06 November 200810:00 - 11:00 A.M.Presentor:ROMULO T. CARMEN JR. Technical DirectorAPEX ENGINEERING SERVICESLas Pias Citywww.aes.com.phPHILIPPINE WELDING SOCIETY17th Annual Convention and Technical Paper Presentation

RESOURCE SPEAKERRegistered Mechanical Engineer - 1984Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Certification

ANST Level III - American Society for Nondestructive Testing, ASNTACCP Professional Level III - American Society for Nondestructive Testing, ASNTNCB Level III - Philippine Society for Nondestructive Testing, PSNT

Professional Experience: 25 years

Training Director, Apex Engineering Services, AES 3 years

Engineering Equipment Inc., EEI 4 yearsTechnological Institute of the Philippines, TIP 2 years

NDT Training Abroad:

USA, Germany, Japan, Singapore

ROMULO T. CARMEN JR. Retired in year 2005From Metals Industry Research and Development Center, MIRDC Department of Science and Technology, DOST 16 years

Knowing the ParticipantsExperience in Welding Related Jobs15 Years and Above10 to 14 Years5 to 9 Years0 to 4 Years

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS

NDT is the term used to designate those testing methods that allow material to be examined without impairing material usefulness and serviceability.Nondestructive Testing(NDT)NDT Methods Radiographic Testing Ultrasonic Testing Magnetic Particle Testing Liquid Penetrant TestingRTUTMTPTOther NDT Terms Nondestructive ExaminationNDE Nondestructive InspectionNDI

Discontinuity - a lack of continuity or cohesion; an intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure or configuration of a material.(Keyway)No discontinuityWith discontinuityWith discontinuity(Crack)(Inclusion)With discontinuityWith discontinuity(Porosity)With discontinuity(Lack of Fusion)

Capabilities and Limitations NDT Methods

Note:- CapableX- Capable but not reliableX- Not Capable

MethodSurfaceNear-SurfaceSubsurfaceClassificationRTXInternalUTXInternalMT XXSurfacePTXXSurface

Standard Terminology for NDTAs per ASTM E 1316

NDT Codes & Standardswww.astm.orgwww.aws.orgwww.api.orgwww.asme.org

Codes and StandardsFoundedASTM American Society for Testing and Materials1898ASMEAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers1880APIAmerican Petroleum Institute 1911AWSAmerican Welding Society1919

NDT Procedures

Codes and StandardsTitleLatest Edition1ASTM Vol. 03.03Nondestructive Testing20082ASME VNondestructive Examination20073AWS D1.1Structural Welding Code Steel20084API 1104Welding Of Pipelines And Related Facilities2006

Specific NDT ProceduresASTM E 94ASME V Art. 2D1.1 Section 6Section 11

Codes and StandardsTitleLatest Edition1ASTM E 94Guide for Radiographic Testing20042ASME V Article 2Radiographic Examination20073AWS D1.1 Section 6Inspection20084API 1104 Section 9Procedure for Nondestructive Testing2006

Qualification and Certification Standards/Documents

Document DesignationDescriptionTypeCountrySNT-TC-1APersonnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive TestingCompany USAANSI/ASNT CP-189ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing PersonnelCompany & CentralUSAACCPASNT Central Certification ProgramCentral USAISO 9712Nondestructive Testing Qualification and Certification of NDT PersonnelCentral InternationalEN 473General Principles for Qualification and Certification of NDT PersonnelCentral EuropeCAN/CGSB 48.9712Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing PersonnelCentralCanadaPNS/ISO 9712Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing PersonnelCentralPhilippines

ASNT Certification Schemes

TypeCentralCompanyDocumentASNT Qualification and Certification ProcedureBased on ASNT Certification Scheme Company Qualification and Certification ProcedureBased on SNT-TC-IATesting Centerin AsiaSingapore, Japan, KoreaCompany SiteExaminerASNT Examiner ASNT Level III or ACCP Level IIICompany Authorized Examiner ASNT Level III or ACCP Level IIICertification LevelsACCP Level II, ACCP Level III, ASNT Level IIINDT Level I, NDT Level II,NDT Level IIICertificateSignatoriesChairman, ASNT Certification CommitteeACCP Level III or ASNT Level III and Company President or GM

