Craig K. Harmon, President & CEO, Craig K. Harmon, President & CEO, Q.E.D. SystemsQ.E.D. Systems

The Emperor’s New The Emperor’s New ClothesClothes

http://www.autoid.org/presentations/presentations.htmhttp://www.autoid.org/presentations/presentations.htm

Q.E.D. Systems • Craig K. Harmon • President & CEOQ.E.D. Systems • Craig K. Harmon • President & CEO Visit our web sites: http://www.autoid.org and Visit our web sites: http://www.autoid.org and

http://www.qed.orghttp://www.qed.orgChair, ISO TC 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFIDChair, ISO TC 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFIDChair, RFID Experts Group (REG)Chair, RFID Experts Group (REG)Chair, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 “RFID”Chair, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 “RFID”Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3 (RFID - Air Interface - 18000)Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3 (RFID - Air Interface - 18000)Chair, ASC MH 10/SC 8/WG 4, RFID for Returnable ContainersChair, ASC MH 10/SC 8/WG 4, RFID for Returnable ContainersChair, ISO TC 122/WG 4 (Shipping Labels) & ISO TC 122/WG 7 (Product Packaging)Chair, ISO TC 122/WG 4 (Shipping Labels) & ISO TC 122/WG 7 (Product Packaging)Vice-chair, ASC MH 10 and U.S. TAG to ISO TC 122 (Packaging)Vice-chair, ASC MH 10 and U.S. TAG to ISO TC 122 (Packaging)Member, EPCglobal HAG (UHFGen2), FMCG BAG, HLS BAG, SAGMember, EPCglobal HAG (UHFGen2), FMCG BAG, HLS BAG, SAGPast Chair, ASC INCITS T6 (RFID) - ANS INCITS 256:1999, 2001Past Chair, ASC INCITS T6 (RFID) - ANS INCITS 256:1999, 2001JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R), International JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R), International Air Transport Association (IATA), and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)Air Transport Association (IATA), and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)ASC MH 10/SC 8 Liaison Universal Postal Union (UPU) Physical Encoding Group (PEG)ASC MH 10/SC 8 Liaison Universal Postal Union (UPU) Physical Encoding Group (PEG)Advisor and Member of U.S. Postal Service Strategic Technology CouncilAdvisor and Member of U.S. Postal Service Strategic Technology CouncilISO TC 104 & 122 (Freight Containers / Packaging) Liaison Officer to JTC 1/SC 31ISO TC 104 & 122 (Freight Containers / Packaging) Liaison Officer to JTC 1/SC 31Project Editor, ISO 18185-7 (Electronic Container Seal - Physical Layer)Project Editor, ISO 18185-7 (Electronic Container Seal - Physical Layer)Chairman & Project Editor, ANS MH10.8.2 (Data Application Identifiers)Chairman & Project Editor, ANS MH10.8.2 (Data Application Identifiers)Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31Co-chair, HIBCC Automatic Identification Technical Committee (AITC)Co-chair, HIBCC Automatic Identification Technical Committee (AITC)AIAG Bar Code, Applications, 2D, Tire, Returnables, & RFID CommitteesAIAG Bar Code, Applications, 2D, Tire, Returnables, & RFID CommitteesProject Editor, EIA Shipping Label, Product, Product Package, & Component MarkingProject Editor, EIA Shipping Label, Product, Product Package, & Component MarkingOriginal Advisor, U.S. Department of Defense in Migration to Commercial StandardsOriginal Advisor, U.S. Department of Defense in Migration to Commercial StandardsOriginal Project Editor, NATO STANAG 2233 (RFID for NATO Asset Tracking)Original Project Editor, NATO STANAG 2233 (RFID for NATO Asset Tracking)Standards Advisor, R1 - RFID China Forum (Cooperation of China, Korea, Japan)Standards Advisor, R1 - RFID China Forum (Cooperation of China, Korea, Japan)CompTIA Subject Matter Expert - Professional Skills Certification - RFIDCompTIA Subject Matter Expert - Professional Skills Certification - RFIDCompTIA RFID Certified Professional (CRCP) - RFID+CompTIA RFID Certified Professional (CRCP) - RFID+Recipient of the 2004 Richard Dilling AwardRecipient of the 2004 Richard Dilling Award

Microsoft RFID MythsMicrosoft RFID Myths

There are no set Standards for There are no set Standards for RFID today.RFID today.

