pure substances, mixture and solutions module 2
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Pure Substances, Mixture and Solutions
Module 2
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We’ve already learned that everything you see, and much of what you can’t see, is made up of matter.
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Matter exists in one of three states.
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Matter is almost never pure.
Everywhere there are mixtures of different types of matter and different states of matter.
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All matter can be categorized depending on how pure and how well mixed it is.
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Knowing what kind of mixture something is tells us about its properties.
A solution of sugar dissolved in water will create crystals on a stick when the water evaporates.
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Matter is either pure or a mixture.
Pure Substances • Contain only one type of particle. • Cannot be broken down into different parts. • Have a distinct set of physical properties and
characteristics such as colour, odour and hardness. 7
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A pure substance is like an exclusive soccer team that only wants members that are all the same.
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First, let’s talk solids.
How about a diamond?
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Graphite (pencil lead) is pure carbon just like a diamond.
How does graphite behave differently from diamonds?
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A liquid example:
• Distilled water is a pure substance.
• Each molecule is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
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The chemical formula for water is H2O, but what is the chemical formula for ice?
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A gas example:
• Helium is a gas that’s a pure substance (He).
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All pure substances contain the same type of particles throughout.
There are two kinds of pure substances:
• Pure substances can be either elements or compounds. 15
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Elements:
• A team that only takes single atoms of the same type.
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Compounds:
• Pure substances that consist of particles of two or more different elements in definite proportions that cannot be separated by means such as filtering.
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A compound is an exclusive soccer team that lets in couples or families but they all have to be the same.
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Mixtures:
• A combination of different kinds of particles.
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This cookie is a mixture with two phases.
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Many different types of elements together make a mixture.
• For example, a mixture can contain elements like iron (Fe).
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And mixtures can also contain paired elements like oxygen (O2).
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Mixtures can also contain compounds like washing soda or sodium carbonate (NaClCO3).
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People are constantly making mixtures.
For example: • Salt in often dissolved in the water you use to boil
potatoes • Pigments are combined to make paint.
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There are two types of mixtures:
• Homogeneous
• Heterogeneous
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Homogeneous:
• Homo is a Greek word that means "the same”.
• “Geneous” means kinds.
• The word homogeneous means all parts are the same kind. 26
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Heterogeneous: • Hetero means “different”. • Heterogeneous means something made up of different
kinds of parts. • Components can separate out.
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Solutions = homogeneous mixtures.
Sugar dropped into hot tea seems to disappear.
Where does it go? 28
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It dissolves and becomes part of the solution.
What solutions have you made at home?
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All of these are solutions.
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Solutions are not just solids dissolved in liquids. How does a fish breathe under water?
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Remember homogeneous mixtures?
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Heterogeneous mixtures have the phases separated.
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More heterogeneous mixtures:
• Cereal
• Mixed vegetables
• Trail mix 34
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Mechanical mixtures = heterogeneous mixtures.
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Mechanical mixture: sand in water.
• Sand in water remains separate; it doesn’t dissolve.
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Mechanical mixtures can be:
• Suspensions
• Colloids
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Suspensions
• Different phases often visible.
• Solids in a liquid will settle out over time.
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Suspensions are all mechanical mixtures.
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Oil sands are mechanical mixture of:
• Bitumen
• Sand
• Water
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Bitumen is a very thick fluid like molasses.
Bitumen covers the water and sand in oil sands.
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Another example is pop, a suspension of gas in a liquid.
The gas will separate out until almost all is gone.
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You create a suspension when jumping in a mud puddle.
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In a suspension, the particles can be removed, often by filtering.
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Examples of suspensions are algae in water, and dust in the air.
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Some salad dressings are suspensions. They contain:
• Oil
• Water and vinegar
• Herbs
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Colloids: • Particles don’t settle out. • For example, milk has tiny droplets of milk-fat, and
mayonnaise has oil and vinegar bound together.
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Gelatin is a colloid.
Gelatin contains water droplets in a solid protein.
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Toothpaste is also a colloid.
• Toothpaste = solid (abrasive) + liquids
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Mixtures can often be separated.
Seawater is a solution containing: • Water • Salt • Other components
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How do they get salt to separate from sea water?
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• Mechanical mixtures are often easier to separate than solutions.
• Two methods are shown here. What are they?
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Let’s put all the information back together using this diagram.
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One type of pure substance is an element.
• Element = only one kind of particle.
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The other type of pure substance is a compound.
• Compounds = one kind of combined particle.
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Mixture = different kinds of particles mixed together.
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Mixtures can be a homogeneous mixtures (solution).
• Solutions = an even mixture of particles.
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Mixtures can also be heterogeneous mixtures (mechanical mixtures).
• Mechanical mixtures = particles of the same kind staying together.
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Heterogeneous mixtures (mechanical mixtures) can be:
• Suspensions
• Colloids
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Now you’ll be able to answer the question, “what’s the matter?” no matter what matter you are looking!
It is everywhere!
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