Radiographic FilmLarge GrainsSmall Grains

GrainsSpeedSensitivitySmallSlowHighLargeFastLow

IQI8FFDfilm016XYZ Co.Welder 001RT - X-ray ExposureFFD Focal Spot to Film DistanceIndicationPorosityEvaluationAcceptedControl PanelRadiograph Identification0 - 1X-ray MachineSWE-SWVSingle Wall Expose/ Single Wall ViewingTest Results (examples only)

IQI8SFDfilm016XYZ Co.Welder 001RT - Gamma Ray ExposureSFD Source to Film DistanceIndicationPorosityNegative to Indication

EvaluationRejectedAcceptedRadiograph Identification0 - 10 - 1 R1SnoutIridium-192 (Ir-192)Cobalt-60 (Co-60)SWE-SWVSingle Wall Expose/ Single Wall ViewingTest Results (examples only)

10SFD Source to Film DistanceIndicationPorosity

EvaluationAcceptedRadiograph Identification0 - 1Test Results (examples only)SFDRT - Gamma Ray ExposureSWE-SWVSingle Wall Expose/ Single Wall Viewing

RT - Gamma Ray ExposureSWE-SWVSingle Wall Expose/ Single Wall ViewingPipe Size : 36 inches01234567Radiograph 0-1Radiograph 1-2

Radiograph IdentificationIndication0 - 11 - 22 - 33 - 44 - 55 - 66 - 77 - 0PorositySlag InclusionsLOFNegative to IndicationPorositySlag InclusionsLOPLOPAcceptedAcceptedRejected AcceptedAcceptedAcceptedRejectedRejectedTest Results (examples only)Radiograph 0-1Radiograph 1-2

RT Exposure DWE/SWV TechniqueDWE/SWV - Double Wall Exposure/Single Wall ViewingPipe Size : 8 inchesRadiograph 0-1Radiograph 1-2X or Source

RT Exposure DWE/SWV TechniqueDWE/SWV - Double Wall Exposure/Single Wall ViewingPipe Size : 8 inchesRadiograph IdentificationIndicationEvaluation0 - 11 - 22 - 33 - 02 - 3 R1 PorositySlag InclusionsLOFNegative to IndicationPorosityAcceptedAcceptedRejectedAcceptedAcceptedR1 - Repair 1Test Results (examples only)

RT Exposure DWE/DWV TechniqueApplicable for 3.5 inches O.D and below90 degIQI with letter F0 degIQI with letter FExposure 1Exposure 2DWE/DWV - Double Wall Exposure/Double Wall Viewing (Ellipse)Rotated 90 degreesFilmX or Source90 degrees00 degrees90

RT Exposure DWE/DWV TechniqueApplicable for 3.5 inches O.D and below90 degIQI with letter F0 degIQI with letter FExposure 1Exposure 2DWE/DWV - Double Wall Exposure/Double Wall Viewing (Ellipse)Rotated 90 degreesFilmRadiograph IdentificationIndicationEvaluation0 deg90 deg0 deg R1LOPPorosityPorosityRejectedAcceptedAcceptedX or SourceTest Results (examples only)90 degrees00 degrees90

ASME V Article 2 RequirementsRadiographic DensityIndustry Requirements Radiographic Density: 2.0 3.0Industry Requirements

Radiation SourceDensityX ray1.8 to 4.0Gamma-ray2.0 to 4.0

2.0 3.0

Image Quality Indicator (IQI) or Penetrameter

Acceptance - Rejection Criteria

Codes and StandardsTitleLatest Edition1ASME IXWelding and Brazing Qualifications20072ASME VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels20073ASME IPower Boilers20074ASME B31.1Power Piping20075ASME B31.3Process Piping20066API 650Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage20077API 1104Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities20068AWS D1.1Structural Welding Code Steel2008

