Q.E.D. Systems

The Emperor has No The Emperor has No Clothes!!Clothes!!Craig K. Harmon

Truth in Technologies - 2004Truth in Technologies - 20042004-10-20

This Presentation Posted atThis Presentation Posted athttp://www.autoid.org/presentations/presentations.htm

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1 January 2005 . . .1 January 2005 . . . Some industry pundits have claimed that compliance to Wal-

Mart's mandate can be achieved by a process of "slap and ship". Wal-Mart will accept a read rate of 70 to 85%. I don't think so! RF tag orientation and placement must be based upon the packaging material onto which the RF tag is applied and the material contained within the packaging material onto which the RF tag is applied.

We are going to move pallets of 40 containers filled with (???) through the reader portal at 15 mph and read all of the tags on each of the boxes on each of the pallets; right? I don't think so! A rationale approach to data management needs to be considered immediately. If you truly want the EPCs of each of the boxes on the pallet you need a higher functionality tag than a simple 96-bit EPC on the pallet.

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. . . 1 January 2005. . . 1 January 2005 Oh . . . the data already will be in our database because of

advance receipt of this data through either XML or ASC X12 transmissions. Why do we believe that Ship Notice/Manifest EDI (ANS X12.856) or XML will somehow be more widely implemented with RFID than with bar codes?

Where are the recommendations for what happens if we are unable to read an RF tag; do we key in 96 1s and 0s?

Neither the existing Class 0 or Class 1 tags meet the DoD requirements. So where do they go next?

Both Wal-Mart and DOD have claimed a preference for Class 1 Version 2 (now referred to as Generation 2 - Gen 2). Why has this been postponed until AT LEAST November 2004?

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RFID will replaceRFID will replacebar codes on bar codes on

1 January 200x!!!1 January 200x!!!

NOT!!!NOT!!!

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Team Leader, RFID Experts Group (REG) (formerly VAG)Team Leader, RFID Experts Group (REG) (formerly VAG) Chair, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 “RFID”Chair, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 “RFID” Chair, ASC MH 10/SC 8/WG 4, RFID for Returnable Containers Chair, ISO TC 122/WG 4 (Shipping Labels) & ISO TC 122/WG 7 (Product Packaging) Chair, ISO TC 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFIDChair, ISO TC 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID Vice-chair, ASC MH 10 and U.S. TAG to ISO TC 122 (Packaging) Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3 (RFID - Air Interface - 18000)Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3 (RFID - Air Interface - 18000) Member, EPCglobal HAG (UHFGen2) and BAGMember, EPCglobal HAG (UHFGen2) and BAG Past Chair, ASC INCITS T6 (RFID) - ANS INCITS 256:1999, 2001 JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R) JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International Air Transport Association (IATA) JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) ASC MH 10/SC 8 Liaison Universal Postal Union (UPU) Physical Encoding Group

(PEG) Advisor and Member of USPS Strategic Technology Council ISO TC 104 (Freight Containers / RFID) Liaison Officer to JTC 1/SC 31 Project Editor, ISO 18185 (Freight Containers - Electronic Container Seal Protocol)Project Editor, ISO 18185 (Freight Containers - Electronic Container Seal Protocol) Chairman & Project Editor, ANS MH10.8.2 (Data Application Identifiers) Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 Co-chair, HIBCC Automatic Identification Technical Committee (AITC)Co-chair, HIBCC Automatic Identification Technical Committee (AITC) AIAG Bar Code, Applications, 2D, Tire, Returnables, and RFID Committees Project Editor, EIA Shipping Label, Product, Product Package, & Component Marking Advisor, U.S. Department of Defense in Migration to Commercial StandardsAdvisor, U.S. Department of Defense in Migration to Commercial Standards Project Editor, NATO STANAG 2233 (RFID for NATO Asset Tracking) Standards Advisor, R1 - RFID Forum China (Cooperation between China, Korea, Standards Advisor, R1 - RFID Forum China (Cooperation between China, Korea,

Japan)Japan) Recipient of the 2004 Richard Dilling AwardRecipient of the 2004 Richard Dilling Award

Q.E.D. Systems • Craig K. Harmon • PresidentQ.E.D. Systems • Craig K. Harmon • President Visit our web sites: http://www.qed.org and http://www.autoid.orgVisit our web sites: http://www.qed.org and http://www.autoid.org

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The Hype has everyone The Hype has everyone excited but few are yet excited but few are yet attempting to manage attempting to manage expectationsexpectations

. . .. . . The World will not The World will not implement on 1 January implement on 1 January

2005!!!2005!!!