Replacing bar code-based Replacing bar code-based processes with RFID processes processes with RFID processes will achieve ROIwill achieve ROI

RFID benefits only retailers, not RFID benefits only retailers, not suppliers.suppliers.

RFID is the only way to RFID is the only way to automate manual receiving automate manual receiving processes.processes.

The EPC is an RFID replacement The EPC is an RFID replacement of the current bar code of the current bar code (GTIN/U.P.C.).(GTIN/U.P.C.).

Microsoft RFID MythsMicrosoft RFID Myths

Adoption of RFID won’t require Adoption of RFID won’t require facility, equipment, and process facility, equipment, and process changes.changes.

Only companies with metal and Only companies with metal and liquid products face readability liquid products face readability challenges.challenges.

Consistently reading every EPC Consistently reading every EPC on a pallet is easy.on a pallet is easy.

All RFID tags are the same.All RFID tags are the same.

EPC technology can only be EPC technology can only be used for retail goods.used for retail goods.

My Favorite Quote of My Favorite Quote of Bill GatesBill Gates

People have a People have a tendency to tendency to overestimate overestimate technology technology in the short term, and in the short term, and underestimate it in underestimate it in the long term.the long term.

The TechnologyThe Technology

Technical ObstaclesTechnical Obstacles

Multiple dock doors, multiple antennas/ Multiple dock doors, multiple antennas/ interrogators, dense readers, overlapping interrogators, dense readers, overlapping signalssignals

Tag failuresTag failurescaused by electrostatic discharge (25 kV) in caused by electrostatic discharge (25 kV) in handlinghandling

caused by “slap and ship” operations that caused by “slap and ship” operations that may detach the antenna from the chipmay detach the antenna from the chip

caused by poor manufacturing techniquescaused by poor manufacturing techniques

Assumption that it matters little where the Assumption that it matters little where the tag is applied to the containertag is applied to the container

What to do in case of a tag failureWhat to do in case of a tag failure

Material Effects on RFID SignalsMaterial Effects on RFID Signals

Materials in the RF field can have Materials in the RF field can have several effects:several effects:

Reflection / refractionReflection / refraction

Absorption (loss)Absorption (loss)

Dielectric effects (detuning)Dielectric effects (detuning)

Complex propagation effects Complex propagation effects

Material Effects on RFID SignalsMaterial Effects on RFID Signals

MaterialMaterial Effect(s)Effect(s)

Corrugate Absorption (moisture)Detuning (dielectric)

Conductive liquids, e.g., shampoo

Absorption

Plastics Detuning (dielectric)

Metals Reflection

Groups of cans Reflection

TissueHuman body / animals

AbsorptionDetuning (dielectric)Reflection

Overcoming the SameOvercoming the SameOverlapOverlap - shielding, trip switches, antenna - shielding, trip switches, antenna selection (ISO TR 24729-3)selection (ISO TR 24729-3)

Tag failureTag failure - care in applying tags, encode- - care in applying tags, encode-print-applyprint-apply

Poor qualityPoor quality - ISO standards (currently in - ISO standards (currently in the REG) on tag manufacturing (ISO the REG) on tag manufacturing (ISO 9000ish) and tag quality measurement9000ish) and tag quality measurement

Tag locationTag location - characterization of - characterization of containers, dielectric backing, dielectric containers, dielectric backing, dielectric inserts, content-insensitive labels (ISO TR inserts, content-insensitive labels (ISO TR 24729-1)24729-1)

Back-upBack-up - REG recommendations on bar - REG recommendations on bar code and human-readable (ISO TR 24729-1)code and human-readable (ISO TR 24729-1)

An RFID label contains several layers:

Printable face-stock

Adhesive

RFID inlay(chip + antenna)