12345678

ASME IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications

ClassificationDiscontinuityEvaluationLinear CrackRejectedLinear Incomplete FusionRejectedLinear Incomplete PenetrationRejectedLinear Elongated Slag InclusionWith ToleranceLinear Group of Aligned Slag InclusionsWith ToleranceRoundedRounded IndicationsWith Tolerance

62Rounded82LinearLength, LWidthLinear IndicationsRounded IndicationsInterpretations of IndicationsL ? 3W6 = 3 x 2L ? 3W8 > 3 x 2L > 3WL < 3W or L = 3W6 mm = 6 mm8 mm > 6 mm

ASME VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels

ClassificationDiscontinuityEvaluation---CrackRejected---Incomplete FusionRejected---Incomplete PenetrationRejectedElongated Elongated IndicationWith Tolerance---Group of Aligned IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Isolated Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Random Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRoundedCluster rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Aligned Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Groups of Aligned Rounded IndicationsWith Tolerance

ASME I - Power Boilers

ClassificationDiscontinuityEvaluation---CrackRejected---Incomplete FusionRejected---Incomplete PenetrationRejectedElongated Elongated IndicationWith Tolerance---Group of Aligned IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Isolated Rounded IndicationWith ToleranceRounded Random Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRoundedCluster Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Aligned Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Groups of Aligned Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Group of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance

ASME B31.1 - Power Piping

ClassificationDiscontinuityEvaluation---CrackRejected---Incomplete FusionRejected---Incomplete PenetrationRejectedElongated Elongated IndicationWith Tolerance---Group of Aligned IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Isolated Rounded IndicationWith ToleranceRounded Random Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRoundedCluster Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Aligned Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications With Tolerance---Root ConcavityWith Tolerance

ASME B31.3 - Process Piping

ClassificationDiscontinuityEvaluation---CrackRejected---Incomplete FusionRejected---Incomplete PenetrationRejected or With Tolerance---PorosityWith Tolerance---Slags, Tungsten, ElongatedWith Tolerance---Suck UpWith Tolerance

API 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

ClassificationDiscontinuityEvaluation---CrackRejected---Incomplete Fusion, IFRejected---Incomplete Penetration, IPRejectedElongated Elongated IndicationWith Tolerance---Group of Aligned IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Isolated Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Random Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRoundedCluster rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Aligned Rounded IndicationsWith ToleranceRounded Groups of Aligned Rounded IndicationsWith Tolerance

API 1104 - Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities

ClassificationDiscontinuityEvaluation---CrackRejected---Inadequate Penetration, IPWith Tolerance---Inadequate Cross Penetration, ICPWith Tolerance---Incomplete Fusion, IF, SurfaceWith Tolerance---Incomplete Fusion, IFD, Cold LapWith Tolerance---Internal Concavity, ICWith Tolerance---Burn-Through (BT)With Tolerance---Elongated Slag Inclusions (ESI)With Tolerance---Porosity, P, CP, HBPWith Tolerance---Undercutting, EU, IUWith Tolerance---Accumulation of ImperfectionsWith Tolerance

AWS D1.1 - Structural Welding Code Steel

ClassificationDiscontinuityEvaluation---CrackRejected---Incomplete FusionWith Tolerance---Incomplete PenetrationWith ToleranceElongated Elongated DiscontinuitiesWith ToleranceRoundedRounded DiscontinuitiesWith ToleranceRoundedCluster DiscontinuitiesWith Tolerance---Sum of DiscontinuitiesWith Tolerance---Aligned DiscontinuitiesWith Tolerance

Crack

Acceptance StandardIndicationEvaluation1ASME VIII CrackRejected2ASME ICrackRejected3ASME B31.1CrackRejected4ASME B31.3CrackRejected5API 650CrackRejected6API 1104CrackRejected7AWS D1.1CrackRejected8ASME IXCrackRejected

