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PHOTOVOLTAIC(PV)MODULE1

PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE

PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE

 photovoltaic(PV) module, is a solar hot water panel, or to a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A PV module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. Photovoltaic Solar panels can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module.

REASONS TO INSTALL PV MODULES

• 1.Concern for the environment

• 2.Cost savings • 3. Expectation of future

increased energy costs • 4.Desire to enhance

the reliability of the energy supply to health care facilities

• 5.much advanced than normal solar panels

PHOTOVOLTAIC(PV) SYSTEM

• COMPONENTS OF PV SYSTEM:

In summary, a PV solar system consists of three parts: i) PV modules or solar arrays, ii) balance of system, iii) electrical load.

INTRODUCTION:the solar energy conversion into electricity takes place in a semiconductor device that is called a solar cell. a solar cell is a unit that delivers only a certain amount of electrical power. in order to use solar electricity for practical devices, which require a particular voltage or current for their operation, a number of solar cells have to be connected together to form a solar panel, also called a pv module. for large-scale generation of solar electricity the solar panels are connected together into a solar array.

PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION:

1.PV MODULE:1. The solar cell is the basic

unit of a PV system.2. An individual solar cell

produces direct current and power typically between 1 and 2 W, hardly enough to power most applications.

3. For example, in case of crystalline silicon solar cells with a typical area of 10 × 10 cm2 an output power is typically around 1.5 Wp, with Voc ≈ 0.6 V and Isc ≈ 3.5 A.

4. For actual usage, the solar cells are interconnected in series/parallel combinations to form a PV module.

SPECIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENT PV MODULES

WorldSolar SW 150 multi-crystalline Si module.

Kaneka’s a-Si:H PLE module

TYPES OF PV SYSTEMS

1.STAND-ALONE SYSTEMS: 1. Stand-alone systems rely on PV power only. These systems can comprise only PV modules and a load or can include batteries for energy storage.2.When using batteries charge regulators are included, which switch off the PV modules when batteries are fully charged, and switch off the load in case batteries become discharged below a limit. 3.The batteries must have enough capacity to store the energy produced during the day to be used at night and during periods of poor weather.

Schematic representation of (a) a simple DC PV system to power a water pump with no energy storage

(b) a complex PV system including batteries, power conditioners, and both DC and AC loads.

a b

2. GRID-CONNECTED SYSTEMS: grid-connected pv systems have become increasingly popular as building integrated application. they are connected to the grid through inverters, and do not require batteries because the grid can accept all of the electricity that a pv generator can supply. alternatively they are used as power station

3. HYBRID SYSTEMS 1.Hybrid systems consist of combination of PV modules and a complementary means of electricity generation such as a diesel, gas or wind generator2.A common problem with hybrid PV/diesel generators is inadequate control of the diesel generator.

ENERGY PARKING1. An "Energy Parking"

single structure is designed to cover long rows of parking spaces.

2. Purlins (A) maximum length is up to 670 cm.

3. The following drawings show parking spaces being max. 260 cm wide

CARPORT FOR ANGULAR PARKING: CANTILEVER SIDE VERSION:

COMBINED VERSION WITH FOUR SUPPORTING LEGS:

SPECIAL SHAPES:

EXAMPLES OF MODULAR STRUCTURES WITH APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SOLAR PANELS:Here you may have a look at some structure versions, where the number of photovoltaic panels to be vertically installed is quoted below.The calculation is referred to standard panel dimensions: 1660 mm x 990 mm.

OTHER APPLICATIONS

AS SOLAR TREE

OTHER APPLICATIONS

AS ROOFING MATERIAL

OTHER APPLICATIONS

SOLAR LIGHT

TRANSPARENT SOLAR PANELS

TRANSPARENT SOLAR MODULES

1. Transparent solar modules consist of transparent crystalline cells, very often are also modules with transparent back side and with standard crystalline cells.

2. Another interesting solution are thin film transparent amorphous modules. 3. Transparent modules can be used as window glazing in usual windows, sunspaces, they can be integrated

into roofs etc.4. Quite often they are also a part of shading devices whether movable or not. Such systems are also knows

as shadow-voltaic systems. 5. Transparent modules can be also part of energy efficient glazing, where they are used instead of usual

glass. With coloured back side interesting architectural visual effects can be obtained. Such solutions are often used in old architectural protected heritage buildings.

THERMAL INSULATING GLAZING LAMINATED WITH PVB FOIL

SINGLE GLAZING

CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSPARENT SOLAR MODULES.

TRANSPARENT SOLAR MODULES

AS GLAZING:FACADE GLAZING:Different types of transparent modules are used as glazing, most common crystalline as single glazing or double (low U-value) insulation glass. Transparent modules can also be used in sunspaces and atriums.

Facade integrated transparent modules in Solar fabrik facility, Freiburg and in Akademie-du-Mont-cenis, Herne, Germany

(COURTESY: PV RESOURCES)

TRANSPARENT SOLAR MODULES

AS ROOF INTEGRATED GLAZING:1. As roof-integrated transparent modules usualy glass-glass laminates without frame are used.2. For Special roof types like curved roof plastic laminates are used.3. Crystalline cells are most common sollution - transparency rate is defined by distance

between solar cells (as larger the distance as larger the transparency rate of transparent modules).

4. For roof integrated glazings use of laminated safety insulating glass modules is obligatory due safety issues.

Train station Berlin, roof integrated transparent BIPV system (courtesy: SMA Solar Technology)

TRANSPARENT SOLAR MODULES

TRANSPARENT MODULES AS SHADING DEVICES:1. Transparent modules are often part of shading devices. 2. Shading devices - like overhangs for example - can be fixed or movable. 3. Manual tracking-combined with shadowing system, or automatic tracking systems can be

realised. Very often they are realised as venetian blinds or classic awnings. Vertical ond horizontal shading devices are used in practice.

TRANSPARENT MODULES AS ROOF COVER AND AS SHADING DEVICE AT THE SAME TIME.SOLARSIEDLUNG, MUNICIPAL HOUSING, FREIBURG, GERMANY (CREDIT: PVRESOURCES).

GOLD COAST STADIUM, CARRARA, AUSTRALIA