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PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS

Geology� A majority of the Pueblo Indian Reservations are located within the Rio Grande Rift, which trends north-northeast from south-central New Mexico to central Colorado (Chapin, 1971). In addition, small segments of the Pueblo Reservation overlie the Acoma Basin, located to the west of the Rio Grande Rift, and the Raton Basin which lies east of the San Luis Basin in northeast New Mexico (Fig. P-1). The rift lies along boundaries of several major physiographic provinces, the most fundamental of which are the Great Plains and Southern Rocky Mountains to the east, and the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range to the west (Fig. P-2). The sedimentary layers that fill these basins gently dip towards the center of the basin, which has dropped in relation to the surrounding strata due to normal or exten sional faulting associated with the Rio Grande Rift. �The follo wing sections describe the geology of the (1) Albuquer que-Santa Fe Rift Province, (2) Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province with focus on the southern Raton Basin, and (3) South-Cen tral New Mexico Province, in particular the Acoma Basin. Oil and gas production within each province is summarized in the "Production Overview" section.

Uncompahgre San Luis Brazos uplift Basin

Basin Raton Basin

Sierre Grande uplift

Dome

Baca Basin

Zuni uplift

Estancia Basin

Basin

BasinBasin

Basin

uplift

Florida uplift

Basin

Mesilla Basin

Acoma Basin

Basin

Basin

Espanola Basin

San Juan Bravo

Pedernal Roosevelt

Delaware Tularosa

Palomas

Burro

Pedregosa

Albuquerque

Tucumcari

Area of Pueblo Reservation outside geologic basin

�ALBUQUERQUE, ESPANOLA, AND SAN LUIS BASIN

�Geologic Structure In mid-Oligocene time, regional extension occurred along a major north-trending zone of weakness called the Rio Grande Rift. As the rift opened, it broke en echelon along pre-rift lineaments developed during earlier orogenies (Fig. P-3). High heat flow and volcanism accompanied rifting. The resulting offset of the graben along old structural lineaments and the uneven distribution of the volcanic centers have divided the rift basin into sub-basins which include, from south to north, the Albuquerque, Espanola (or Santa Fe), and San Luis basins. The southern extension of the Espanola Basin is known as the Hagan and Santa Fe Embayments, which are separated by the Cerrillos Uplift, a late Tertiary east-tilted fault block (Fig. P4). The Hagan embayment is west of the Cerrillos Uplift and the Santa Fe Embayment is to the east. For discussion purposes, these two embayments are combined and are called the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment. In addition, the San Luis Basin has been further divid ed into, from east to west, the Baca Graben, the Alamosa Horst, the Monte Vista Graben, and the San Juan Sag (Gries, 1985). �Structure within the rift basins is lar gely masked by late Tertiary and Quaternary basin fill. Geophysical (mainly gravity) data indi

cate varying amounts of Tertiary fill (Cordell-Lindrith et al., 1982). The west sides of the basins are generally downdropped in a stepwise fashion by many down-to-the-east normal faults. The deepest parts of the basins are generally on the east side (Fig. P-4). �W ells penetrating the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sec tion in the Albuquerque Basin also indicate that the basin is down-dropped by many normal faults. Wells in the middle of the basin indicate more than 10,000 feet of fault displacement between wells just a few miles apart (Black, 1982). The deepest well drilled in the Albuquer que Basin, the Shell Oil Co. Isleta No. 2 was in Tertiary rocks at a total depth of 21,266 feet. The vertical relief between the projected Precambrian surface in that well

uplift and the Precambrian rocks exposed in the Manzano Mountains 16 miles to the east is at least 32,000 feet.

USGS OIL & GAS RESOURCE PROVINCES

4 - ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS

5 - WEST TEXAS AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO

7 - MID-CONTINENT

3 - COLORADO PLATEAU AND BASIN RANGE

Figure P-2. Location of Pueblo Indian Reservations with respect to USGS defined geologic provinces of the United States (modified after Charpentier et al., 1996).

Area of Pueblo Reservation that lies within geologic basin

100 miles

Figure P-1. Outline of major geologic basins in New Mexico with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations (modified after Broadhead, 1996).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Geology Overview NEW MEXICO

1

Axis of syncline

106o

107o108o

33o33o

34o

35o35o

34o

CO

LOR

AD

O

PLA

TE

AU

A

lbuq

uerq

ue

Bas

in

Pue

rco-

benc

h

Luce

ro u

p.

Soc

orro

up.

Soc

orro

trou

gh

Socorro

San

Marcial

Basin

Magdelena

uplift

Black R

ange up.W

inston troughC

uchillo Negro up. P

alomas B

asin Caballo uplift

San

Pasc

ual

plat

form

Jo

rnad

o de

l

Mue

rto

sag

San M

ateo

uplift

Tula

rosa

Bas

inSan A

ndres uplift

Hatch

Chupadera platformO

scura uplift

Jayi

ta u

plift

Jo

yita

-Hub

bell

benc

hM

anza

no u

plift

Santa F

e - Espanola C

launch sag

Peder nal A

rch

Tijera

fault

San

dia

up.

Los Alamos

Cham

aBasin

Espan

ola B

asin

San

gre

Cris

to u

plift

San

Lui

s B

asin

NEW MEXICO COLORADO

40 miles

36o36o

107 o

Rio

Gra

nde

Riv

er

de

Rio

Gra

nde

Riv

er

EXPLANATION

Uplift, rift and caldera faults

Albuquerque

Santa Fe Colorado

New Mexico

Index

Modified from Kelly (1979)

15,000 ft.

30,000 ft.

SEA LEVEL

A'A

Alluvium Chinle Fm.

Ceja Del Rio Puerco

15,000 ft.

30,000 ft.

SEA LEVEL

A' A''

Galisteo CreekSanta Ana Mesa

Humble Oil and Refining Co. Santa Fe Pacific No. B-1

Sec. 20, T14N, R1W

Shell Oil Co. Santa Fe Pacific No.1

Sec.18, T13N, R3E

Santa Fe Group

Galisteo & San Jose Formations (undiff.)

Mesa Verde Gp., Mancos Shale & Dakota Ss (undiv.)

Morrison Formation, Todilito Ls, & Entrada Ss (undiv.)

San Andres Ls, Glorieta Ss, and Yeso & Abo Fm. (undiv.)

Madora Ls & Sandia Fm. (undiv.)

Precambrian undiff.

Intrusive Igneous rock

Mesa Prieta Rio Puerco Fault Zone

Tejon Oil and Development (Lease Unknown) No. 1

Sec7, T14N, R6E Cerrillos Hills

Rio Grande

Jemez River

Figure P-4. Geologic cross-section across the northern part of the Albuquerque Basin and the southern part of the Espanola Basin (Fig. P-7; cross-section 1) (modified after Black and Hiss, 1974).

Figure P-3. Tectonic map of the Rio Grande Valley in North-Central New Mexico (modified after Kelley, 1979).


2

from Precambrian to Recent (Fig. P-5). of thick deposits of nonmarine synrift sedimentary rocks and interca

Pre-rift (pre-Oligo

the rift basin.

�A nearly complete section of Cretaceous and older rocks is pres

outcrop control along the flanks indicate that pre-middle Eocene ero

is the primary petroleum prospect within the section.