Incomplete Fusion

Acceptance StandardIndicationEvaluation1ASME IXIncomplete FusionRejected2ASME VIII Incomplete FusionRejected3ASME IIncomplete FusionRejected4ASME B31.1Incomplete FusionRejected5ASME B31.3Incomplete FusionRejected6API 650Incomplete FusionRejected7API 1104Incomplete Fusion, IF, SurfaceWith Tolerance8API 1104Incomplete Fusion, IFD, Cold LapWith Tolerance

Incomplete Penetration

Acceptance StandardIndicationEvaluation1ASME IXIncomplete PenetrationRejected2ASME VIII Incomplete PenetrationRejected3ASME IIncomplete PenetrationRejected4ASME B31.1Incomplete PenetrationRejected5ASME B31.3Incomplete PenetrationRej. or w/Tolerance6API 650Incomplete PenetrationRejected7API 1104Inadequate Cross Penetration, ICPWith Tolerance7API 1104Inadequate Penetration, IPWith Tolerance7API 1104Inadequate Penetration, IPDWith Tolerance9AWS D1.1Incomplete PenetrationWith Tolerance

Porosity

Acceptance StandardClassificationIndicationEvaluation1ASME B31.3---PorosityWith Tolerance2API 1104---PorosityWith Tolerance

Rounded Indications

1ASME VIII Rounded Random IndicationsWith Tolerance2ASME IRounded Random IndicationsWith Tolerance3ASME B31.1Rounded Random IndicationsWith Tolerance4API 650Rounded Random IndicationsWith Tolerance

1ASME VIII Rounded Cluster IndicationsWith Tolerance2ASME IRounded Cluster IndicationsWith Tolerance3ASME B31.1Rounded Cluster IndicationsWith Tolerance4API 650Rounded Cluster IndicationsWith Tolerance5AWS D1.1Rounded Cluster DiscontinuitiesWith Tolerance

Acceptance StandardClassificationIndicationEvaluation1ASME VIII Rounded Isolated IndicationsWith Tolerance2ASME IRounded Isolated IndicationsWith Tolerance3ASME B31.1Rounded Isolated IndicationsWith Tolerance4API 650Rounded Isolated IndicationsWith Tolerance

Elongated Indication

Acceptance StandardClassificationIndicationEvaluation1ASME IXLinear Elongated Slag InclusionWith Tolerance2ASME VIII Elongated Elongated IndicationWith Tolerance3ASME IElongated Elongated IndicationWith Tolerance4ASME B31.1Elongated Elongated IndicationWith Tolerance5API 650Elongated Elongated IndicationWith Tolerance6AWS D1.1Elongated Elongated DiscontinuitiesWith Tolerance

QW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards (a) Linear Indications

(3) any group of slag inclusions in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the groupL1L2L3L412 t> 6L3> 6L3> 6L3tQW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance Criteria

6mm144 mm 36 mm38 mm37 mm t = 20 mm12t = 240 mm L = 6.5 mm 6L = 39 mm6.56.56mmQW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance CriteriaQW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards(a) Linear Indications: Group Slags in Line6 + 6.5 + 6.5 + 6 mm > t 25 mm > 24 mm 38 mm < 6L 38 mm < 6 x 6.5 mm 38 mm < 39 mm t = 20 mmRejected

Aligned Indications

Acceptance StandardClassificationIndicationEvaluation1ASME VIII Rounded Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance2ASME IRounded Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance3ASME B31.1Rounded Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance4API 650Rounded Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance5AWS D1.1---Aligned DiscontinuitiesWith Tolerance

Groups of Aligned Indications

Acceptance StandardClassificationIndicationEvaluation1ASME IXLinear Group of Aligned Slag InclusionsWith Tolerance2ASME VIII ---Groups of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance2ASME VIII Rounded Groups of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance3ASME I---Groups of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance3ASME IRounded Groups of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance4ASME B31.1---Groups of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance4ASME B31.1Rounded Groups of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance5API 650---Group of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance5API 650Rounded Groups of Aligned IndicationsWith Tolerance