Adhesive

Liner

Smart LabelSmart Label

Courtesy: Avery Dennison

Closer look at the RFID inlayCloser look at the RFID inlay

Antenna• Major driver of read performance• Determines how well an RFID

label works with a certain product

Chip• Contains data

Courtesy: Avery Dennison

The DataThe Data

Its all about the Its all about the datadataInventory databases are currently Inventory databases are currently structured with product codesstructured with product codes

New technology should not require New technology should not require new datanew data

Oftentimes new data structures are Oftentimes new data structures are simply means by which sponsors can simply means by which sponsors can secure revenue streamssecure revenue streams

Refresh technology when that Refresh technology when that technology becomes cost effectivetechnology becomes cost effective

Do not “rush” into new data Do not “rush” into new data structures without understanding the structures without understanding the impact on existing information impact on existing information systemssystems

RFID vs Key-entry & Bar CodeRFID vs Key-entry & Bar Code

RFID is not a replacement for a bar code!!RFID is not a replacement for a bar code!!

Use RFID where there is a positive ROIUse RFID where there is a positive ROI

When analyzing your business process, When analyzing your business process, which makes the most sense?which makes the most sense?

ALWAYS HAVE A BACK-UP PLANALWAYS HAVE A BACK-UP PLAN

With RFID back-up, what is the key-entry With RFID back-up, what is the key-entry solution:solution:

Keying 96 1s and 0s?Keying 96 1s and 0s?

32 octal character representation of binary data?32 octal character representation of binary data?

29 decimal character representation of binary 29 decimal character representation of binary data?data?

24 hexadecimal character representation of 24 hexadecimal character representation of binary data?binary data?

For bar code back-up, will you use existing For bar code back-up, will you use existing bar codes or new ones?bar codes or new ones?

SerializationSerialization

EPC implementation requires re-EPC implementation requires re-engineering of your business engineering of your business processesprocessesExisting inventory data bases are Existing inventory data bases are product code not serial number product code not serial number driven driven Appreciate the amount of additional Appreciate the amount of additional data that you will be both filtering data that you will be both filtering and processingand processingEncoding existing serial numbers Encoding existing serial numbers may be preferable to migration to a may be preferable to migration to a binary systembinary systemEPC does NOT require its EPC does NOT require its serialization for its arbitration/anti-serialization for its arbitration/anti-collision methodscollision methods

Blocks vs Fields of Blocks vs Fields of DataDataBar codes are one at a timeBar codes are one at a time

Two-dimensional symbols are often Two-dimensional symbols are often blocks of datablocks of dataData rich RF tags are blocks of dataData rich RF tags are blocks of dataSerial number only tags require data Serial number only tags require data base / communications access to base / communications access to identify the dataidentify the dataAre your systems ready for these Are your systems ready for these changes?changes?Are you ready for the investment to Are you ready for the investment to enable these changes?enable these changes?

Implementation IssuesImplementation IssuesRead zone controlRead zone controlApplication of tagsApplication of tags

Where in the processWhere in the processWhere on the containerWhere on the containerHow are the labels being appliedHow are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards (avoid Class 0 and Class Use ISO standards (avoid Class 0 and Class 1v1)1v1)EPC requires pre-population of data at the EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient (X12 856 / EDIFACT DESADV / recipient (X12 856 / EDIFACT DESADV / XML) or access to the EPCISXML) or access to the EPCISBack-up in case of tag failureBack-up in case of tag failureRecyclingRecyclingData concernsData concernsReturn on investmentReturn on investment

International International StandardsStandards

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122/104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships & Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR & IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComité Européen Normalisation

(CEN)

Comité Européen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comité Européen Postal &Telegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of China (SAC) AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI UCC CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG UCC Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data ContentWG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISO/IEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISO/IEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatUniform Code Council (UCC)

Technical Committee (TC)122 (Packaging)

WG 4(Transport Labels)

National Body (NB)Technical Advisory Groups (TAG)

U.S. TAG Administrator

MHI Shipping Labels

Product Package Marking

Dimensions & Layout

Symbology Use (Linear & 2D)

Print Quality Level

Label Materials

License Plate Recommendations

Database / EDI Issues

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS. Ackley (US)

ConvenerT. Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC. Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EAN/U.P.C.