Figure P-6 is a general

interest to petroleum geology highlighted.

analogues can be made. stratigraphic relations as determined from discontinuous outcrops

�The Jurassic and Cretaceous section is partially preserv ed on the west side of the San Luis Basin. In that area, the Entrada Sandstone rests unconformably on Precambrian basement rocks. The Creta

thick); the Mancos Shale (~1500-feet thick); and about 600 feet of The Gallup, Dalton,

by a silty or discontinuous sandy zone.

ed from west to east under the Eocene unconformity in the western part of the San Luis Basin (Gries, 1985).

AGE FORMATION OR GROUP

Alluvium and undivided

Santa Fe Group

Dakota Sandstone

Entrada Sandstone

Glorieta Sandstone

Chinle Formation

Yeso Formation

Abo Formation

San Andres Limestone

Madera Limestone

Basement complex

Kelly Limestone or Espiritu Santo Formation

Abiquiu, Picuris, or Espinaso Formation Conejos Formation

Baca Formation

Menefee Formation

Galisteo Formation Blanco Basin Formation

CE

NO

ZO

ICM

ES

OZ

OIC

PA

LEO

ZO

IC

TE

RT

IAR

Y

QUATERNARY

CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

PENNSYLVANIAN

MISSISSIPPIAN

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene

Eocene

PRECAMBRIAN

?

?

?

Lewis Shale

Mancos Shale

Point Lookout Sandstone

Dalton Sandstone Mbr.

Semilla Ss. Mbr. Codell Ss. Mbr.*

Crevasse Canyon

Fm. Tocito Sandstone Lentil

Gallup Sandstone

Morrison Formation Junction Creek Ss.

Wanakah Formation Todilto Limestone Member

Mesaverde

Group

SOUTH NORTH

*of Carlile Shale (eastern Colorado terminology) Figure P-5.

Figure P-6.

Mio

cen

e-P

lioce

ne

Mioc.-Olig.

5000-20,000 ft.

100-1,000 ft.

Eo

cen

e

400-3,000 ft

Mancos Shale

Gallup Ss

Man

cos

Sha

le

Man

cos

Sha

le

Up

per

Cre

tace

ou

s 0

- 40

0 ft

.0

-10

00 f

t.50

0 -

1,60

0 ft

Chinle Fm.

1,00

0 -

2,00

0 ft

.

De Chelly Ss

Abo Fm.

Bursum Fm.

Limestone 400 - 2,500 ft.

400

- 2,

700

ft.

Mississippian 0 - 190' Precambrian Basement

R

SR (gas) R

R R

R

R

R

R

R

R?

R? SR?

SR (oil)

SR (oil)

Shale

Shale with coal interbeds

Coal

R SR

Explanation

Stratigraphy

The Albuquerque-San Luis Rift Basin contains rocks ranging in age Most of the basin fill consists

lated volcanic rocks, especially in the lower part. cene) sedimentary rocks are exposed on the flanks of the basin or have been penetrated by drill holes, primarily in the southern part of

Much or all Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata, the petrole um prospective part of the section, are missing in the northern half of the basin because of Pennsylvanian-Permian and Laramide uplift and erosion that affected much of that area.

ent in much of the Albuquerque Basin. Well control in the basin and

sion has removed a variable amount of the Cretaceous section, which To the north, in

the Espanola Basin, the Eocene unconformity cuts down section, completely removing the Cretaceous section. ized stratigraphic column for the Albuquerque Basin with sections of

Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata of the Albuquerque Basin are similar to these of the well-ex plored and productive San Juan Basin to the northwest, hence some

Figures P-7 and P-8 show the Cretaceous

along the east side of the Albuquerque Basin.

ceous section consists of the basal Dakota Sandstone (100 to 200-feet

Lewis Shale below the Eocene unconformity. and Point Lookout marine shoreface sandstone units that are present to the southwest have pinched out and the Mancos and Lewis Shales have merged. The contact between the two shale units is identified

Well and seismic data indi cate that the Jurassic and Cretaceous section is progressively truncat

Stratigraphic section depicting bedding relationships within the Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Geologic Province (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

Generalized stratigraphic columnar section for Albuquerque Basin. (modified after Molenaar, 1987).

Sante Fe Gp.

Abiquiu-Picuris Fms.

Galisteo, Baca & Blanco Basin Fms.

Menefee Fm.

Pt. Lookout Ss

Gibson Coal Mbr. Dalton Ss Mbr.

Tocito Ss Lent. Dilco Coal Mbr.

Semilla Ss Mbr.

Bridge Cr. Ls Mbr.

Dakota Ss

Morrison Fm

Wanakah Fm.

Todilto Ls Mbr Entrada Ss

Jura

ssic

Tr

iass

icP

erm

ian

San Andreas Ls. Glorieta Ss

Yeso Fm.

Madera

Pen

nsy

lvan

ian

Complex

Non-marine sandstones

Marine sandstones

Marine limestones

Anhydrite deposits

Limestone undifferentiated

Volcaniclasitic rock and flows

Igneous & metamorphics

Potential reservoir rock Potential hydrocarbon source rock


3

B' Albuquerque Basin Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Shell Oil Shell Oil

Santa Fe No. 2 Isleta No. 1 Shell Oil Shell Oil Santa Fe No.1

B Zuni Basin

4

COUT

AZ NM

5

3

2

1

A A'

B

D

C

C'

D'

B'

E'

E

Albuquerque

Santa Fe

EXPLANATION

Stratigraphic intervals with oil and gas potential Figure P-7. Location of cross-sections through study area (modified after Molenaar,

Tenneco Oil Federal No.1

Pennsylvanian

Permian

Triassic

Cretaceous

Abo

San Andres

Chinle

Sanostee Gallup

Coal

Coal

HostaDalton

Sanostee

Chinle

San Andres

Abo

Eastland

Santa Fe Co.

Santa Fe No.3

Shell Oi

Bernalillo Co.

Section removed by Tertiary Erosion

.

Sun Oil

Unit No.1

Cliffhouse Ss .

Precambrian

DATUM

Madera

Yeso

Greenhorn

Menefee

Allison - Menefee

Greenhorn

Morrison

Yeso

Todilto

Menefee

McKee No.1

Sandoval Co. Sandoval Co.

Laguna Wilson Trust No.1l

Valencia Co. Valencia Co.

TransOcean Oil Henderson SFP No. 1

Socorro Co

San Augustine Plains

Catron Co.

Catron Co

1987; Black, 1982; and Woodward, 1984)

RATON BASIN �Geologic Structure

The Raton Basin is asymmetrical with a steep western limb and a gently dipping eastern limb (Fig. P-9). The synclinal axis occurs near the western part of the basin. The part of the basin in New Mexico is about 100 miles long and is divided into 2 parts by the Ci marron Basement Arch that extends westward from Maxwell. �T ectonic evolution of the Raton Basin during Laramide time was described by Johnson and Wood (1956). Uplift of the Sangre de Cris to area west of the Raton Basin provided a source of detritus that was deposited as sand as the upper part of the Pierre Shale, Trinidad Sandstone, and Vermejo Formation during Late Cretaceous time. Strong uplift in the Sangre de Cristo area near the end of the Creta ceous time provided a source of sediment for the Raton Formation and the lower part of the Poison Canyon Formation. The uplift was rejuvenated in the Paleocene and Eocene times with tilting and fold

Approximate attitude of bedding

Figure P-8. Stratigraphic cross-section from outcrop along the Zuni and Acoma basins (Fig. P-7; cross-section 2). (modified after Molenaar, 1974) NW SE

Sangre de Cristo Sierra Grande Uplift Arch

Raton Basin ing as uplift continued to the west. Some of the Poison Canyon For mation was eroded at that time. Thrusting and folding occurred twice during the Eocene and the present structure outlines of the Ra ton Basin and the Sangre de Cristo Uplift were attained. Epeirogen ic upwarping of the region in late Tertiary time was accompanied by normal faulting (Woodward, 1984). �The western mar gin of the basin is marked by steeply dipping thrust and reverse faults that have pushed Precambrian and Paleozo ic rocks eastward for short distances over Paleozoic and, locally, over Mesozoic rocks. To the east, the basin merges gradually with the western limb of the Sierra Grande Arch through low dips. South of Las Vegas, the axis of the Raton Basin dies out in gently dipping Permian and Triassic rocks (Woodward, 1984).

