punctuation final
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PUNCTUATIONEVELYN DIAZ ITURRIAGA
GRAMMMATICAL THEORY IIENGLISH TEACHING TRAINING
PROGRAMUSACH
![Page 2: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OBJECTIVES• TO LEARN WHAT PUNCTUATION IS.• TO LEARN WHAT ELEMENTS PUNCTUATION
CONSISTS OF.• TO UNDERSTAND HOW PUNCTUATION MARKS
WORK AND ITS RULES.• TO NOTE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND SPANISH PUNCTUATION SYSTEMS.
• TO BE ABLE TO APPLY PUNCTUATION MARKS CORRECTLY.
![Page 3: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE…• why are you sad • we are going to eat salad chicken and
cheese cake • be careful • the whale which is a mammal looks like
a fish • if you paint the walls white the room will
look bigger
W ?W ,
.B !T , , .I ,
.
![Page 4: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE…• que te pasa• ja ja ja• es una chica aplicada formal estudiosa y
con buen expediente • la maleta es marron el cuaderno blanco
el borrador verde y la pluma negra• Comia con mesura pero en la cena se
desquito
Q ´¿ ?J , ,¡ !E , ,
.L
C
; ;,, .
; ,.
´
´´
![Page 5: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT PUNCTUATION?
• The set of marks used in writing that divide and organise sentences (ideas)
and phrases with the objective of making it understandable for the reader.
![Page 6: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
LET’S SEE…
• the wallet lost on a public bus by a southampton widow has been returned with all its cash and contents intact mrs kathleen giffard of millbrook towers thought she would never see the wallet containing £117 again ,
, .
T
.MK
S
G M T
![Page 7: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
IS IT POSSIBLE TO SAY THAT THE UNDERSTANDING OF A
TEXT DEPENDS ON PUNCTUATION?
![Page 8: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
PUNCTUATION MARKS
![Page 9: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FULL STOP (.)
• I asked her whether she could tell me where the Museum is.
![Page 10: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FULL STOP
• It is mainly used to mark the end of a sentence expressing a complete idea.
• It stands for intonation i.e. a long pause.
• The way it works is the same in English and Spanish.
![Page 11: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
FULL STOP• In Spanish:
Punto y apartePunto y seguidoPunto final
![Page 12: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
COMMA (,)• Lisa speaks French, Juliet speaks
Italian and I speak Spanish.
• You must hand in your paper by Monday, or you will receive a mark of zero.
![Page 13: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
COMMA (,)• Italy is famous for her composers
and musicians, France, for her chefs and philosophers, and Poland, for her mathematicians and logicians.
• I think we can say that, all in all, we've done well.
![Page 14: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
COMMA (,)• FOUR TYPES OF COMMA:
LISTING JOINING GAPPING BRACKETING
![Page 15: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LISTING COMMA• The listing comma is used as a kind of
substitute for the word and , or sometimes for or .
• White, blue and red are the colours of the Chilean flag.
![Page 16: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
JOINING COMMA• It is used to join two complete
sentences into a single one, and it must be followed by a suitable connecting word: and, or, but, while and yet.
• You must hand in your essay today, or you will receive a mark of zero.
![Page 17: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
GAPPING COMMA
• We use a gapping comma to show that one or more words have been left out when the missing words would simply repeat the words already used earlier in the same sentence.
![Page 18: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GAPPING COMMA
• Some Norwegians wanted to base their national language on the speech of the capital city; others, on the speech of the rural countryside.
![Page 19: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
BRACKETING COMMA• A pair of bracketing commas is used to
mark off a weak interruption of the sentence.
• Darwin's Origin of Species, published in 1859, revolutionized biological thinking.
![Page 20: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
COMMA (,)• In Spanish we have a special use:
– The absence or suppression of the verb is usually supplemented with coma. This is very common in proverbs.
• La mejor estufa, el sol.
![Page 21: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
COLON (:)
• She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife.
![Page 22: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
COLON (:)• The colon is used to indicate that what
follows it is an explanation or elaboration of what precedes it.
• We found the place easily: your directions were perfect.
• (more general: more specific)
![Page 23: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
COLON (:)• A colon is used to introduce a direct
quote.
• Aristotle said once: ‘Happiness depends upon ourselves’.
![Page 24: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
COLON (:)
10:30 a.m. - 10.30 a.m.
AMERICAN USAGE BRITISH USAGE
![Page 25: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SEMICOLON (;)
• Winter storm conditions have made travel impossible; the roads are completely covered in snow and ice.
![Page 26: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SEMICOLON (;)
• It is used to join two complete sentences into a single written one.
• The rain stopped; the sun came out again.