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The HypeThe Hype CycleCycleVisibility

Time

Technology Trigger

Peak of Inflated

Expectations

Trough ofDisillusionment

Slope ofEnlightenment

Plateau ofProductivity

Source: Jackie Fenn, Gartner Group

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RFID Experts GroupRFID Experts GroupTerms of ReferenceTerms of Reference

ToR 1.ToR 1. How to select which technology– How far, how fast, how many, how much, applied to what

ToR 2.ToR 2. Setting up networks of multiple readersToR 3.ToR 3. RFID-enabled labelsToR 4.ToR 4. Aggregation, deaggregation, singulationToR 5.ToR 5. Safety and regulatoryToR 6.ToR 6. Security and privacy ToR 7.ToR 7. Back-upToR 8.ToR 8. Sensors and transducersToR 9.ToR 9. EPCglobal issuesToR 10.ToR 10. Rogue tagsToR 11.ToR 11. Tag to tag communicationsToR 12.ToR 12. RFID qualityToR 13.ToR 13. Intelligent packagingToR 14.ToR 14. Recyclability

International Experts wishing to participate

(work . . . no observers) in REG ToRs should contact:

Craig K. Harmon, REG Chair

craig.harmon@qed.org

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EPCglobal or ISO Class 1 & Class 0 Intellectual Property WTO Frequencies Item identification v. anti-counterfeiting

Issues on RFIDIssues on RFID

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StandardsStandards

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Technology (Symbology, RFID, I.C. Card) Data Content (DIs, AIs, Syntax) Conformance (Print Quality, Test Specifications) Application Standards (Ship Label, Product Package)

Types of StandardsTypes of Standards

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Technology StandardsTechnology Standards ISO/IEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 13.56 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 433.92 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISO/IEC 15418 - Application Identifiers & Data Identifiers ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax ISO/IEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISO/IEC 15961 - Data Protocol: Application Interface ISO/IEC 15962 - Data Protocol: Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions

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Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISO/IEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 13.56 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 433.92 MHz (active)

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Application StandardsApplication StandardsRadio Frequency Identification Open StandardsRadio Frequency Identification Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers — Automatic identification

ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol for electronic seal

ISO 11785 - Radio-frequency identification of animals — Technical concept

ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire & Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight Containers ISO 17364 - Returnable Transport Items ISO 17365 - Transport Units ISO 17363 - Product Packaging ISO 17364 - Product Tagging

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ISO StandardsISO Standards ISO has published air interface, data structure,

and conformance standards ISO (JTC 1/SC 31) has 28 countries that

actively participate in standards development including China, Korea, and Japan

ISO (JTC 1/SC 31) has 28 other regional and international organizations with which it cooperates in liaison

ISO follows established rules and engages all member countries in voting and comments to developing standards

ISO is open

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EPCEPCEPCglobalEPCglobal

an agency of UCC and EANan agency of UCC and EAN

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Where did Where did EPC come EPC come

from?from?

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Where did EPC come from?Where did EPC come from? VICS 1998 - Due to anti-trust implications relative to the dual technology

environment, VICS must move beyond the dual technology universe, and work with the EAS providers to collaborate towards making the source tagging application more compatible for product manufacturers and retailers.

Consumer Product Manufacturer’s Association (CPMA) 1999 - The first (of packaging security) would allow for product security only. The second would allow the addition of product authentication. The third would allow for the addition of interactive communication capability. Within each level, additional functionality may be added on an as-needed basis. (The Consumer Products Manufacturers Association (CPMA) was founded in 1999 by Eastman Kodak, Johnson and Johnson, The Gillette Company, and Procter & Gamble)

AIM 2000 - AIM International Technical Specification (ITS) for Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) systems, modeled after the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) Guidelines 4471 Anti-Theft Systems for Goods Compatibility of Electronic Article Security Systems. VDI 4471 dated July 2000. The original source document was developed by the VDI Packaging Committee.

No agreement on common technique between electro-magnetic, radio-frequency, acousto-magnetic technologies.

Common-reader would have cost between 2 to 3 times the cost of a single technology reader.