10,000 ft.

Raton Basin illustrating the asymmetrical syncline associated with the Sangre de Cristo Uplift (modified 0 50 miles after Woodward, 1984).

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Precambrian

Figure P-9. Geologic cross-section across the

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS GEOLOGY OVERVIEW: Raton Basin NEW MEXICO

0

4

Stratigraphy

Strata of Cretaceous age are the most significant for hydrocarbon ex

ODESSA NATURAL CORP. - MACGUIRE OIL 2 which consists mainly of dark-gray to blackish W.S. RANCH shale with minor thin interbeds of sandy shale,

(sec. 30, T30N, R20E) sandstone, and limestone. The upper 100 feet ploration and production in the Raton Basin and have a maximum is transitional with overlying Trinidad Sand thickness of about 4,700 feet near the New Mexico-Colorado border. stone and consists of interbedded shale and The following units, in ascending order, are present: Purgatoire For thin beds of sandstone. The Pierre Shale is mation, Dakota Sandstone, Graneros Shale, Greenhorn Limestone, generally 2,400-2,900 feet thick, although the Carlile Shale, Niobrara Formation, Pierre Shale, Trinity Sandstone, reported thickness in one well was only 1,700 Vermejo Formation, and the basal part of the Raton Formation. Fig feet.

Age

CE

NE

ZO

ICM

ES

OZ

OIC Pierre Shale

l

Codell Sandstone

Greneros Shale

Ben

ton

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

0 - 2500

0 - 2075

0 - 350

0 - 255

1300 - 2900

900 0 - 55

0 - 30 165 - 225

20-70 175-400

140 - 200 100 - 150

150 - 400 30 - 100 40 - 100

0 - 1200

5,000 - 10,000

CRETACEOUS

PALEOCENE

Stratigraphic Units Thickness (ft.)

Poison Canyon Formation

Raton Formation

Trindad Sandstone

Nio

brar

a

Smokey Hill MarFort Hays Limestone

Carille Sandstone Greenhorn Limestone

Dakota Sandstone Purgatoiro Formation

PALEOZOIC UNDIVIDED

Morrison Wanakah Entrada

Dockum Group

Vermejo Formation

Primary gas reservoir

Secondary gas reservoir Source rocks for gas

Primary oil reservoir

Secondary oil reservoir

Source rocks for oils

COLFAX CO., NEW MEXICO N.P.G.R.

900

Raton Formation 1000

1100Vermejo Formation

1200

Trinidad Sandstone 1300

no Purgatoire is present in the southern part of the basin near Las Ve Matuszczak (1969) interpretated the Trinidad 1400

1500

CR

ET. -

TER

T.

ure P-10 shows the gamma ray log of the Cretaceous strata in the Ra �The Trindad Sandstone is an argillaceous ton Basin. Figure P-11 represents a complete stratigraphic section sandstone with a maximum thickness of about within the Raton Basin. 200 feet in the New Mexico part of the Raton �Baltz (1965) reported that the Pur gatoire Formation is present in Basin and most of the Raton Basin, but Jacka and Brand (1972) suggested that a minimum subsurface thickness of 100 feet.

gas, New Mexico. The Purgatoire consists of a lower conglomerate Sandstone as beach, nearshore, and offshore sandstone and an upper unit of interbedded sandstone and carbona deposits formed by a regressive sea retreating ceous shale. Woodward (1984) stated that the Purgatoire is often in toward the northeast. Occasional pauses in re cluded as part of the Dakota Sandstone because differentiation is dif

Pierre Shale Break in log

�The Dak ota Sandstone in the Raton Basin consists of three inter the sands, leading to northwest-elongated,

4000

4100 JU

R.

CR

ETA

CEO

US

Nio

brab

a Fo

rmat

ion

4200

4300

Smoky Hill Marl Mbr.

4400

4500Ft. Hays Limestone Mbr. Codell Sandstone Mbr.

Carille 4600 Shale

4700 Greenhorn Limestone

4800 Graneros Shale

4900

Dakota Sandstone 5000

5100 Morrison Formation

T.D. 5160'

gressions or transgressions toward the south ficult. west resulted in thickening and winnowing of

vals (Jacka and Brand, 1972). Gilbert and Asquith (1976) reported thick lenses with high porosities. Reports of that the lower interval is sandstone with conglomerate lenses, the maximum porosity of 21% and permeability of middle interval contains interbedded sandstone, carbonaceous shale, 200 md were made for areas where the sand and coal, and the upper interval is composed of transgressive sand stone is thickest. stone. Total thickness of the Dakota Sandstone plus the Purgatoire �The Vermejo Formation ranges from a Formation, where present, ranges from 110-220 feet. maximum thickness of about 400 feet in the �L ying conformably on the Dakota is the Graneros Shale, which subsurface to a wedge edge on the east side of consists of dark-gray marine shale with minor interbeds of bentonite, the basin near Raton. It is composed of fine to limestone, and fine-grained sandstone. This unit is about 115-270 medium-grained sandstone, gray carbonaceous feet thick, but most sections are about 170 feet thick. shale, and coal interpreted as a flood-plain and �The Greenhorn Limestone, lying conformably on the Graneros, swamp deposit. consists of thin-bedded marine limestone with intercalated gray cal �The Raton F ormation is Cretaceous and careous shale. In the Raton Basin, the Greenhorn is 20-90 feet thick, Paleocene in age and consists of very fine to but most sections are 30-60 feet thick. coarse-grained sandstone, arkose, and gray Figure P-11. Stratigraphic section depicting bedding relationships �In conformable contact on the Greenhorn is the Carlile Shale, which is composed of dark-gray marine shale with minor thin lime

wacke with interbedded gray siltstone, shale, within the Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Geologic Province (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).and coal. A thin conglomerate or conglomerat

stone interbeds, calcareous concretions, and calcareous sandstone and sandy shale, particularly in the upper part. Where the sandstone

ic sandstone is present at the base of the formation. This unit was de

is prominent, it is referred to as the Codell Sandstone Member and posited in back-barrier swamps and alluvial-plain back swamps (Pill

attains thicknesses up to 20 feet. The Carlile ranges in thickness more, 1991) and ranges from a wedge to about 1,700 feet thick in the

from about 110 to 320 feet, with most localities having thicknesses of Colorado part of the basin. Toward the southwest, beds in the upper

approximately 175 feet. part of the Raton Formation intertongue with and grade into the lower beds of the overlying Paleocene Poison Canyon Formation. The Poi

