PUNCTUATION:PUNCTUATION:Underlining (Italics), Underlining (Italics),

Quotation Marks, Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, Hyphens, Apostrophes, Hyphens, Parentheses, Dashes, Parentheses, Dashes,

& Brackets& Brackets(WHEW!)(WHEW!)

English 7CPMr. Snow

Underlining (Italics)

• Italics look like this.

• Underlining looks like this.

• When using italics or underlining, use one or the other. Do not use both. They mean exactly the same thing.

• When you write or use a typewriter, use underlining. It’s much easier.

• When you use a computer, use italics. It looks cleaner and better.

Underlining (Italics): Uses

• A. Use underlining (italics) for titles of books, plays, periodicals, films, television series, works of art, and long musical works.– A periodical is a newspaper or

magazine.

These glasses are just

delicious!

Underlining (Italics): Uses

• Books: 1984, Crime and Punishment

• Plays: Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet

• Periodicals: The LA Times, Newsweek

• Films: V for Vendetta, The Lion King

• Television Series: Family Guy, ESPN Sports Center

• Works of Art: The Dream, Mona Lisa

• Long Musical Works: Phantom of the Opera, American Idiot

Underlining (Italics): Uses

• B. Use underlining (italics) for the names of ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft.– Ships: HMS Titanic, the Pequod– Trains: Golden Arrow, Polar Express– Aircraft: the Hindenburg, Spirit of St.

Louis– Spacecraft: Sputnik, Challenger

Underlining (Italics): Misc.

• C. Use underlining (italics) for words, letters, and numerals referred to as such.– There are three a’s in banana.– How do you say duck in French?– You write very messy 8’s.

• These letters, words, and numerals are being use as letters, words, and numerals, not as objects.

• We are not talking about a literal duck…• We are talking about the word duck.

Quotation Marks

• Quotation marks look like this: “This sentence is in quotation marks.”

• Sometimes they are referred to simply as quotes.

“You can quote me on that!”

“I’d rather not!”

Quotation Marks: Quotes

• D. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation.– A direct quotation is a person’s exact

words.• Then Clint Eastwood says, “Go ahead…make

my day.”• “When the bell rings,” said the teacher, “leave

the room quietly.”

– Do not enclose an indirect quotation.• Then Clint Eastwood tells the guy to make his

day.• The teacher told us to leave quietly when the

bell rings.

Quotation Marks: Quotes

• E. A direct quotation generally begins with a capital letter.– Lisa said, “The food isn’t ready yet.”

• F. When an expression identifying the speaker interrupts the quote, the second part of the quote begins with a lowercase letter.– “When the bell rings,” said the

teacher, “exit the room quietly.”

Quotation Marks: Quotes

• When the second part of this broken quotation is a separate sentence, capitalize it.– “I can’t go today,” I said. “Ask me

tomorrow.”• Each of these quotes is its own

sentence.

– “I can’t go today,” I said, “but you can ask tomorrow.”

• This is one sentence that is broken up.

Quotation Marks: Quotes

• G. You can set off a direct quote from the rest of the sentence by using commas, question marks, or exclamation points, but not a period.– “I think this is interesting,” said Bernie.– “Yes,” Juan said, “I agree.”– “Is that a good video game?” she asked.– “Yes, it’s my favorite!” he responded.

• Notice that no capital is needed after the quote even if it ends in a ? or !

Quotation Marks: Quotes

• H. A comma or period always goes within the quotation marks.– “The exhibit is over there,” she told us.– Betty said, “I love these statues.”

Quotation Marks: Quotes

• I. A question mark or exclamation point should only be inside the quotation marks if it is part of the original quote. Otherwise, place it outside.– “How far is it?” he asked.– Who said, “Give me liberty or give me

death”?– “Jump!” he yelled.– I’m so mad that she said, “Go away”!

Quotation Marks: Quotes

• J. When writing dialogue (a conversation), begin a new paragraph each time the speaker changes.

• K. When a quote is several sentences long, only use beginning and ending quotation marks.– “We’ll meet you there. We’re running a bit

late. There is a lot of traffic. Sorry about that,” said Jerry.

Quotation Marks: Quotes

• L. Use single quotation marks to enclose a quote within a quote.– Brandon said, “My mom always says,

‘Look before you leap.’”– “Did Mrs. Neuman really say, ‘You can use

your books on your test’?” asked Sakura.• Notice the placement of the question mark.

Mrs. Neuman’s statement wasn’t the question, so it doesn’t go inside those single quotes. Sakura asked the question.

Quotation Marks: Uses

• M. Use quotation marks to enclose titles of short works such as short stories, poems, songs, episodes of a TV series, essays, articles, and chapters or other sections of a book.

Quotation Marks: Uses

• Short stories: “Duffy’s Jacket,” “Rikki-tikki-tavi”

• Poems: “I’m Nobody,” “Birdfoot’s Grampa”

• Songs: “America the Beautiful,” “A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall”

• Episodes of TV shows: “This Side of Paradise,” “The Soup Nazi”

Quotation Marks: Uses

• Essays: “Self-Reliance,” “The Creative Process”

• Articles: “Annie Leibovitz: Behind the Images,” “Bush Quells GOP Revolt”

• Chapters and parts of books: “The Natural World,” “The Myths of Greece and Rome,” “The Face Off”

Question Marks

• So think of it this way: We use underlining or italics for large works, and we use “quotation marks” for any sections that might be contained in the large works.