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH. Barthel

Unique ID

JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs. Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR Code

WG 7(Package Labels)

RFID Performance

RFID Conformance

Technical Committee (TC) 104 (Freight Containers)

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM. Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLS

Near Field

AIDC Focused ISO Standards

Types of StandardsTypes of Standards

TechnologyTechnologySymbology, RFID, I.C. CardSymbology, RFID, I.C. Card

Data ContentData ContentSemantics (DIs or AIs), Semantics (DIs or AIs),

Syntax Syntax

ConformanceConformancePrint Quality, Test Print Quality, Test

Specifications, Specifications, Conformance to Air Interface Conformance to Air Interface

Application StandardsApplication StandardsFreight container, RTI, Ship Freight container, RTI, Ship

Label,Label,Product Package, Product Product Package, Product

Mark/Tag,Mark/Tag,eSealeSeal

Working Group (WG) 4Working Group (WG) 4RFID for Item ManagementRFID for Item Management

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31Automatic Identification Automatic Identification

and and Data Capture TechniquesData Capture Techniques

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31

Charted to work on technical Charted to work on technical specificationsspecifications“JTC 1 was established in 1987 for “JTC 1 was established in 1987 for 'standardization in the field of information 'standardization in the field of information technology systems ... and equipment ...technology systems ... and equipment ...(with the exclusion of) information (with the exclusion of) information technology for specific applications….” technology for specific applications….” [jtc1n6778][jtc1n6778]

JTC 1 is comprised of both ISO and IECJTC 1 is comprised of both ISO and IEC

SC 31 is chartered to work on automatic SC 31 is chartered to work on automatic data capture technical specificationsdata capture technical specifications

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3RFID for Item Management Air Interface (ISO 18000)

ISO/IEC 18000-1 - Generic parameters - Air interface ISO/IEC 18000-2 - Parameters for air interface below 135 kHz ISO/IEC 18000-3 - Parameters for air interface at 13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-4 - Parameters for air interface at 2.45 GHz ISO/IEC 18000-6 - Parameters for air interface at 860-960 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-7 - Parameters for active air interface at 433.92 MHz

Technical StandardsTechnical StandardsRadio Frequency Identification Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)(RFID)

Data Content StandardsData Content StandardsISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 2 & WG 4/SG 1ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 2 & WG 4/SG 1

ISO/IEC 15424 -ISO/IEC 15424 - Data Carrier/Symbology Identifiers Data Carrier/Symbology Identifiers

ISO/IEC 15418 -ISO/IEC 15418 - EAN.UCC Application Identifiers and EAN.UCC Application Identifiers and ASC MH 10 Data IdentifiersASC MH 10 Data Identifiers

ISO/IEC 15434 -ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax for High Capacity ADC Media Syntax for High Capacity ADC Media

ISO/IEC 15459 -ISO/IEC 15459 - Unique identification - Unique identification - Part 1:Part 1: Transport units; Transport units; Part 2:Part 2: Registration procedures; Registration procedures; Part 3:Part 3: Common rules; Common rules; Part 4:Part 4: Unique Item Unique Item identification for supply chain management; Unique identification for supply chain management; Unique identification - identification - Part 5:Part 5: Returnable transport items; Returnable transport items;

ISO/IEC 15961 -ISO/IEC 15961 - Data protocol: Application interface Data protocol: Application interface

ISO/IEC 15962 -ISO/IEC 15962 - Protocol: Data encoding rules and Protocol: Data encoding rules and logical memory functionslogical memory functions

ISO/IEC 15963 -ISO/IEC 15963 - Unique ID of RF Tag Unique ID of RF Tag

ISO/IEC 18046 - RFID Device Performance Test Methods ISO/IEC 18047 - RFID Device Conformance Test Methods

Part 2 - <135 kHz Part 3 - 13.56 MHz Part 4 - 2.45 GHz Part 6 - 860-960 MHz Part 7 - 433 MHz

Conformance StandardsConformance StandardsRadio Frequency Identification Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)(RFID)ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 3/SG 1ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 3/SG 1