�The marine Niobrara F ormation above the Carlile has a lower son Canyon is the youngest formation preserved in the New Mexico member, the Fort Hays Limestone, composed of thin-bedded lime part of the Raton Basin.stone and subordinate intercalated gray calcareous shale, and an up per member, the Smokey Hill Marl, made up of calcareous shale with subordinate thin interbeds of gray limestone and sandy shale. The Fort Hays Limestone Member is about 20-45 feet thick, and the Nio Figure P-10. Gamma ray-neutron porosity log showing Cretaceous brara as a whole is about 250-285 feet thick. strata of Raton Basin, New Mexico. Log from Odessa Natural

�Conformably abo ve the Niobrara is the marine Pierre Shale, Corporation-Maguire Oil No.2, W.S. Ranch; sec 30, T30N, R20E (modified after Woodward 1984).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Geology Overview 5 NEW MEXICO

�ACOMA BASIN and black shale that caps the Twowells Tongue (Mellere, 1994). Fig ure P-14 illustrates a hypothetical paleogeographic reconstruction of

The Acoma Basin has a complex structural history, having been de the Twowells Tongue during highstand, lowstand, and transgressive formed by three major periods of tectonism during Phanerozoic time: phases. (1) Late Paleozoic formation of the ancestral Rockies during the Sev ier orogeny, (2) Laramide thick and thin-skinned compressional tec PRODUCTION OVERVIEW tonics, and (3) Cenozoic relaxation, extension, and volcanism. Oil and gas production in north central New Mexico was described in �The Se vier orogenic belt and Mogallan Highlands (Fig. P-12) the 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resour constrained a subsiding foreland basin from Early Cretaceous ces (Gautier et al., 1996). All plays discussed in the "Play Summary through Late Paleocene time (Armstrong, 1968; Villien and Klig Overview" combines the research from that publication along with field, 1986). The constrained basin, in combination with long-term other recent publications of interest to oil and gas in the Pueblo Indi eustatic sea level changes along the margin of the Cretaceous sea an Reservations. The following is a summary of the oil and gas plays way, resulted in complex depositional patterns reflecting the interac within the (1) Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province, (2) South-Central tion of tectonics and eustacy (Molenaar, 1983; Nummedal and Riley, New Mexico Province, and (3) Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift 1991). The western shoreline of the epicontinental seaway advanced (Fig. P-15).�

Figure P-13. Schematic cross-section of the intertonguing relationships of the Dakota Sandstone and the Mancos Shale in the Acoma Basin (modified after Cobban and Hook, 1989).

West

Greenhorn Limestone

East

Turo

nian

Granero Shale Member

Twowells Tongue

Upp

er

Whitewater Arroyo Shale

Man

cos

Sha

le

Paguate Tongue

Clay Mesa Shale

Cen

oman

ian

Dak

ota

San

dsto

ne

Cubero Tongue

Mid

dle�

Oak Canyon Member

Low

er

and retreated across New Mexico many times, leaving a record of in tertonguing marine and non-marine sediments (Mellere, 1994). Higher-frequency cyclicity during transgressions in Middle Cenoma nian through mid-Turonian time resulted in various tongues with in terfingered members of the Dakota and Mancos shale (Fig. P-13; Landis et al., 1973; Molenaar, 1983; Hook, 1983). One of the most widespread of tongues in the Acoma Basin is the Late Cenomanian Twowells Tongue (Dane et al., 1971; Hook et al., 1980). The Two wells Tongue is underlain by the dark-gray Whitewater Arroyo Shale Tongue of the Mancos Shale and is overlain by the Graneros Shale Member of the Mancos Shale (Fig. P-12). �The Twowell Tongue of the Dakota Sandstone encompasses two depositional sequences, albeit incomplete in terms of systems tracts (Van Wagoner et al., 1988, 1990). The first is associated with the Whitewater Arroyo Shale and shoreface sediments, and the second includes estuarine cross-bedded sandstone lithosome, oyster beds,

Sevier

Oro

genic

Belt

Acoma Basin

Shoreline

Shoreline

Albuquerque

Base Twowells

Top Twowells

Figure P-12. Location of Pueblo Indian Reservations (esp. Acoma Pueblos) with indication of transport direction (arrows) of sediment that filled the Sevier foreland basins during the Cretaceous and, in particular, the Dakota Sandstone. The map also indicates the position of the shoreline at the base of the Twowells Tongue and the maximum transgression (modified after Mellere, 1994; Molenaar, 1983; and Eaton and Nations, 1991).

4. TRANSGRESSION

CO NM

Coastal plain deposits

50 km

1.


FLOOD

FLOO

D

50 km

3. TRANSGRESSION

CO NM

FLOO

D

EBB (?)

50 km


NM CO


50 km

NM CO

Fluvial deposits

LATE

Acoma Pueblo

Albuquerque

Shoreface deposits

Marine shales

HIGHSTAND

Marine shales

Estuarine valley fill deposits

Acoma Pueblo

Albuquerque

EARLY

Estuarine valley fill deposits

Marine shales

Acoma Pueblo

Albuquerque

Marine shales

2. LOWSTAND

Upper Cretaceous Lower Tertiary

Play (4101)

Southern Raton Basin Coal-Bed

Play (4152 )

Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province Outline

Espanola Basin

COUT

AZ NM

Santa Fe

Albuquerque

San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304)

Play (2303)

Hagan-Sante Fe Embayment Play (2302)

Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province Outline

Albuquerque Basin Play (2301)

Acoma Basin Play

Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Play (4102 )

South-Central New Pueblo Reservations Mexico Province Outline Outline

Figure P-15. Location of Pueblo Reservations with respect to the major geologic Figure P-14. Hypothetical paleographic reconstruction of the Twowells Tongue during (1) highstand, (2) lowstand, provinces and the respective hydrocarbon plays of northern New Mexico (modified (3) early transgression and (4) late transgression (modified after Mellere, 1994). after Gautier et al., 1996).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS OVERVIEW - Acoma Basin NEW MEXICO

6

Play Summary The United States Geology Survey (USGS) identifies several petroleum plays in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift, Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift, and South-Central New Mexico Provinces. Table 1 summarizes the petroleum plays relevant to the Pueblo Indian Reservations and describes the key characteristics of each field. The discussions that follow are limited to those plays with direct significance for future petroleum development in the Pueblo Indian Reservations.

Play Types Conventional Plays - Discrete deposits, usually bounded by a downdip water contact, from which oil, gas, or NGL can be extracted using traditional development practices, including production at the surface from a well as a consequence of natural pressure within the subsurface reservoir, artificial lifting of oil from the reservoir to the surface, where applicable, and the maintenance of reservoir pressure by means of water or gas injection.� Unconventional Plays - A broad class of hydrocarbon deposits of a type (such as gas in "tight" sandstones, gas shales, and coal-bed gas) that historically has not been produced using traditional development practices. Such accumulations include most continuous-type deposits.

Gas 2, 8, 30, 5.6

Oil 1, 2, 10, 1.7

Reservation: Geologic Province:

Province Area: � Reservation Area:

Pueblo Indian Reservations Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province, South-Central New Mexico Province, and the Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province Appproximately 7,000, 39,900, and 18,800 square miles, respectively ?

Total Production ( by Province-1996) �Oil: �Gas: �NGL:

There has been no significant production in the three provinces.

Undiscovered resources and numbers of fields are for Province-wide plays. No attempt has been made to estimate number of undiscovered fields within the Pueblo Indian Reservations.

