pv panels lecture

7/21/2019 PV panels lecture

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Introducing

Photovoltaic

Systems

Submitted to Dr.Osama Ayadi



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DESIGN

ELEMENTS

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

CASE STUDY:

FLAT ROOF

SYSTEM

INSTALLATION

COMMISSIONING

MAINTENANCE



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The government has issued the Renewable Energyand Energy Efficiency law in April 2012



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The government has raised the tariff values since 2013,hence PV Systems have become more feasible than ever



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A maximum irradiance of 1,000 W/m2 of direct sunlightcan reach the earth when it is:

Normal to the earth’s

surface

At sea level

On a clear day

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Yearly average sum of global radiation



1st practical PV modules were developed in 1954 byBell labs



There are two types of PV systems: Off-grid

On-grid

Off-grid PV systems are independent from the electricity

grid. They use batteries to store energy for later use or

directly for pumping.

On-grid PV systems are connected to the electricity grid



Basic Components of Off-Grid PV Systems


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Examples for systems uses Off-Grid PV Systems

1.A solar-powered repeater used in telecommunication




2. Small yacht using PV to charge 12 volt batteries




3. Solar Pumping




4. Street Lighting



Basic Components of On-Grid PV Systems



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SOLAR CE L L S

MONOCRYSTALLINE

POLYCRYSTALLINE

SILICON

THIN FILM



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MONOCRYSTALLINE

MODULE

POLYCRYSTALLINE

MODULE

THIN FILM

MODULE



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The Photovoltaic Effect



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25°C

The output power of PV

modules at STC is measured in

units of Watt Peak – Wp

Standard Test Conditions (STC)



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Mounting systems should be considered carefully tosecure PV modules, protect them from wind and snow

loads, and to avoid the occurrence of corrosion.

In most parts of the world, Aluminum, Stainless Steel or

Galvanized Steel fixing systems are used



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DC cables have to be correctly sized to as to reducecable power losses .

Mechanical protection must be provided to DC cables

by means of electric sleeve pipes and/orcable trays

DC cables that are exposed to sunlight

have to be UV-resistant to be

protected against sunlight



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DC Power AC Power



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All inverters contain devices that are known asMaximum Power Point Trackers, or MPPTs

MPPTs track any changes that occur in the current and

voltage of the PV array, and follow up with these changesin order to convert the maximum amount of DC power

to AC power



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Why do we need MPPT Tracker



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Use of smart

meters to enable

Net Metering



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Users are allowed to cover up to 100% of theirannual consumption using PV Systems

There are two types of PV system applications to

the electric utility companies:

Small Scale Systems 1-ph: 3.68 kW 3-ph: 11 kW

Large Scale Systems

The total PV capacity that can be installed oneach transformer station could be limited



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As per the recent Energy Wheeling Regulations,users are allowed to cover up to 100% of theirannual consumption using PV Systems installed inremote areas



How is your customer planning oncovering his/her consumption?

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Maximum Allowed Capacity by Electric Utilities

100% Coverage of Annual Consumption

Maximum Coverage of Annual Consumption

Pre-Defined System Capacity



Based on the customer’s

consumption levels and tariff type,

is the project going to befinancially feasible?

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Annual Consumption?Tariff Type?

Available Area?



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GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN

ELEMENTS

CASE STUDY:FLAT ROOF

SYSTEM

INSTALLATION

COMMISSIONING

MAINTENANCE



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There are several approaches for

designing on-grid PV systems, but

the main concept is the same



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GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

INSTALLATION

COMMISSIONING

MAINTENANCE

DESIGN

ELEMENTS

CASE STUDY:FLAT ROOF

SYSTEM



Define the available area, and draw it based on as-built measurements, including

all objects & elevations

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Define the most suitable mounting

system type based on the appropriate

tilt angle and azimuth for each case



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Apply shade analysis to all objects to identify the shadedareas