ISO TC 122/104ISO TC 122/104Joint Working Group (JWG)Joint Working Group (JWG)

(Supply chain applications of (Supply chain applications of RFID)RFID)

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit Load“Pallet”

Unit Load“Pallet”

Container(e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck, airplane, ship, train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packages)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(13.56 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

“TPA” - Trading Partner AgreementSource: Akira Shibata, DENSO-Wave Corporation

ISO TC 122/104 JWG project statusISO TC 122/104 JWG project status

ISO 10374.2ISO 10374.2, , Freight containers — RF automatic Freight containers — RF automatic identificationidentification

IS Issued 1991, Amd 1 1995IS Issued 1991, Amd 1 1995CD expected 2005-11-30CD expected 2005-11-30

ISO 17363,ISO 17363, Supply chain applications of RFID - Supply chain applications of RFID - Freight containersFreight containers

DIS expected 2005-11-01DIS expected 2005-11-01

ISO 17364,ISO 17364, Supply chain applications of RFID - Supply chain applications of RFID - Returnable transport itemsReturnable transport items

DIS expected 2005-11-01DIS expected 2005-11-01

ISO 17365,ISO 17365, Supply chain applications of RFID - Supply chain applications of RFID - Transport unitsTransport units

DIS expected 2005-11-01DIS expected 2005-11-01

ISO 17366,ISO 17366, Supply chain applications of RFID - Supply chain applications of RFID - Product packagingProduct packaging

DIS expected 2005-11-01DIS expected 2005-11-01

ISO 17367,ISO 17367, Supply chain applications of RFID - Supply chain applications of RFID - Product taggingProduct tagging

DIS expected 2005-11-01DIS expected 2005-11-01

Application StandardsApplication StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Radio Frequency Identification - Open StandardsStandards ISO 10374 - Freight containers — Automatic identification

ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol for electronic seal

ISO 11784 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical

Concept ISO 14223-1 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1: Air Interface ISO 21007-1 – Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1: Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 – Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2: Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire & Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

Bolt Seal Security TagBolt Seal Security TagElectronically secures ocean Electronically secures ocean containers, air cargo ULD containers, air cargo ULD containers, trailers, containers, trailers,

Monitors presence and Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal, integrity of bolt seal, generates alarm upon bolt generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakageremoval or breakage

Re-usable tagRe-usable tag

Reduces manual inspectionsReduces manual inspections

Minimizes theft, loss and Minimizes theft, loss and tamperingtampering

Sealing and anti-tamper Sealing and anti-tamper capabilitycapability

Technology StandardsTechnology Standards ISO/IEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 13.56 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 433.92 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISO/IEC 15418 - Application Identifiers & Data Identifiers ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax ISO/IEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISO/IEC 15961 - Data Protocol: Application Interface ISO/IEC 15962 - Data Protocol: Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISO/IEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

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Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISO/IEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 13.56 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 433.92 MHz (active)

ISO StandardsISO Standards ISO has published air interface, data ISO has published air interface, data

structure, and conformance structure, and conformance standards standards

ISO (JTC 1/SC 31) has 28 countries ISO (JTC 1/SC 31) has 28 countries that actively participate in standards that actively participate in standards development including China, Korea, development including China, Korea, and Japanand Japan

ISO (JTC 1/SC 31) has 28 other ISO (JTC 1/SC 31) has 28 other regional and international regional and international organizations with which it organizations with which it cooperates in liaisoncooperates in liaison

ISO follows established rules and ISO follows established rules and engages all member countries in engages all member countries in voting and comments to developing voting and comments to developing standardsstandards

ISO is openISO is open

The Five Cent TagThe Five Cent Tag

Instant Checkout…A Dream Come Instant Checkout…A Dream Come True??True??

“Chip to remove shopping blues”

—Post-Courier, January 1994

“Tiny microchip identifies groceries in seconds.”

—Chicago Tribune

“Checkout in one minute”

—The Times, London

“Scanning range of four yards”

—NY Times

“1.5¢ electronic bar code announced”

—San Francisco Chronicle

The HypeThe Hype CycleCycle

Visibi

lity

Time

Technology Trigger

Peak of Inflated

Expectations

Trough ofDisillusionmen

t

Slope ofEnlightenment

Plateau ofProductivity

Source: Jackie Fenn, Gartner Group

RFID Today!