Play Type USGS Designation

Play Probability (chance of success)

Undiscovered Accumulations > 1 MMBOE (med., mean)

Known AccumulationsOil or GasDescription of Play

Structural and Stratigraphic Gas (448,740 MMCFG) Oil (521,090 MBO)

Gas and Minor Oil

2

3

1

4

Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play

Structural and Stratigraphic Gas (199,800 MMCFG) Oil (174,135 MBO)

Oil

Espanola Basin Play

Structural and Stratigraphic

Gas (94.42 BCFG, est. mean) Oil (188.85 MMBO, est. mean)

Minor Oil

San Luis Valley Biogenic Gas Play

Stratigraphic

Gas (7,000 BCFG)Minor Gas

5

6

7

Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play Stratigraphic Gas (7.8 BCFG, est. mean)

Oil (7.8 MMBO, est. mean)Gas

(methane)

Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play Gas (62,100 MMCFG)

Oil (22,8559 MBO)Minor Gas and Oil

Southern Raton Basin Play

Coal-bed gas within fractured coal

Gas (8211.28 BCFG, est. mean)Gas

8

Acoma Basin Play

Stratigraphic Gas (59,518 MMCFG) Oil (53,700 MBO)

Gas and Minor Oil

2301

2302

2303

2304

4101

4102

4152

Not Designated

Albuquerque Basin Play

Stratigraphic; biogenic gas from lacustrine deposits

20, 35.5 BCFG 3, 4.1 MMBO

2, 2.5 MMBO

Not Quantitatively Assessed


8, 12 BCFG


571 BCFG (mean)

Not Reported

Drilling depths (min., max., med.)

Oil 1, 2, 4, 0.9



Gas 2, 4, 8, 2.8


Not Reported

Not Reported

0.49

0.42

0.06

0.03

0.64

0.09

Not Reported

Not Reported

6,000, 10,000, 8,000

1,500, 7,500, 2,500

Not Reported

Not Reported

4,000, 6,000, 5,000

Not Reported

500, 1,400, 1,200

Not Reported

Number of Undiscovered Accumulations (min., med., max., mean)

Table 1. Summary table of oil and gas plays that are located in or near the Pueblo Reservations. Conventional play type Unconventional/Hypothetical play type

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Play Summary Table NEW MEXICO

7

Albuquerque-Santa Fe Province �About 120 wells have been drilled in the province (Fig. P-17),

� but only about 50 wells penetrated Cretaceous or older rocks. Most Albuquerque Basin Play This province is part of the Rio Grande Rift system and consists of of these latter wells were drilled in the 1970's and early 1980's. (USGS 2301) segmented or offset basins that formed as a result of middle Tertiary There is no production in the province, although there was marginal �General Characteristics to Quaternary rifting. The province extends from Socorro, New oil production for a short time from two wells in different areas of This is a hypothetical structural play related to down-dropped blocks Mexico, northward 280 miles through the San Luis Valley in Colora the province. Recent exploration has been minimal in the basin, with of Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks that have been buried to a sufficient do (Fig. P-16). The east-west width of the province ranges from 15 the exception of dry holes in the northwestern part of the province depth for the generation of hydrocarbons, or in areas where struc to 65 miles and the eastern and western boundaries are mostly uplift (Molenaar, 1993).� tures are along migration paths of downdip-generated hydrocarbons ed mountain blocks exposing Precambrian and Mesozoic rocks gen �Based on expected reservoirs, reservoir depth, type of hydrocar (Black, 1982). The Albuquerque Basin Play is in the large, generally erally dipping away from the rifted basins. The primary hydrocarbon bon expected, drilling history, and geography, four relevant and hy flat or low-relief area of the Albuquerque Trough (Fig. P-18) and is objectives in the province are pre-rift Cretaceous and older strata, pothetical plays were identified by the USGS. These are the Albu bounded on the east by the Sandia, Manzano, and Los Pios Moun which in most of the province are covered by continental Tertiary- querque Basin Play (2301), Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play tains, which are composed of Paleozoic and older rocks. The west Quaternary fill. More than 20,000 feet of fill has masked the Lara (2302), Espanola Basin Play (2303), and the San Luis Valley Bio side is bounded by the Puerco Platform, composed of Cretaceous mide and older structures, thereby necessitating seismic data to delin genic Gas Play (2304). The plays of interest to the Pueblo Reserva rocks, and the Lucero Uplift and Ladrone Mountains, both of which eate structure. tions are discussed in the Play Summary Overview. consist of Paleozoic and older rocks. The northern boundary is a

volcanic-covered area where the rift is offset to the east and the

Espanola Basin

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

Albuquerque


Play (2303)

Hagan-Sante Fe Embayment Play (2302)



Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations

southern boundary is marked by the converging of the flanking up lifts in the vicinity of Socorro.

Reservoirs: The primary objec tives of this play are coastal and marine Cretaceous sandstones that are along depositional strike with the San Juan Basin where these rocks are major producers of oil and gas. Secondary objectives are the Jurassic Entrada Sandstone and Paleozoic shelf sandstones and car bonates. All these potential reser voirs range in thickness, but are generally less than 100 feet thick. Recoveries on drill-stem and pro duction tests of Cretaceous sand

Oil Dry

Albuquerque

Santa Fe

stones in wells in the play area in dicate low permeabilities for these


potential reservoirs (Molenaar, 1993).N Source rocks: Oil-prone source

50 mi. rocks are in the basal marine part of the Cretaceous section (Green

Figure P-17. Outline of Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Geologic Province with exploration wells from 1900-1993 depicted. The Albuquerque, Espanola and San Luis Basins are highlighted in Figure P-18. Location of Albuquerque addition to the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment (modified after Basin Play (2301), with respect to the Figure P-16. Outline of Pueblo Reservations with respect to the Albuquerque-Santa Fe

Rift Province. The Albuquerque Basin Play (2301), Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play Pueblo Reservations (modified after

(2302), Espanola Basin (2303), and the San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304) are depicted Gautier et al., 1996).

(modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

Espanola Basin

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

Albuquerque


Play (2303)

Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play (2302)



Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations

horn interval). In the northern part of the play area, the middle part of the Mancos Shale is the major source rock. Good gas-prone, Type III source rocks are in Cretaceous carbonaceous shales and coals. The ma turation ranges from immature to marginally mature along the shallow er basin margins to overmature or gas-prone in the deeper parts. Most of the play is considered a gas play because of the predominance of gas shows in the drilled wells, the gas-prone nature of most of the source rocks, and the generally high maturations.

Timing and migration: Data are lacking on the timing and migration of hydrocarbons, but it seems likely that the amount of burial by Terti ary sediments and the degree of tilting of individual fault blocks was a controlling factor, thereby indicating recent hydrocarbon migration.