Various Indications

Acceptance StandardClassificationIndicationEvaluation1ASME B31.3---Slags, Tungsten, ElongatedWith Tolerance2ASME B31.3---Suck UpWith Tolerance2API 1104---Accumulation of ImperfectionsWith Tolerance3API 1104---Burn-throughWith Tolerance3API 1104---Internal Concavity, ICWith Tolerance4API 1104---Slag InclusionsWith Tolerance4API 1104---UndercuttingWith Tolerance5AWS D1.1RoundedRounded DiscontinuitiesWith Tolerance5AWS D1.1---Sum of DiscontinuitiesWith Tolerance

QW-191 Radiographic Examination

QW-191.1 Method The radiographic examination in QW-142 for welders and in QW-143 for welding operators shall meet the requirements of Article 2, Section V, except as follows: (a) A written radiographic examination procedure is not required. Demonstration of density and image quality requirements on production or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with Article 2 of Section V.

(b) Final acceptance of radiographs shall be based on the ability to see the prescribed image and the specified hole of a hole-type image quality indicator (IQI) or the designated wire of a wire-type IQI. The acceptance standards of QW-191.2 shall be met.

QW-190 OTHER TESTS AND EXAMINATIONSNote: Requires approved written procedure and personnel certification

QW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards (a) Linear Indications

(2) any elongated slag inclusion which has a length greater than (a) 18 in. (3 mm) for t up to 38 in. (10 mm), inclusive (b) 13t for t over 38 in. (10 mm) to 214 in. (57 mm), inclusive (c) 34 in. (19 mm) for t over 214 in. (57 mm)

QW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance Criteria

QW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance CriteriaQW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards(a) Linear Indications: Elongated Slag Inclusions4 mm > 3 mm4 mm < 6.67 mm20 mm > 19 mm RejectedAcceptedRejected13x 20 mm = 6.67 mm8 mm20 mm60 mm

QW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards (a) Linear Indications

(3) any group of slag inclusions in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the groupL1L2L3L412 t> 6L3> 6L3> 6L3tQW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance Criteria

6mm144 mm 36 mm38 mm37 mm t = 20 mm12t = 240 mm L = 6.5 mm 6L = 39 mm6.56.56mmQW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance CriteriaQW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards(a) Linear Indications: Group Slags in Line6 + 6.5 + 6.5 + 6 mm > t 25 mm > 20 mm 38 mm < 6L 38 mm < 6 x 6.5 mm 38 mm < 39 mm t = 20 mmRejected

QW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards QW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards Welder and welding operator performance tests by radiography of welds in test assemblies shall be judged unacceptable when the radiograph exhibits any imperfections in excess of the limits specified below.

(b) Rounded Indications(1) The maximum permissible dimension for rounded indications shall be 20% of t or 18 in. (3 mm), whichever is smaller.QW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance CriteriatMaximum Acceptable Rounded Indication< 3 mm or 20% of t whichever is smaller

QW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance CriteriaQW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards(b) Rounded Indications: Maximum Permissible Dimension for Rounded Indicationt = 8 mm Maximum Acceptable Rounded Indication2 mm 20% of t20% of 8 = 1.6 mmApply 1.6 mm because it is smaller than 3 mm2.0 mm > 1.6 mmRejected

QW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards

(b) Rounded Indications(2) For welds in material less than 18 in. (3 mm) in thickness, the maximum number of acceptable rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a 6 in. (150 mm) length of weld. A proportionately fewer number of rounded indications shall be permitted in welds less than 6 in. (150 mm) in length.QW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance Criteria112150 mm Maximum Acceptable Rounded Indications12 in 150 mm length of weld

QW-191.2 Radiographic Acceptance CriteriaQW-191.2.2 Acceptance Standards(b) Rounded Indications: Maximum No. of rounded indication113150 mm 13 rounded indication > 12 rounded indicationRejected