Seasonal altitude and azimuth angles are used todetermine the distance you need to keep between PV

modules and other objects to avoid shade where

possible46



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12 1110

9

1314

15

16

17

18

19

8

7

6

5

21 Jun

21 Mar

21 Sep

21 Dec

180°

270° 90°

315°

225° 135°

45°



Shade profiles from different times and seasons are taken into account

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Shade Analyzers can also help in identifying objects thatwill potentially cast shade on the modules

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Module Selection:

1.Available Modules

2.Price per capacity



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PV Module Data Sheet



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PV Module Data Sheet



Draw the PV layout after excluding the shaded areas that are expected to have

a big negative impact on the yield

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Optimum number of modules in almost every case isdetermined based on both the available area and the

mounting system used

DC and AC cables are sized according to the localguidelines

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PV:Inverter Ratio

No. of MPPTs



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Inverter Design Software



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Inverter Data Sheet



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Inverter Design

Inverter Minimum & Maximum Voltage Limits

Max InputVoltage

1000V

Max MPPVoltage

800V

Min MPPVoltage

320V

Min InputVoltage

150V

Initial InputVoltage

188V

Inverter Maximum Current Limits

MPPT A

22A

MPPT B

11A



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MPPT A:

n String × n Modules

n × Inverter

MPPT B:

n String × n Modules

Single Line Diagram for Proposed PV System



DC

Side

AC

Side

Integrated

DC Isolator

(SMA’s ESS)

10 kW 3-ph Inverter

SMA STP 10000 TL-10

8 kW 3-ph Inverter

SMA STP 8000 TL-20

Integrated

DC Isolator

(SMA’s ESS)

DC Cables

– Average Single Run Distance

For All Strings is 22 m

– Cable Cross Section is 4 mm2

Integrated

DC Isolator

(SMA’s ESS)

4-Pole RCCB

25 A

(Sensitivity:

300 mA)

AC Cables

– Distance To Connection

Point is15 m


4-Pole MCB

20 A

AC Cables

– Distance To Connection

Point is 15 m


JEPCO AC

Disconnect

Existing

Meter

Low-Voltage

Grid

Main Distribution Panel

DC Cables

– Average Single Run Distance

For All Strings is 22m


4-Pole RCCB

25 A

(Sensitivity:

300mA)

4-Pole MCB

16A

4-Pole MCB

16 A

4-Pole MCB

20 A

11.22 kWp PV Array

SolarWorld Sunmodule

Protect 255 Wp MONO

Input A: 1 Strings × 22 ModulesInput B: 1 String × 22 Modules

9.35 kWp PV Array

SolarWorld Sunmodule

Protect 275 Wp MONO

Input A: 1 Strings × 17 Modules

Input B: 1 Strings × 17 Modules

Existing

System



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YIELD (kWh)

vs

SPECIFIC YIELD (kWh/kWp)



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PV Silmulation Software



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PV Simulation Software•We use simulation software to predict the system yield for

each year in life time of the system , and to help us to study

the effect of the shade, changing the azimuth & tilt, effect of

soiling, on the system yield.



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PV Silmulation Software



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Selecting a PV system with the highest specific yield isnot always the best choice for your case in terms of

one or more of the following:

Total Yield Achieved (kWh)

Yearly Consumption Coverage (%)

Total System Price (JOD)



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Installation



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Installation



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Testing & Commissioning

Electrical Tests:

Open Circuit Voltage Measurement

Short Circuit Current Measurement Reverse Polarity Test

Insulation Test

Continuity Test

Earth Resistance Test

AC/DC Power Measurement Power Factor Measurement

THD Measurement

Commissioning



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Operation & Maintenance

Plant Owner Responsibilities:

Daily Check for Inverter Errors

Daily Circuit Breaker Check

Daily Yield Check

Cleaning the Array Every 2 Weeks



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Online System Monitoring



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Monitoring for a PV System on 15/5/2015



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Monitoring for a PV System on 14/5/2015



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Irradiance Sensor



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Irradiance Sensor



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Temperature Sensors



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PV Systems Must Be Mainly

Evaluated Based on theirACTUAL YIELD

on the Field



Thank You for your Attention

Any Questions?

pv panels lecture

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