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: Albuquerque Basin Play NEW MEXICO

8

Traps: Although the structure of underlying rocks is obscured by the late Tertiary fill, normal faulting seems to be a predominant structural feature of the Albuquerque Basin (Figs. P-4 and P-19). At least three of the nine Cretaceous test wells encountered normal faults that cut out significant parts of the section (Fig. P-20). Traps are anticipated closures within different fault blocks, and many probably would be fault traps. Drilling depths to the Dakota Sandstone are 6,000 to 20,000 feet, and the size of the possible traps are unknown. Seals are dependent on fault seals and overlying impermeable shales, either within the Cretaceous section or overlying Tertiary fill. The abundance of gas shows in the Tertiary continental section, which probably was sourced from Cretaceous rocks, suggests that sealing of Cretaceous or older reservoirs may be a problem. � Exploration status: Of 46 tests in the play area, only nine penetrated the Cretaceous section (Table 2) and four penetrated all or parts of the Paleozoic section. The Tertiary and Quaterna ry fill, which is greater than 20,000 feet in some places, has masked Laramide and older struc tures, thereby necessitating seismic data to delineate structure. Published data on pre-Tertiary structure are not available, but Shell Oil Company conducted seismic surveys throughout the basin in the 1970's and drilled, or caused to be drilled, nine deep test wells (Fig. P-20). The seismic data must have been difficult to interpret in places, judging by the differences between the prognosticated formational depths and the actual drilled depths. Gas and some oil shows were reported in Cretaceous rocks (Fig. P-21). Unsuccessful attempts were made in one well to complete for gas production in the Shell farmout (Molenaar, 1987).

Resource potential: In summary, the Albuquerque Basin Play covers a large area and has the potential for large amounts of hydrocarbons, probably gas. Little is known about the subsur face structure. Seismic data collected in the recent past seem to have been of only moderate quality, necessitating additional seismic surveys because the few deep tests indicate that large normal faults are present and may control hydrocarbon occurrence.

Well No. and Name Location Completion Date Total Depth (ft)

Shell SFP No. 1 18-13N-3E 6-19-72 11,045

Shell Laguna-Wilson Trust No. 1 8-9N-1W 9-21-72 11,115

Shell SFP No. 2 29-6N-1W 3-29-74 14,305

Shell Isleta No. 1 7-7N-2E 10-25-74 16,346

Shell SFP No. 3 28-13N-1E 4-19-76 10,276

TransOcean Isleta No. 1 8-8N-3E 10-4-78 10,378

Shell Isleta No. 2 16-8N-2E 11-23-79 21,266

Shell West Mesa Fed. No. 1

24-11N-1E 12-30-80 19,375

Figure P-19.

1982).

ESPANOLABASIN

PUEBLORESERVATION ALBUQUERQUE

BASIN A A'

ALBUQUERQUEBASIN

PUEBLORESERVATION

N

A A' ESPANOLABASIN

C r e t a c e o u s

T e r t i a r y

Explanation Outline of significant basins

Figure P-20.

(modified after

Cliff House Sandstone

Mancos Shale

Mancos Shale

20 miles

Explanation

Gallup Ss

Greenhorn Limestone Mbr of Mancos Shale

C C'

Figure P-21.

Shell Laguna-

Shell Isleta #1

Stone #2

Shell SFP #2

Outline of

1 mile

N

Block diagram depicting schematic structure across the Albuquerque and Espanola Basins (modified after Black,

Triassic-Jurassic

Permian

Pennsylvanian

Pre-Camb. Potential source, reservoir, and seal.

Stratigraphy & Hydrocarbon Potential


Alluvial valley fill deposits Outline of Pueblo reservation outside geologic basin

Outline of Pueblo reservation within geologic basin

Extensional faults

Line of cross section for upper block

**Schematic cartoon, not to scale.

Potential source, reservoir, and seal.


Potential source.

Stratigraphic cross-section C-C' of Cretaceous rocks along the east side of the Albuquerque Basin into the Santa Fe Embayment (Fig. 7; cross-section 3) Molenaar, 1983).

Menefee Fm.

Satan Tongue of Mancos Shale

Mulallo Tongue of Mancos Shale

Crevasse Canyon Fm.

Top of Juana Lopez Mbr.

Whitewater Arroyo ?Tongue of Mancos Shale

EAST SIDE OF ALBUQUERQUE BASIN HAGAN-SANTA FE

EMBAYYMENT

V.E. 121x

Marine shale & siltstone

Marine & coastal-barrier sandstone

Nonmarine deposits

Timemarker bed

Tres Hermanos Formation

Point Lookout Sandstone

Dallon Ss Mbr of Crevasse Canyon Fm

Dakota Sandstone

Twowells Tongue of Dakota Ss

Test wells that had shows of oil and gas in Albuquerque Basin (modified after Black, 1982).

ALBUQUERQUE

Shell SFP No.1

Shell SFP No.3

Shell West Mesa Fed. No.1

Wilson Trust #1

Norins Parajito Grant #1

TransOcean Isleta No.1

Joiner Sanclemente No. 1 Stone Horland No. 1

Long Dalies No.1 Big Three Dalies Townsite No. 1

Cal-New Mexico Dechares No. 1

Von G No.1 Humble Oil SFP #1

Harlan et al. Harlan #1

Harlan #3

Harlan#4

Harlan #5

Ringle Tome #3

Ringle Tome #1

Grober Fuqua No.1

Belen Oil-Seipple No.1

Central New Mexico Brown #1 Gas show

Oil show

Oil & Gas show

Albuquerque Basin

Table 2. Summary table of eight deep test wells in Albuquerque Basin (modified after Molenaar, 1987).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: Albuquerque Basin Play NEW MEXICO

9

Figure P-22.

Espanola Basin

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

Pennsylvanian

Permian

Triassic

Cretaceous Coal

Coal

Hosta Dalton

Sanostee

Chinle

San Andres

Abo

Eastland

Santa Fe Co.

Shell Oil Santa Fe No.1Shell Oil

Santa Fe No.3

Shell Oi

Bernalillo Co.

Shell OilShell Oil

Section removed

by Tertiary Erosion

B'

Cliffhouse Ss

B

medial silty member

upper sandy member

limestone member

Gypsum Member

Recapture Member

15 m

ss - trough crossbeds

ss - laminar

limestone

sandy limestone

gypsum

(USGS 2302) �

General Characteristics

nola Basin Play and is considered separately (Fig. P-22).

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and on the south by the Sandia Mountains and their broad eastern flank. the line of truncation of Cretaceous rocks, which is controlled by wells in one area.

The primary res

Sandstone Members of the Mancos Shale, 10-25 ft thick (Figs. P-23 and P-24). The

The primary oil-source rocks are of moderate quality and are in the

the Mancos. rocks.

All of these rocks are mostly in the oil-generating range,

Timing and migration:The struc

(Black, 1979). It seems

Exploration status:

tion. ported in most or all the wells. A small amount of oil has been produced in one well

been encountered, the main potential is oil.

Location of Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play (2302) with respect to the Pueblo Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

Albuquerque


Play (2303)




Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations

DATUM

Allison - Menefee

Albuquerque Basin Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment

Greenhorn

Morrison

Yeso

Todilto

Menefee

McKee No.1

Sandoval Co. Sandoval Co.

Laguna Wilson Trust No.1l

Isleta No. 1 Valencia Co.

Santa Fe No. 2 Valencia Co.