The “kill” command is as much for the benefit of retailers (anti-theft) as for consumers (privacy)

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EPC Tag ClassificationEPC Tag Classification

EPC Tag Class Tag Class Capabilities

Class 0 Read only, (i.e., the EPC number is encoded onto the tag during manufacture and can be read by a reader, not written to)

Class 1 EPC, TID, “kill function”, optional password-protected access control, and optional user memory

Class 2 Class 1 with extended TID, extended user memory, authenticated access control, ++

Class 3 Class 2 capabilities plus a power source to provide increased range and/or advanced functionality, e.g., sensors

Class 4 Class 3 capabilities plus active communication and the ability to communicate with other tags

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A joint venture between EAN International and Uniform Code Council (UCC)

The only authorized domain registrar is the U.S. based VeriSign, as opposed to country specific registration

Without sale of numbers, questionable value proposition for EPCglobal

Mishandled Class 1 Gen 2 Currently a U.S. standard, not generally accepted by

other countries Data structure is proprietary

EPCglobal . . .EPCglobal . . .

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There are ONLY between 200,000 and 600,000 Class 0 and Class 1 tags in the entire world with no significant manufacturers building more (Class 0+ does not count . . . does not conform to EPCglobal published specifications)

Class 0 (based on the product offering of ONE company) does not conform to the regulations of ETSI or of FCC

Class 1 (based on the product offering of ONE company) has significant failure rates (>20%NoteNote)

. . . EPCglobal . . .. . . EPCglobal . . .

Note - Based on statements of two VERY large retailers and one VERY Note - Based on statements of two VERY large retailers and one VERY large CG manufacturerlarge CG manufacturer

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EPC adoption will require fundamental changes in existing IT infrastructure to support “serialized” tracking and inventory (Wal-Mart’s 5,164 stores will generate 7 terabytes of data per day . . . entire Library of Congress is only 10 terabytes of data)

Existing data structures will need to be replaced; there is a significant infrastructure based on bar code technology

There is benefit for “serialized” tracking at container, returnable, and transport unit level

The only perceived benefit of EPC at the item level is for EAS (anti-theft)

. . . EPCglobal. . . EPCglobal

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EPCglobal Gen2 UpdateEPCglobal Gen2 Update

• EPCglobal Hardware Action Group approved UHF Gen2 v1.0.7• Advances in state-of-the-art RFID

– High-speed world-wide anti-collision algorithm– Dense reader operating modes– Multiple operating sessions– Improved security for identification, read, write, lock– Reduced tag chip size

• Expected to be approved by the EPCglobal Board of Governors in late October/early November

• Expected to be formally submitted to ISO on 17-18 November 2004• ISO expected to make the air interface more generic permitting data

structures other than EPC• ISO expected to provide an umbrella standard that will support

read/write, sensor input, extensibility

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Wal-Mart & DoDWal-Mart & DoD

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Wal-Mart Wal-Mart Information SystemsInformation Systems

Wal-Mart’s information systems are largely integrated Wal-Mart’s legacy data structures are GTINs (U.P.C./EAN),

GLNs (Location Codes), GRAI/GIAIs (Asset IDs), and SSCCs (Transportation Control Codes)

Such legacy data structures serve as the “primary keys” to Wal-Mart’s systems

These are the data structures supported by EPCglobal (particularly, Class 0 and Class I v1, and Class I G2)

Wal-Mart will not require a major change to their information systems to implement EPC

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DOD Information SystemsDOD Information Systems

The Department of Defense has 1,500 logistics systems These systems are fed by legacy data structures, notably,

NATO/National Stock Numbers, CAGE/NCAGE codes, DoDAACs, and TCNs

Such legacy data structures serve as the “primary keys” to DOD systems

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Other Information SystemsOther Information Systems

Unique data structures (UID, NPC, . . . ) Legacy IT implementations Users other than (1- U.S.) (2-retail and CG)

not involved in U.S. development of EPC Users are participants in ISO (electronic

manufacturing, automotive, freight, . . . )

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Intellectual PropertyIntellectual Property

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Public domain, royalty-free, or RAND All ISO standards are RAND All EPCglobal are royalty-free (I don’t think so!!) If royalty-free for Gen2 . . . not necessarily for Class

0 and Class 1 If royalty-free for the protocol, not necessarily for the

implementation Notices of infringement and suit Royalties for I.P. is not a “bad” thing;

I.P. is what fuels Research & Development

Intellectual PropertyIntellectual Property

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I.P. IssuesI.P. Issues with EPCwith EPC1. There are many holders of fundamental IP that are not EPCglobal

participants. EPCglobal cannot indemnify manufacturers or users against infringement suits from these IP holders.

