHz
Examples of Telecom Devices and their frequencies• Mobile Phones (0.9...2.1GHz)
• WiFi (2.45GHz, etc)
• Bluetooth (2.45GHz)
• Cordless Phones (0.3 – 2GHz)
• WiMAX (2.5, 3.5, 5GHz)
• Others ..
22
Examples of Electronic Devices and their frequencies• FM radio (88 – 108 MHz)
• TV • VHF: 54–88MHz• UHF: 174~890MHz
• Microwave Oven (2.45GHz)
• Satellite TV• C band:3.7–4.2GHz• Ku band:11.7–12.2GHz
23
Importance of MW Circuit Design
• Wireless communications • 2G(+EDGE)/3G/4G(LTE, etc.)
• Smartphones
• SatComms
• Global Positioning Systems• GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, etc.
• High-speed computing (bus systems, CPU, peripherals exceeding 600 MHz)
• Radar…
29/09/2015 ECS644U 24
A Wireless World
29/09/2015 ECS644U 25
• Increasingly moving to high-throughput wireless technologies
IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac
2.4/5 GHz
Microwave
IEEE 802.11ad
2.4/5/60 GHz
Millimetrewave
For digital media
60 GHz
Millimetrewave
What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is it used for?
• What is different compared to traditional circuit analysis?
• A design example
29/09/2015 ECS644U 26
Microwave Circuits (I)
• Lumped circuit representation no longer applies!
29/09/2015 ECS644U 27
What do
we mean
by going
from
lumped to
distributed
theory?
Microwave Circuits (II)
• Current and voltage vary spatially over the component size
• No simple R, L and C circuits!
• Must take into account spatial variation (distances)
29/09/2015 ECS644U 28
What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is it used for?
• What is different compared to traditional circuit analysis?
• A design example
29/09/2015 ECS644U 29
Basic wireless system
• Transmitter:
• Receiver:
• Duplexer:
29/09/2015 ECS644U 30
A “typical” Wireless LAN radio
29/09/2015 ECS644U 31
Mobile Phone Technology – iPhone 6+
http://www.techinsights.com/te
ardown.com/apple-iphone-6/ECS644U 32
Mobile Phone Technology – iPhone 6+
http://www.techinsights.com/te
ardown.com/apple-iphone-6/ECS644U 33
Design Example of Microwave Electronics (I)
• GSM Mobile Phone Transceiver Circuit• Typical frequency range (Europe)
• 900MHz & 1.8GHz
29/09/2015 ECS644U 34
Design Example of Microwave Electronics (II)
• Mobile Phone Transceiver Circuit• Matching networks
• BJT/FET active devices
• Biasing circuits
• Computer Aided Design
29/09/2015 ECS644U 35
Design Example of Microwave Electronics (III)
• Mobile Phone Transceiver Circuit• Printed Circuit Board
• Microstrip line realisation
• Surface mount technology
29/09/2015 ECS644U 36
Microwave & Millimetrewave Electronics
•Background• History
• What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is Millimetrewave Electronics?
• What will we learn?
• Coursework & Lab Assignments
• Information Resources
29/09/2015 ECS644U 37
What is Millimetrewave Electronics?
29/09/2015 ECS644U 38
Future WiFi - WiGig
29/09/2015 ECS644U 39
Chipset for 30GHz Microwave Amplifier
29/09/2015 ECS644U 40
Automotive Radar (77+ GHz)
29/09/2015 ECS644U 41
Other Future Tech??
29/09/2015 ECS644U 42
Microwave & Millimetrewave Electronics
•Background• History
• What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is Millimetrewave Electronics?
• What will we learn?
• Coursework & Lab Assignments
• Information Resources
29/09/2015 ECS644U 43
We Shall Cover…
• Important μW/mmW concepts• Transmission lines• Filters• Amplifiers• Stability • Other applications (mixers, control, etc.)• MMIC
• Important analysis tools• The Smith Chart• S parameters• Z/Y/ABCD parameters• Computer Aided Design (CAD)
29/09/2015 ECS644U 44
Microwave & Millimetrewave Electronics
•Background• History
• What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is Millimetrewave Electronics?
• What will we learn?
• Coursework & Lab Assignments
• Information Resources
29/09/2015 ECS644U 45
Assessment
• Assignment 1: 10%
• Assignment 2: 20%
• Assignment 3: 20%
• Assignment 4: 20%
• Assignment 5: 30%
• Final exam: 0%
• There are NO exams!
Every assignment includes an attendance and involvementmark.
• Attendance: 5% of total grade.
• Involvement: 5% of total grade.
• Assessments may include reports, lab work, presentations, MCQs…
29/09/2015 ECS644U 46
Assessment
• Assignment 1: 10%
• Assignment 2: 20%
• Assignment 3: 20%
• Assignment 4: 20%
• Assignment 5: 30%
• Final exam: 0%
• There are NO exams!
Topic: Transmission lines
We will investigate properties of transmission lines (used for guiding waves, but more later). This will be done using a commercial software tool – CST Microwave Studio.
More details later.
29/09/2015 ECS644U 47
Assessment
• Assignment 1: 10%
• Assignment 2: 20%
• Assignment 3: 20%
• Assignment 4: 20%
• Assignment 5: 30%
• Final exam: 0%
• There are NO exams!
Assignments 2-5.
A range of different assessments:
• MCQs
• Reports
• Presentations
• Peer review.
More details later.
29/09/2015 ECS644U 48
Marks
• If I assign reading – read it!
• Come to class and stay involved.
• Extra credit.
29/09/2015 ECS644U 49
Grading
• E (40%) means you can use the formulas and copy designs.
• D (45%). Above and you can apply concepts to improve designs.
• C (50%). Above and you have discuss different topics covered.
• B (60%). Above and you can develop your own system designs.
• A (70%). Above and you can innovate and develop new applications.
• F (<40%) – you will have to take an exam!
29/09/2015 ECS644U 50
Microwave & Millimetrewave Electronics
•Background• History
• What is Microwave Electronics?
• What is Millimetrewave Electronics?
• What will we learn?
• Coursework & Lab Assignments
• Information Resources
29/09/2015 ECS644U 51
Resources
• Websites:• Course website• Microwaves101.com• Wikipedia
• Textbooks:• High Frequency Techniques: An Introduction to RF and Microwave
Engineering (Recommended)• Introduction to Microwave Circuits: Radio Frequency and Design Applications by
Robert J. Weber (Alternative)• Foundations for Microwave Engineering by Robert E. Collin (Highly recommended
classic, but advanced and quite deep)• Microwave Engineering by David M. Pozar (most highly recommended, but not
available as e-book)
29/09/2015 ECS644U 52