EXPLANATION Stratigraphic intervals with oil and gas potential

Approximate attitude of bedding

WANAKAH FORMATION

Westwater Canyon Member

ss - tabular cross beds

ss - massive

mudstone & siltstone

EN

TR

AD

A S

AN

DS

TON

E

TOD

ILTO

FO

RM

ATIO

N

MO

RR

ISO

N F

OR

MAT

ION

MO

RR

ISO

N F

OR

MAT

ION

D

AK

OTA

FO

RM

ATIO

N

E ncinal Canyon Member

Jackpile Member

Brushy Basin Member

Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play

The Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment is in the southern part of the Espanola Basin, but be cause of the different play attributes, this hypothetical play is split off from the Espa

The play area is tear-drop shaped and about 25 miles in diameter. It is bound on the west by the northern vol canic-covered end of the Albuquerque Basin, on the east by the southern plunge of the

To the north, the play is separated from the Espanola Basin along

Reservoirs: The play is a structural-stratigraphic play for oil and gas in relatively shallow (<4,000 feet) Cretaceous objectives (Black, 1979 and 1984). ervoir objectives are the Dakota Sandstone, 25-100 ft thick, and the Tocito and Semilla

Jurassic Entrada Sandstone, about 50 feet thick, and possibly Pennsylvanian carbo nates, are secondary objectives.

Source rocks: lower part of the Mancos Shale and, where preserved, the Niobrara-equivalent within

Shales at the base of the Todilto Limestone are also potential source In addition, carbonaceous shales in the Dakota and above the Mancos Shale are

potential gas source rocks. although maturation levels range widely because of Oligocene intrusion of volcanics in the area (Molenaar, 1987).

Unlike the other plays in this province, the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play area is only partially covered by late Tertiary synrift fill. tural history of the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment is poorly understood, but is complex

At least 6,000 ft of Eocene Galisteo Formation and Oligocene Espina so Formation were tilted eastward 20° to 30° in middle or late Tertiary time. likely that the time of maximum maturation was prior to this deformation or in the Oligocene, when the intrusive rocks were emplaced and there was sufficient overbur den of the Eocene Galisteo Formation and Oligocene Espinaso Formation.

Traps: Traps of probable small to moderate size are both structural and stratigraphic, the latter in the case of lenticular Semilla and Tocito Sandstone Members (Fig. P-23). Seals would be overlying Mancos Shale for Cretaceous reservoirs, Todilto Anhydrite for the Entrada Sandstone, and interbedded shales for the Pennsylvanian carbonate reservoirs.

About 34 wells have been drilled in the play area, most since 1974, and all but two of three wells were drilled into or through the Cretaceous sec

Several wells were drilled to the Entrada Sandstone. Oil or gas shows were re

from the Tocito Sandstone Lentil of the Mancos Shale at a depth of 2,740 ft (Mole naar, 1987).

Resource potential: In summary, the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play covers a rela tively small area, and the individual trap sizes are probably small. Although gas has

Shallow drilling depths along with out crop and well control allow for a better understanding of the geologic structure when

Figure P-23. Stratigraphic section showing facies relationships from Albuquerque Basin north to the Santa Figure P-24. Measured stratigraphic section of Jurassic strata in the Western Hagan compared to the Albuquerque Basin. Fe Embayment of the Espanola Basin (Fig. P-7; cross-section 2) (modified after Black, 1982). Basin (modified after Black, 1982).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play 10 NEW MEXICO

Española Basin Play (USGS 2303)

General Characteristics This hypothetical play covers a major part of the Española Basin north of the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment (Fig. P-25). The southern boundary, which separates this play from the Hagan-Santa Fe Em bayment Play, is the projected northern truncation edge of Creta ceous rocks. The eastern boundary is the uplifted Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the northern boundary is the narrowing and eastward off set of the rift system, and the western boundary is the volcanic Je mez Mountains. The entire play area is covered by late Tertiary syn rift deposits, and little is known about the subsurface structure and stratigraphy (Fig. P-26).

Reservoirs: Potential reservoirs are Pennsylvanian carbonate rocks and possibly the Jurassic Entrada Sandstone along the southern mar gin, where it has not been removed by pre-Galisteo erosion. Reser voir thickness is estimated to be less than 100 feet.

Source rocks, timing and migration: Postulated source rocks would be marine shales within the cyclic Pennsylvanian system and, where preserved, the basal shale of the Todilto Limestone Member. Sparse data indicate the maturation levels in Pennsylvanian rocks and Tertiary rocks to be in the oil-generating window. The data on Tertiary rocks are from depths of 6,000-7,000 feet (Gautier et al., 1996).

Traps: The play is an oil play for structural traps.

Exploration status: Only about four exploration tests have been drilled in the Española Basin Play area. Two wells east of the city of Española, drilled in 1931 and 1961, bottomed in Pennsylvanian rocks at depths of about 1,700 and 2,730 feet, respectively. Minor oil shows were reported in both wells. These wells were probably drilled on an intermediate fault block adjacent to the Sangre de Cris to Mountains (Molenaar, 1987). No specific data has been provided on these wells. � Resource potential: In summary, the Española Basin Play is specu lative and risky. Although oil shows have been reported, good source rocks and reservoirs have not been documented. Seismic data and additional well control are necessary to further evaluate the play. �

Espanola Basin

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

Albuquerque


Play (2303)




Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations

Figure P-25. Location of Espanola Basin Play (2303) with respect to the Pueblo Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

ESPANOLABASIN

PUEBLORESERVATION ALBUQUERQUE

BASIN A A'

Explanation

Outline of significant basins

Cre

tace

ous

Triassic-Jurassic

Permian

Pennsylvanian

Pre-Camb. Potential source, reservoir, and seal.

Stratigraphy & Hydrocarbon Potential


Alluvial valley fill deposits

Outline of Pueblo reservation outside geologic basin

Outline of Pueblo reservation within geologic basin

Extensional faults

Line of cross section for upper block



Potential source.

Tert

iary

Figure P-26. Block diagram of the Espanola Basin (modified after Black, 1982).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: Espanola Basin Play 11 NEW MEXICO

� (USGS 2304) �

General Characteristics

deposits (Fig. P-28).

Gas has been pro

biogenic origin. sandstones in lacustrine, clay-rich beds of Pliocene age. Whether or

�Limited geoph ysical and well data indicate that a basement high or horst block underlies the play area (Fig. P-28). Depth to Precam

The deepest part of the greater San Luis Basin, which is bounded by the foothills of the San Juan Mountains on the west, and by the Sangre de Cristo Mountains

A

�In addition to the shallo

Three wells in

The other wells were still in

Figure P-27.

(modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

Espanola Basin

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

1-3 State 1-f State

NBH - Alamosa 1-33 MAPCO/(AMOCO)

1-3 State

SANGRE DE

10 miles0

8000

4000

Sea

-4000

Feet 8000

4000

Sea

-4000

Feet

Cretaceous Mancos Shale

D D'

Figure P-29.

CARR

Williams

TUCKER Whittier

NBH Land 1-33

T 4 1 N

T 4 0 N

T 3 9 N

T 3 8 N

MAPCO State 1-32

CARR State "F"

R 9E R 10 E R 11 E R 12 E

ALAMOSA

San Luis Valley Biogenic Gas Play

This hypothetical play covers an elongate area about 70 miles long and 20 miles wide in the east-central part of the San Luis Valley (Fig. P-27), which is a rifted valley filled with continental Tertiary

The boundaries are arbitrary, and the play is based on the many gas shows in shallow water wells in the area north and east of Alamosa, Colorado (Fig. P-29). duced from about 35 of these wells and used by farmers for heating purposes for many years. Analytical data indicate that the gas is of

The reservoirs for gas in this play are sands or

not a commercial accumulation of gas exists in this play is specula tive. Certainly at such shallow depths, the reservoir pressure would be low.

brian Basement is as shallow as 6,000 feet.

on the east, is near the east margin. According to gravity calcula tions, the top of the Precambrian surface is at a depth of about 22,500 feet in the structurally low area northeast of Alamosa. slightly greater depth was calculated for the area a few miles west of Taos, New Mexico.

w wells that were drilled for gas, or wa ter wells that were converted to gas wells, about 23 wells were dril led in the greater San Luis Valley area (Fig. P-29). the northern third of the San Luis Valley that penetrated the entire section found Tertiary on Precambrian. Tertiary rocks at total depth. The hydrocarbon potential of this large area is very low.