2. EPCglobal itself holds a number of IPs, most of which have neither been filed nor declared royalty free.

3. Some IP holders are still very unhappy with the EPCglobal IP policy and are holding back.

4. The EPCglobal IP policy is not binding under the ISO standards process. IP holders that have agreed to royalty-free use of their IP under the EPCglobal umbrella are not required to honor those agreements outside of EPCglobal.

RFID Connections, AIM Inc., 2004

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I.P. ChoicesI.P. Choices for EPCfor EPC

1. The EPCglobal IP struggle is a waste of time and may be a roadblock to rapid completion of Gen2/ISO standards, or

2. EPCglobal will try to circumvent the proper ISO standard committee, or

3. EPCglobal has no intention of moving Gen2 into a real ISO standards process

RFID Connections, AIM Inc., 2004

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World Trade World Trade Organization (WTO)Organization (WTO)

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Clause 2.4“Where technical regulations are required and relevant international standards exist or their completion is imminent, Members shall use them, or the relevant parts of them, as a basis for their technical regulations except when such international standards or relevant parts would be an ineffective or inappropriate means for the fulfillment of the legitimate objectives pursued, for instance because of fundamental climatic or geographical factors or fundamental technological problems.”

Clause 3.4 “Members shall not take measures which require or encourage local government bodies or nongovernmental bodies within their territories to act in a manner inconsistent with the provisions of Article 2.”

Clause 3.5“Members are fully responsible under this Agreement for the observance of all provisions of Article 2. Members shall formulate and implement positive measures and mechanisms in support of the observance of the provisions of Article 2 by other than central government bodies.”

WTO: WTO: Multilateral Agreements On Trade Multilateral Agreements On Trade In Goods—Technical BarriersIn Goods—Technical Barriers

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Clause 5.4“In cases where a positive assurance is required that products conform with technical regulations or standards, and relevant guides or recommendations issued by international standardizing bodies exist or their completion is imminent, Members shall ensure that central government bodies use them, or the relevant parts of them, as a basis for their conformity assessment procedures, except where, as duly explained upon request, such guides or recommendations or relevant parts are inappropriate for the Members concerned, for, inter alia, such reasons as: national security requirements; the prevention of deceptive practices; protection of human health or safety, animal or plant life or health, or the environment; fundamental climatic or other geographical factors; fundamental technological or infrastructural problems.”

WTO: WTO: Multilateral Agreements On Trade Multilateral Agreements On Trade In Goods—Technical BarriersIn Goods—Technical Barriers

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EPC Gen2 to ISOEPC Gen2 to ISOISO RequirementISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v1.0.7EPC UHF Gen2 v1.0.7

Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to “EPC-only” data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISO/IEC 18000-7

Active tags share spectrum with passive

Extensible commands, e.g., sensors, write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RAND EPC’s I.P. not disclosed, “royalty-free”

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID, Item ID Object ID, Chip ID, etc.

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

EPC + AFI + DSFID ≈ 128 bits 96 bits

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FrequenciesFrequencies

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How far? How fast? How many? How much? Geometry of tagging space Interferers (physical and radio)

Which TechnologyWhich Technology

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How far, how fast, How far, how fast, how much, how how much, how many, attached to whatmany, attached to what??

Frequency Regulation Range Data Speed Comments120-150 kHz18000, Part 2

(passive)Basically unregulated < 1m Low

Animal identificationand factory datacollection systems

13.56 MHz18000, Part 3

(passive)

ISM band, differingpower levels and dutycycle

< 1mLow tomoderate

Popular frequency forI.C. Cards (SmartCards), Libraries

433 MHz18000, Part 7

(active)

Non-specific ShortRange Devices (SRD),Location Systems

1 Š 100 m Moderate

Container Security andTracking. Assettracking for U.S. DoD(Pallets) - Active

860-960 MHz18000, Part 6B

(passive)

ISM band, increasinguse in other regions,differing power levelsand duty cycle

2 Š 5 m Moderate tohigh

MH10.8.4 (RTI),AIAG B-11 (Tires), EPC,18000-6c, DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000, Part 4A

(passive)

ISM band, differingpower levels and dutycycle

1 Š 2 m HighIEEE 802.11b,Bluetooth, Cordless Tel

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860 - 960 MHz860 - 960 MHz– Includes Industrial, Scientific, & Medical (ISM) band– Technology enhancement (frequency agile and listen

before talk) permits• 902 - 928 MHz used in Region 2 (U.S.)• 865.6 - 867.6 MHz nearing finalization in Region 1 (Europe)• 908.5 - 914 MHz regulations finalized in Region 3 (Korea) • 950 - 956 MHz regulations in process in Region 3 (Japan)• Engaging China to develop “in band” regulations (817 - 824 MHz??)