SUPERCEDED

Process Piping

Process Piping

Process Piping

Process Piping

Process Piping

Process Piping

Oxygen Bleach

Process Piping

Oxygen Mixer

Power BoilersBoilers steam drum

Power Boilers

Oil Storage Tank

Oil Storage Tank

Oil Storage Tank

Oil Storage Tank

www.asme.orgAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersASME was founded in 1880 by prominent mechanical engineers, led by Alexander Lyman Holley(1832-1882), Henry Rossiter Worthington (1817-1880), and John Edson Sweet (1832-1916). Founded in 1880

www.astm.orgAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsASTM International, originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), was formed over a century ago, when a forward-thinking group of engineers and scientists got together to address frequent rail breaks in the burgeoning railroad industry.Founded in 1898

www.api.orgAmerican Petroleum InstituteThe American Petroleum Institute was established on March 20, 1919 API's mission is to influence public policy in support of a strong, viable U.S. oil and natural gas industry essential to meet the energy needs of consumers in an efficient, environmentally responsible manner. Founded in 1919

www.aws.orgAmerican Welding SocietyThe American Welding Society (AWS) was founded in 1919 as a multifaceted, nonprofit organization with a goal to advance the science, technology and application of welding and related joining disciplines. From factory floor to high-rise construction, from military weaponry to home products, AWS continues to lead the way in supporting welding education and technology development to ensure a strong, competitive and exciting way of life for all Americans. Founded in 1919

NDT Procedures

Codes and StandardsTitleLatest EditionPrice1AWS D1.1Structural Welding Code Steel2008$392.002ASME VNondestructive Examination2007$435.003ASTM Vol. 03.03Nondestructive Testing2008$272.004API 1104Welding Of Pipelines And Related Facilities2006$277.00

Acceptance-Rejection Criteria

Codes and StandardsTitleLatest EditionPrice1ASME IXWelding and Brazing Qualifications2007$4502ASME VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels2007$6103ASME IPower Boilers2007$3954ASME B31.1Power Piping2007$3155ASME B31.3Process Piping2006$3206API 650Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage2007$3997API 1104Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities2006$2778AWS D1.1Structural Welding Code Steel2008$392

NDT Procedures

Codes and StandardsTitleLatest Edition1AWS D1.1Structural Welding Code Steel20082ASME VNondestructive Examination20073ASTM Vol. 03.03Nondestructive Testing20084API 1104Welding Of Pipelines And Related Facilities2006

ASTM Volume 03.03 Nondestructive Testing

Welder & Test CouponPressure VesselPower BoilersPower PipingProcess PipingOil Storage TankPipelinesStructural Steel

31Rounded51.5LinearLength, LWidthLinear IndicationsRounded IndicationsInterpretations of IndicationsL ? 3W3 = 3 x 1L ? 3W5 > 3 x 1.5L > 3WL < 3W or L = 3W

Other NDT Mehtods:Eddy CurrentThermal Infrared TestingAcoustic EmissionNeutron RadiographyLeak TestingVisual Testing

Brandscan b found in the edge of the film.

Brands: Agfa, Kodak, Fuji, Du pontVarrying sizes: 3.5 x 8.5 inches 3.5 x 17 inches 14 x 17 inchesHandling and processing should bedone inside the darkroom.

Avoid finger contact on the surface of the film.

1. link densitometerlink qw-191.2.2 page 8link radiograph crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration.link qw-191.2.2 page 8link radiograph crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration.1. link article 2, section v from mr. limbag file2. link density requirements from bndt gen3. link IQI from bndt gen.4. link qw-191 page 7-8link qw-191.2.2 page 8link radiograph crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration.link qw-191.2.2 page 8link radiograph crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration.link qw-191.2.2 page 8link radiograph crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration.link qw-191.2.2 page 8link radiograph crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration.link qw-191.2.2 page 8link radiograph crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration.link qw-191.2.2 page 8link radiograph crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration.