pyrolysis of low grade biomass and waste...pyrolysis of low grade biomass and waste dr. marion...
TRANSCRIPT
Pyrolysis of
Low Grade Biomass and WasteDr. Marion Carrier
Fuel and Energy Research Forum – 27th June 2017 – Leeds
Primary processing
Combustion
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Liquefaction
Thermochemical conversionBiochemical conversion
Fermentation Enzymatic hydrolysis
Anaerobic digestion
2
Thermal behaviour
Larrain et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.05.0115
Pyrolysis reactors
X oo
oo o
ooX X
X X
XX
X
X
X
XX
XX
X
XX
X
X
X
X
FuelGas
oo oooo
ooo
o
oooo ooBed material
Fixed bed Fluidized bed Entrained-flow
6
Pyrolysis oil – Chemicals
Plastics
-mixture of aliphatic and aromatic compounds C5-C8/low molecular weight compounds.- hydrocarbons: Benzene, Toluene, Xylene.-water
Coal
- light-benzene, toluene, xylenes, styrene, phenols, pyridine, anilines and quinolones- water
Biomass
-acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, phenols, guaiacols, syringols, sugars, furans, alkenes, PAHs, nitrogen compounds, and miscellaneous oxygenates-water
Wiser’s model of coal
Lignin’s unitscellulose
glucomannan
PMMA
PET
OH
O
OH
OH OHO
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
OH
OHOH OH
O
O
1
2
3
R1, R2 = OCH3 or H
PE
β-1,4 bonds
9
Low Grade Biomass and WasteForest residues & pulp and paper residuesDry urban wastes (construction and demolition waste); Logs;
Shrubs and wood residues; Sawdust; Bark; Wood chips; Damaged wood from plantation fires; sludges
Sugar Cane Bagasse
Vineyardsprunings
Black Wattle
Maize cob
Corn stover
Agricultural residues
Municipal waste
Electronic wasteManure
Waste tires
10
Challenges for waste pyrolysis
• Collection and transport
• Heterogeneity
• Ash and water contents
• Physical preparation (on-site storage and blending, mixing and shredding)
• Presence of contaminants (alkali metals, halides, sulfur, nitrogen)
• Choice of the reactor
• Feeding
• Quality assessment of products
11
Agricultural residues
Carrier et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 96 (2012) 24-32. Uras et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 98(2012) 207-213.
• surface functional groups on biochar surfaces• high cation capacities• mostly alkaline in nature• high aromatic carbon contents• high surface areas and micro-porosities
CparaffinicCsubstitutedCaromaticCphenolic
Ccarboxyl
Ccarbonyl
12
Postulated mechanisms of the interactions of biochar with organic
contaminantsPostulated mechanisms of biochar interactions with inorganic contaminants
Adsorption mechanisms
13
Pulp and Paper sludges
14
Pulp and Paper sludges
Energy conversion Chemicals
Biomaterials
Ridout et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 111 (2015) 64–75.Ridout et al., Energy Conversion and Management 111 (2016) 103–114.
15
Municipal solid waste
Major dry MSW fractions in Mauritius are:-paper, -plastic,-and yard waste.
Pyrolysis of MSW:
•Producing fewer toxins due to the absence of oxygen;•Handling mixed plastic waste alternative to landfilling; 16
Municipal solid wasteA mixture (MX) between polypropylene (PP), cardboard (CB) and branches (BR) at a mass ratio 1:1:1.
Sample Ychar(%)
DTG Tpeak (°C)
DTG max(1/s)
Tonset(°C)
T range(°C)
PP 2.8 479 -0.0099 454 370-500CB 16.7 370 -0.0039 333 230-600BR 18.7 375 -0.0025 320 201-500MX 9.8 375, 481 -0.02, -0.03 327 200-415, 415-525
Gunasee et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 121 (2016) 50–61.
H2O
CH4
CO
CxHy
CO2
H2
DTG
17
Synergism
BTXBIOMASS PE, PP
Dorado et al., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 162 (2015) 338–345.18
Take-home messages
• Pyrolysis – chemistry and thermodynamics
• Design of reactor adapted to the type of feedstocks
• Control of products yields (e.i. bio-oil / tar / waxe, char and gas) possible
• Production of commodity and fine chemicals according to the nature of feedstocks
• Co-pyrolysis may provide a solution when it comes to increase yield of valuable products.
• Pyrolysis of low grade biomass and waste - A Win-Win-Win scenario• Volume reduction, alternative to landfilling (for MSW) and combustion• Production of high-value products (biomaterials and bio-chemicals)• ‘Permanently’ sequestering carbon and nitrogen / Carbon and mineral recycling
19
16
AcknowledgementsCurrently working on an European Union and Horizon 2020 program
to financially support the
Action H2020-MSCA-IF-2014, Pyrochem, grant number 656967 entitled:
‘Biopolymers 13C tracking during fast pyrolysis of biomass-A 2-level mechanistic
investigation’.
And the EBRI team
17
AcknowledgementsProf. Anthony Bridgwater
Dr. François-Xavier Collard
Prof. Johann Gorgens
Sanjana Gunasee
Dr. Ailsa G. Hardie
Jan-Erns Joubert
Prof. Hansie Knoetze
Tomas Larrain
Prof. Romeela Mohee
Prof. Ljubisa Radovic
Dr. Angelo Ridout
Umit Uras