– ISO/IEC 18000-6 (860-960 MHz) re-opened to address new developments, such as Gen2

• If EPCglobal attempts to control all uses, it is Proprietary and ISO standardization is irrelevant and should not move forward

• If Gen2 is positioned to ISO, it must support other ISO standards such as “data content” (ISO/IEC 15961, 15962, 15963, 15434, 15418, 15459)

– ISO/IEC 18000-6c expected to eclipse Part 6a and 6b

Recent DevelopmentsRecent Developments

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433.92 MHz433.92 MHz– ISM band permitted by ITU (implemented in Region 1 but for

different parameters in Regions 2 and 3) ITU receptive to Regions 2 and 3 supporting Region 1 for a 433

MHz allocation for freight containers– Chairman of ISO TC 104 (Freight containers) has made request to

ITU and WCO to embrace both passive (860 - 960) and active (433.92 MHz) calling out 18000-6 and 18000-7

– Under serious consideration in both Japan and Korea– Both Japan and Korea have requested U.S. governmental letters

of support, i.e., FCC, NTIA, DoD, NATO Received support through new (April 2004) FCC rules, specific to

RFID, that increases both power and duty cycle. Engaging China to develop 434 MHz in RFID regulations

Recent DevelopmentsRecent Developments

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Item IdentificationItem Identificationversus versus

Anti-CounterfeitingAnti-Counterfeiting

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InteroperabilityInteroperability

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Movement Vehicle(truck, airplane, ship, train)

Layer 5ISO TC 204 (None)AIAG B-15

Container(e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)

Layer 4ISO TC 104 (None)

Unit Load“Pallet”

Unit Load“Pallet”

Layer 3ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANS MH10.8.1AIAG B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6 / Genl EAN Spec

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Layer 2ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANS MH10.8.1AIAG B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6 / Genl EAN Spec

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

Layer 1ISO TC 122/WG 7 (22742) ANS MH10.8.6AIAG B-4 EIA 621/624 & IEC 62090 UCC 1 / Genl EAN Spec

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Layer 0ISO TC 122 (TBD)ANS MH10.8.7AIAG B-4EIA SP-3497UCC 1 / Genl EAN Spec

The Layers of Logistic Units The Layers of Logistic Units (Optically Readable Media)(Optically Readable Media)

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Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit Load“Pallet”

Unit Load“Pallet”

Container(e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck, airplane, ship, train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz, 860-960 MHz)ISO 17363

Layer 3 (433 MHz, 860-960 MHz)ISO 17364

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17367

The Layers of Logistic Units The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)(Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

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Information Ministers SummitInformation Ministers Summit27 July 200427 July 2004

3+I (China, Japan, & Korea + ISO)3+I (China, Japan, & Korea + ISO)RFID Forum - R1 - 11 October 2004RFID Forum - R1 - 11 October 2004

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Finding common groundFinding common ground

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Bar codes will be around for some time Do not force applications to RFID if bar codes or 2D

symbols are a better approach Look to the international aspects of standards, not just

the U.S. and not just a single market ISO is the right answer . . . and you know it!! Engage global players and markets; don’t just tolerate

them

The FutureThe Future

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Cases, returnables, RTIs, freight containers AIAG B-11 re-issued FDA and pharmaceuticals HIBCC and med/surg & devices Container seals Smart shelves not ready for prime time Product tagging not ready for prime time

MarketsMarkets

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860 - 960 MHz (passive) - 433 MHz (active)860 - 960 MHz (passive) - 433 MHz (active) ISO/IEC 18000-6 and ISO/IEC 18000-7 prevailISO/IEC 18000-6 and ISO/IEC 18000-7 prevail DoD ultimately adopts implement 18000-6, pushing

EPCglobal to ISO EPCglobal continues to struggle Wal-Mart realizes ISO / WTO recommendations

should drive their standards Initial confusion within FDA regarding RFID for anti-

counterfeiting. Many recommendations for 13.56 MHz though the right answer is 860-960 MHz

IMO / WCO support for 433 MHz container seals RFID Market CAGR through 2009 - 30-35%RFID Market CAGR through 2009 - 30-35%

Predictions / Predictions / RecommendationsRecommendations

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??????

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Thank you!!!Thank you!!!

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