How far?How far? How fast?How fast? How many?How many? How much?How much? Geometry of tagging spaceGeometry of tagging space Interferers (physical and radio)Interferers (physical and radio)

Which TechnologyWhich Technology

How far, how fast, how many, How far, how fast, how many, how much, attached to what?how much, attached to what?

Frequency Regulation Range Data Speed Comments 120-150 kHz 18000, Part 2

(passive) Basically unregulated < 1m Low

Animal identification and factory data collection systems

13.56 MHz 18000, Part 3

(passive)

ISM band, differing power levels and duty cycle

< 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for I.C. Cards (Smart Cards), Libraries

433 MHz 18000, Part 7

(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD), Location Systems

1 – 100 m Moderate

Container Security and Tracking. Asset tracking for U.S. DoD (Pallets) - Active

860-960 MHz 18000, Part 6b/c

(passive)

ISM band, increasing use in other regions, differing power levels and duty cycle

2 – 5 m Moderate to high

MH10.8.4 (RTI), AIAG B-11 (Tires), EPC, 18000-6c, DoD Passive

2450 MHz 18000, Part 4A

(passive)

ISM band, differing power levels and duty cycle

1 – 2 m High IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth, Cordless Tel

860 - 960 MHz860 - 960 MHzIncludes Industrial, Scientific, & Medical (ISM) Includes Industrial, Scientific, & Medical (ISM) bandband

Technology enhancement (frequency agile and Technology enhancement (frequency agile and listen before talk) permitslisten before talk) permits

902 - 928 MHz used in Region 2 (U.S.)902 - 928 MHz used in Region 2 (U.S.)

865.6 - 867.6 MHz 865.6 - 867.6 MHz nearing finalization in Region 1 nearing finalization in Region 1 (Europe)(Europe)

908.5 - 914 MHz regulations finalized in Region 3 908.5 - 914 MHz regulations finalized in Region 3 (Korea) (Korea)

950 - 956 MHz regulations in process in Region 3 950 - 956 MHz regulations in process in Region 3 (Japan - Jul ‘05)(Japan - Jul ‘05)

Engaging China to develop “in band” regulations Engaging China to develop “in band” regulations (regulations expected by 1 September 2005)(regulations expected by 1 September 2005)

ISO/IEC 18000-6 (860-960 MHz) re-opened to ISO/IEC 18000-6 (860-960 MHz) re-opened to address new developments, such as Gen2address new developments, such as Gen2

Recent DevelopmentsRecent Developments

433.92 MHz433.92 MHzISM band permitted by ITU (implemented in Region 1 ISM band permitted by ITU (implemented in Region 1 but for different parameters in Regions 2 and 3)but for different parameters in Regions 2 and 3)

ITU receptive to Regions 2 and 3 supporting Region 1 ITU receptive to Regions 2 and 3 supporting Region 1 for a 433 MHz allocation for for a 433 MHz allocation for freight containersfreight containersChairman of ISO TC 104 (Freight containers) has made Chairman of ISO TC 104 (Freight containers) has made request to ITU and WCO to embrace both passive (860 request to ITU and WCO to embrace both passive (860 - 960) and active (433.92 MHz) calling out 18000-6 - 960) and active (433.92 MHz) calling out 18000-6 and 18000-7and 18000-7Approved in KoreaApproved in KoreaApproval expected in Japan (Nov ‘05)Approval expected in Japan (Nov ‘05)

Received support through new (April 2004) FCC rules, Received support through new (April 2004) FCC rules, specific to RFID, that increases both power and duty specific to RFID, that increases both power and duty cycle.cycle.

Engaging China to develop 434 MHz in RFID Engaging China to develop 434 MHz in RFID regulations (regulations expected by 1 September regulations (regulations expected by 1 September 2005)2005)

Recent DevelopmentsRecent Developments

ChinaChinaChina is sensitive to foreign Intellectual China is sensitive to foreign Intellectual PropertyProperty

Technology I.P.Technology I.P.