![Page 27: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SEMICOLON (;)
– Two sentences are felt to be too closely related to be separated by a full stop;
– There is no connecting word which would require a comma, such as and or but;
– The special conditions requiring a colon are absent.
![Page 28: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SEMICOLON (;)• In Spanish, it is not necessary to put a
complete sentence after the semicolon.
• Campos inundados, casas destruidas, vías rotas; un desastre.
![Page 29: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
APOSTROPHE (')
• The apostrophe is used in writing contractions.
• He’s very good at football.
![Page 30: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
It’s It is or it hasWe’ll we will or we shall
They’ve they have Can’t can not He’d he would or he had
Aren’t are not She’d’ve she would have
Won’t will not
![Page 31: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
APOSTROPHE (')
• This research was carried out in the 1970's .
• American English
• This research was carried out in the 1970s.
• British English
![Page 32: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
APOSTROPHE (')• Apsotrophes are also used to show
possessive structures (‘s).
• This is Mark’s book.
![Page 33: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
APOSTROPHE (')• In Spanish, it was only used in ancient
lyrical constructions to show elision of a vowel sound.
• D’aquel, por de aquel.• Qu’es, por que es.
![Page 34: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION MARKS (!?)
• A question mark, in English, is placed at the end of a sentence which is a direct question.
• What your name?
My name is Mickey!
![Page 35: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION MARKS (!?)
• The exclamation mark is used at the end of a sentence or a short phrase which expresses very strong feeling.
• What a lovely dog!
![Page 36: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION MARKS (!?)
• In Spanish, question and excalamtion marks have the same function that in English. There is just one difference…
• Can you guess?
![Page 37: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• They are written at the beginning and at the end of a sentence.
• ¿Dónde estás?• ¡No digas tonterías!
QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION MARKS (!?)
![Page 38: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
CAPITALISATIONmonday spring
belford avenue dog
tom table
peruvian paris
christmas
![Page 39: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CAPITALISATION• Days of week and months
• I like going to the gym on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.
![Page 40: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
CAPITALISATION• Nationalities and languages
• I’m French, but I speak Spanish.
• Proper names
• Lisa y Tom have a dog called Tym.
![Page 41: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CAPITALISATION• In the title or name of a book, a play, a
poem, a film, a magazine, a newspaper or a piece of music, a capital letter is used for the first word and for every significant word.
• The Penguin Guide to Punctuation
![Page 42: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
CAPITALISATION• Names of holy days
• We have long breaks at Christmas and Easter.
• The pronoun I
• I am a student.
![Page 43: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
CAPITALISATION• Spanish does not use capital letters in:
»Months »Days of week»Nationalities»Pronoun YO
![Page 44: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
QUOTATION MARKS (“’)
British Usage
American Usage
• Single quotes (‘’)
• Double quotes (“”)
![Page 45: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
QUOTATION MARKS (‘”)• A pair of quotation marks encloses a
direct quotation.
• Soledad Onetto wrongly said: ‘President Piraña is in Europe’.
![Page 46: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
QUOTATION MARKS (‘”)• Although there is not difference in
function, in Spanish double quotations marks are almost always used.
![Page 47: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
DIACRITICS
• Often loosely called 'accents', diacritics are the various little dots which, in many languages, are written above, below or on top of certain letters of the alphabet to indicate something about their pronunciation.
![Page 48: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
DIACRITICS
á Acute accentà Grave accentç Cedillaâ Circumflex accentä Umlaut or diaeresisñ Tilde
![Page 49: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
DIACRITICS
• When writing foreign words.
• Would you like to go to a café with me?
![Page 50: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
DIACRITICS• In Spanish, diacritics are part of the
language.• There are three:
»accute accent (´) »umlaut (¨) »tilde (ñ)
![Page 51: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
DIACRITICS• Acute accents are used, for example, to
distinguish between otherwise identical words, such as sí (yes) and si (if).
• The ~ mark indicates a /y/ sound in Spanish (equivalent to /j/ sound in English) added to a consonant.
• For example uña
![Page 52: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
DIACRITICS• The use of the umlaut is mandatory in
Spanish to indicate you have to pronounce the ‘u’ in the combinations güe, güi.
• For example: Antigüedad
![Page 53: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
EXERCISES
![Page 54: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
SUMMARY• Punctuation marks allow us to
understand a text in a proper way and give our ideas coherence.
• We have seen some uses of nine punctuation marks:
![Page 55: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
SUMMARY1. Full stop (.)2. Comma (,)3. Colon (:)4. Semicolon (;)5. Apostrophe (')6. Capitalization7. Quotation Marks (‘”)8. Question and Exclamation marks (¡?)9. Diacritics
![Page 56: Punctuation Final](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012406/55cf9674550346d0338b9362/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
END