Cells in parts. By Keita

Introduction to Cells

- There are 2 types of cells in the world: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

- I studied about eukaryotic cells, human cells in particular.

- There roughly are 3 trillion cells in the average adult.

The Central Ideas

- My Central Idea: Cells have many parts with structures that interact with processes to sustain life in organisms.

- My Central Idea: Cells have many parts with structures that interact with processes to sustain life in organisms.

Introduction to Cells

- There are 2 types of cells in the world: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

- I studied about eukaryotic cells, human cells in particular.

- There roughly are 3 trillion cells in the average adult.

Part 1- The parts of any cell:1.The Nucleus and DNA2.Cellular Membrane3.The Ribosomes4.Translation, Transcription, and Replication5.The Endoplasmic Reticulum6.The Golgi Apparatus

Table of contents part 1

7.Proteins8.Mitochondria

Part 2 specific cells:1.Nerve cells

a. The Axonb.The Dendrites

Table of contents part 2

c. The Terminald. Schwann cells/ Myelin sheathe. The Synapsesf. The nodes of Ranvier

Table of Contents part 3

Picture of General Cell

-The nucleus holds the DNA.

-The nucleus is protected by a double bi lipid layer.

-The DNA in the nucleus of your cell is made of phospholipid groups, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

The Nucleus and The DNA

Pictures of Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid (DNA and RNA)

Picture of Cellular Membrane

- The cellular membranes in your cells are composed of a phospholipid bilayer each.

- The membrane is semipermeable.

- The membranes of the nucleus have tunnels of protein that the mRNA goes to the ribosome through.

The Cellular Membrane

- The Cellular membranes have particular proteins embedded into it.

The Cellular Membrane #2

Picture of Ribosome

- The ribosomes take mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) and tRNA (translator RNA) and pair them up.

-The tRNA has amino acids attached to it that stick together to make proteins.

-There are 20 amino acids.

The Ribosomes

- Translation is when mRNA combines with tRNA and creates proteins.

- Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.

- Replication is when DNA is created from DNA.

Translation, Transcription, and Replication

Video of Translation, Transcription, and Replication

Picture of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

- The endoplasmic reticulum has two parts: the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

- The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it that release the proteins inside the endoplasmic reticulum.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum supposedly has lots of purposes that I don’t know of but I do know that it encloses the proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum in some of its own membrane turning the protein into a vesicle.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum #2

Picture of Golgi Body

The Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body

- The golgi apparatus adds the glycerol sugars that guide the vesicles to where they have to go to.

- The golgi apparatus adds extra carbohydrates and also adds phosphates.

- It does this with enzymes.

Picture of Proteins

The Proteins

- There are lots of kinds of proteins that the ribosomes create.

- There are tunnel proteins, proteins that are embedded into the membrane, there are proteins on the surface of the membrane, so you get the point right.

Picture of Mitochondria

Mitochondria

- Mitochondria creates the energy that the cells use.

- Mitochondria transforms the already energy containing sugars in the cell into ATP a more used form of energy.

Mitochondria Part 2

- There can be thousands of mitochondrias inside of one cell.

- Mitochondria takes the nutrients from the small intestine and turns it the nutrients into energy.

Nerve Cells

Here is a picture of a nerve cell.

Picture of Axon

The Axon

- The axon is the long thing on the picture of the cell

- The axon is where the signals from the cell are transmitted.

- The axon has voltage gated sodium channels that keep the signal strong with sodium ions.

The Dendrites

- The dendrites are the root looking things on the picture

- On the average nerve cell there are five dendrites.

- These dendrites receive the signals from different axons and “feel” as in the sense.

The Terminal

- The terminal is where the axon splits on the picture

- The terminal is where the certain signal goes to place where it commands something through the synapses.

Myelin Sheath/ Schwann Cells

The Myelin Sheath/ Schwann cells- The schwann cells are parts of the axon that isolate the axon.

- The myelin sheath is made of multiple schwann cells.

- The schwann cells are made of layers upon layers of bi lipid layers.

Picture of Synapse

The Synapses

- The synapse is the space between the axon and axon, dendrite, or soma and the two sending and receiving neurons.

- There are these vesicles (membrane bound proteins) with proteins called neurotransmitters

The synapses

- Then, the snare proteins (the proteins that connect the vesicles to the axon) pry open the axon membrane.

- The neurotransmitters are let out and they bond with the proteins on another cell which opens a Na+ channel to make another action potential

Picture of a Node of Ranvier

The Nodes of Ranvier

- In the Nodes of Ranvier the part of the axon is depolarised this means that the cell is polar in the first place.- The cells are polar because there

The End For now but the real end is near

The Real EndIs here

Anyway, Any questions?