Subscription I.P.Subscription I.P.

Access I.P.Access I.P.

As a WTO member China will most likely As a WTO member China will most likely accept the technology with some accept the technology with some concessions from I.P. holdersconcessions from I.P. holders

China has its own National Product Code China has its own National Product Code and D-NPC will most likely be preferred to and D-NPC will most likely be preferred to EPCEPC

China considers its data and China considers its data and communications to be national security communications to be national security issues so the data base will be Chinese in issues so the data base will be Chinese in China and not likely EPCIS.China and not likely EPCIS.

China is pushing for an Asian standard that China is pushing for an Asian standard that will most likely include 18000-6, 18000-7, will most likely include 18000-6, 18000-7, NPC, their own R1 Data Harmonization NPC, their own R1 Data Harmonization NetworkNetwork

RFID Experts Group RFID Experts Group (REG)(REG)

RFID Experts GroupRFID Experts Group

Formed in February 2004 to assist DoD Formed in February 2004 to assist DoD with RFID implementationwith RFID implementation

Under the AIM Global umbrella in July Under the AIM Global umbrella in July 20042004

Reaching out for international cooperationReaching out for international cooperationEuropeEurope

JapanJapan

KoreaKorea

ChinaChina

REG Working Groups (WGs)REG Working Groups (WGs)

WG 5-I: Interrogator System WG 5-I: Interrogator System Implementation & OperationsImplementation & Operations

WG 5-B: Back-upWG 5-B: Back-up WG 5-L: Enabled Labels & PackagingWG 5-L: Enabled Labels & Packaging WG 5-R: RecyclabilityWG 5-R: Recyclability WG 5-Q: Tag QualityWG 5-Q: Tag Quality WG 5-E: Education & CertificationWG 5-E: Education & Certification WG 5-G: Global Operation (Regulatory)WG 5-G: Global Operation (Regulatory) WG 5-P: PrivacyWG 5-P: Privacy WG 5-F: Safety (Public Policy)WG 5-F: Safety (Public Policy) WG : 5-C: SecurityWG : 5-C: Security WG : 5-T: Sensors and Transducers WG : 5-T: Sensors and Transducers WG 5-S: Technology SelectionWG 5-S: Technology Selection WG 5-C: Software & MiddlewareWG 5-C: Software & Middleware

ISO/IEC Implementation TRsISO/IEC Implementation TRs

ISO/IEC 24729-1ISO/IEC 24729-1,, Information technology Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item — Radio frequency identification for item management — Implementation management — Implementation guidelines – Part 1: RFID-enabled labels guidelines – Part 1: RFID-enabled labels and packagingand packaging

Source: REG WG 5-L & 5-BSource: REG WG 5-L & 5-B

ISO/IEC 24729-2ISO/IEC 24729-2,, Information technology Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item — Radio frequency identification for item management — Implementation management — Implementation guidelines – Part 2: Recyclability of RF guidelines – Part 2: Recyclability of RF tagstags

Source: REG WG 5-RSource: REG WG 5-R

ISO/IEC 24729-3ISO/IEC 24729-3,, Information technology Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item — Radio frequency identification for item management — Implementation management — Implementation guidelines – Part 3: RFID guidelines – Part 3: RFID interrogator/antenna installationinterrogator/antenna installation

Source: REG WG 5-ISource: REG WG 5-I

Commence the development of industry Commence the development of industry standards using ISO 1736x as modelstandards using ISO 1736x as model ISO 17363 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Freight ISO 17363 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Freight

containers containers ISO 17364 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Returnable ISO 17364 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Returnable

transport itemstransport items ISO 17365 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Transport units ISO 17365 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Transport units ISO 17366 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Product ISO 17366 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Product

packaging packaging ISO 17367 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Product taggingISO 17367 - Supply chain applications of RFID - Product tagging

Use common air interface, syntax, and Use common air interface, syntax, and semanticssemantics

Data structures can follow existing suite Data structures can follow existing suite of industry bar code standards (plus of industry bar code standards (plus unique identification)unique identification)

RecommendationsRecommendations

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