Quotation Marks

• Books “Short stories,” “Poems,” “Essays,” “Chapters/sections”

• Plays• Periodicals “Articles”• Films• TV Series “Episodes”• Works of art• Long musical works “Songs”

Apostrophes

• Apostrophes look like this: ’

• The possessive case shows ownership (remember that?)

• N. To form the possessive case of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an s.– a boy’s hat– the baby’s toy– Charles’s opinion

Apostrophes: Possession

• O. To form the possessive of a plural noun not ending in s, add an apostrophe and an s.– mice’s tracks– children’s games– men’s hats– teeth’s enamel

Apostrophes: Possession

• P. To form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s, add only an apostrophe.– cats’ basket– brushes’ bristles– four days’ delay– the Carsons’ bungalow

Apostrophes: Possession

• Q. Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns.– Is that yours or mine?– Ours is friendlier than theirs.– His report was as good as hers.

• R. To form the possessive of some indefinite pronouns, use an apostrophe and s.– Neither’s homework - someone’s coat– Everyone’s choice - anything’s cost

A QUICK NOTE…

• In general, do not use an apostrophe to make a plural, or Mr. Snow will hunt you down like a wild dog.– I love my dog’s

– I love my dogs.

• There is one exception to this rule, however…

Apostrophes: Plurals

• S. Use an apostrophe to form the plurals of letters, numerals, and symbols, and of words referred to as such.– Your o’s look like a’s.– Try to use &’s instead of +’s– There are three 5’s and 8’s in my

telephone number.– You use far too many like’s and um’s

when speaking.

Apostrophes: Contractions

• T. Use an apostrophe to show where letters, words, or numerals have been left out in a contraction.– they had = they’d - I am = I’m– where is = where’s - 1999 = ’99– let us = let’s - we are = we’re– of the clock = o’clock - he is = he’s– she would = she’d - you will = you’ll– we have = we’ve - what is = what’s– they are = they’re - I would = I’d

A QUICK NOTE…

• Don’t confuse a contraction with a possessive.– It’s Friday. [it is]– Its nest fell down [possessive]– Who’s there? [who is]– Whose coat is this? [possessive]– They’re coming soon [they are]– Their dog is nice. [possessive]– There’s the path [there is]– That tree is theirs. [possessive]

Hyphens: Dividing

• Hyphens look like this: -• U. Use a hyphen to divide a word

at the end of a line.– Will you help Margaret set the silver-

ware on the table?

• Divide a word only between syllables.– Bes- ide

– Be- side

Hyphens: Dividing

• Do not divide a one-syllable word.– Exercise is helpful to develop bodily stre-

ngth.– Exercise is helpful to develop bodily

strength.

• Do not divide a word so that one letter stands by itself.– The seating capacity of the arena is e-

normous.– The seating capacity of the arena is enor-

mous.

Hyphens: Numbers

• V. Use a hyphen with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions used as adjectives.– thirty-five– eighty-nine– The amount was two thirds. [no

hyphen; not an adj.]– It was a two-thirds majority. [used as

an adjective]

Hyphens: Affixes

• W. Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex–, self–, all– and great– and with the suffixes –elect and –free.– ex-girlfriend – self-respect– all-knowing – great-aunt– president-elect – caffeine-free

Parentheses

• Parentheses look like this: ( )

• X. Use parentheses to enclose material that is added to a sentence but is not considered of major importance.– Emilio Alguinaldo (1869-1964) was a

Filipino statesman.– Mom and Dad bought a kilim

(pronounced ki - lëm’) rug from our Turkish friend Ali.

Parentheses

• Material in parentheses can be as short as one word or as long as a sentence.– Please be quiet during the performance.

(Take crying babies to the lobby.)– Jack Echohawk (he’s Ben’s cousin) told

us about growing up on the reservation.• Notice that a parenthetical sentence within a

sentence is not capitalized and has no end mark.

Brackets

• Brackets look like this: [ ]

• Y. Use brackets to enclose an explanation added to material already in quotation marks or parentheses.– Elena said, “I am honored by this [the

award], and I thank you.”– The council approved the petition.

(See next page for a map [Diagram A] of the proposed area.)

Parenthetical expressions

• A parenthetical expression is a word, phrase, or sentence that breaks into the main thought of a sentence.

• These are usually set off with commas or parentheses.– Grandma Moses, for example, started

painting in her seventies.– In the first act of the play, the butler

(Theo Karras) was the detective’s prime suspect.

Dashes

• Sometimes stronger emphasis is called for, and this is where we use a dash.

• A dash looks like this: —

• Z. Use a dash to indicate an abrupt break into thought or speech.– The right thing to do—I know it will be hard

to do—is to apologize.– “Do you think Anne will mind—mind very

much, I mean—if I borrow her sunglasses?” asked Melody.

FIN