Location of the San Luis Biogenic Play (2304) with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations

Albuquerque


Play (2303)




Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations

AMAREX, INC. Strat. Test

Sec. 38, T39N, R5E

TENN. GAS TRANS.

Sec.14, T41N, R7E

AMERADA

Sec.16, T39N, R10E

RESERVE OIL

Sec.33, T40N, R11E

COUGAR PET. 1 Crow

Sec.3, T39N, R11E

F.W. CARR 1 Crow

Sec.4, T39N, R11E

Sec.32, T40N, R12E

SAN JUAN SAG SAN LUIS BASIN

CRISTO RANGE

Note: Vertical scale is not uniform

Level Level

EXPLANATION

Santa Fe Group

Quaternary alluvial

Tertiary volcanics Tertiary sediments undiff.

Cretaceous Dakota Ss

Jurassic Morrison Fm.

Jurassic Entrada Ss.

Precambrian basement

Location of water wells that produce or had significant shows of biogenic gas within the Baca Graben of the San Luis Valley (modified after

BACA GRABEN GAS SHOWS Kennedy-

T.D. 6200'

T.D. 4280' RESERVE

T.D. 7011' T.D. 9490'

Crow T.D. 6574'

AMERADA

T.D. 6072'

Water wells that produce or had significant shows of biogenic gas.

Figure P-28. Geologic cross-section across San Luis Basin. Vertical scale is a conversion of a time-depth scale from a seismic section. Therefore, the vertical scale is not uniform (Fig. P-7; cross-section 4) Black, 1982) (modified after Gries, 1985).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS UNCONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: San Luis Valley Biogenic Gas Play 12 NEW MEXICO

Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province � The Raton Basin is an elongate, asymmetric basin in southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico, analogous to other Rocky Mountain structural-stratigraphic basins associated with the Rocky Mountain Laramide Orogenic Belt. It is bounded on the west by the Sangre de Cristo Uplift, on the north by the Wet Mountains and the Apishipa Arch, and on the southeast by the Sierra Grande Uplift. The basin is approximately 175 miles long and up to 65 miles wide. It encompasses approximately 18,800 square miles (Fig. P-30) and sedimentary rocks within the basin may be 15,000-20,000 feet thick in the deepest part (Fig. P-31). The western flank of the basin dips steeply to the east and has been affected by substantial transcurrent and thrust faulting. In the Miocene, the basin was intruded by the Spanish Peaks igneous complex, which was accompanied by exten sive fracturing and intrusion of numerous dikes and sills. Intrusion of the Spanish Peaks Complex does not appear to have significantly elevated the general geothermal level of the entire basin. �Post-Precambrian stratigraph y in the Raton Basin is typical of the southern Rocky Mountains. A thin carbonate succession (Devon ian/Mississippian) overlies the Precambrian Basement (Fig. P-32). Overlying this sequence are 5,000-10,000 feet of terrigenous Per mian-Pennsylvanian strata, largely sandstones and redbeds. Triassic redbeds (approximately 1,000 feet thick) overlie about 500 feet of terrigenous Jurassic sediments. The Cretaceous section includes 200 feet of the basal sequence of clastic Purgatoire/Dakota, followed by 1,000-2,000 feet of marine chalks, marls, and organic-rich shales of the Benton and Niobrara Groups. This sequence is overlain by ap proximately 2,500 feet of Pierre Shale. The marginal marine, partly deltaic Trinidad Sandstone overlies the Pierre, and is in turn overlain by the coal-bearing Vermejo Formation. The Upper Cretaceous/Pa leocene coal-bearing Raton Formation overlies the Vermejo. Tertiary sediments of the Poison Canyon Formation overlying these strata are highly variable, and represent continental terrigenous sedimentation during the end of the Laramide Orogeny. Perhaps 10,000 feet of Ter tiary sediments were originally deposited, but erosion has removed much of the sediment, especially around the basin margins. A gener alized stratigraphic section showing the hydrocarbon-bearing strata is shown in Figure P-31. �In the Colorado portion of the Raton Basin, g as wells have pro duced measurable quantities from Permian, Upper Triassic, and Cre taceous strata in Las Animas County, and from Cretaceous age rocks in Huerfano County (Fig. P-33). Approximately 4,000 bbl oil were produced from the Codell Formation (Cretaceous) at the Gardner Field (now plugged and abandoned) in Huerfano County. The Gar cia Field (Fig. P-34), now abandoned, in Las Animas County, Colo rado, produced 1.5 BCFG from the Cretaceous Pierre Formation and Apishipa Member of the Niobrara Formation between 1896 and 1943. Natural gas was produced from the Dakota and Morrison For mations in the now-abandoned Wagon Mound Field in Mora County, New Mexico (Fig. P-35).

�Carbon dioxide is produced from the Sheep Mountain Field and Dike Mountain Fields, Huerfano County, Colorado. Drilling began in the early 1970's, when the target was oil and (or) gas. Production of CO2 is from the Cretaceous Dakota and Jurassic Entrada Formations at depths between 3,500 and 6,000 feet. The field has produced ap proximately 481 BCF of CO2. The Bravo Dome [Bueyeros Field] (Fig. P-36), located in parts of Harding, Union, and Quay Counties, New Mexico, also produces CO2, in part from the Permian Glorieta and Yeso Formations, and has produced [through 1990] 118 BCF of CO2. This field is estimated to contain more than 16 TCF of CO2 re serves; approximately one-half is estimated to be recoverable with existing technology (Keighin, 1995). �No commercial oil or g as fields are now active in the basin area, although the coal-bearing Raton and Vermejo Formations yield sig nificant quantities of methane. Two hypothetical conventional gas plays are defined. These are the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play (4101), and Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play (4102). An uncon ventional coalbed gas play, the Southern Raton Basin Play (4152) is also relevant for gas production in or near the Pueblo Indian Reserva tions (Fig. P-30).

Age

CE

NE

ZO

ICM

ES

OZ

OIC

Pierre Shale

l

Codell Sandstone

Greneros Shale

Ben

ton

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

0 - 2500

0 - 2075

0 - 350

0 - 255

1300 - 2900

900 0 - 55

0 - 30 165 - 225

20-70 175-400

140 - 200 100 - 150

150 - 400 30 - 100 40 - 100

0 - 1200

5,000 - 10,000

CRETACEOUS

PALEOCENE

Stratigraphic Units Thickness (ft.)

Poison Canyon Formation

Raton Formation

Trindad Sandstone

Nio

brar

a

Smokey Hill MarFort Hays Limestone

Carille Sandstone Greenhorn Limestone

Dakota Sandstone Purgatoiro Formation

PALEOZOIC UNDIVIDED

Morrison Wanakah Entrada

Dockum Group

Vermejo Formation

Primary gas reservoir

Secondary gas reservoir

Source rocks for gas

Primary oil reservoir

Secondary oil reservoir

Source rocks for oils

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

Upper Cretaceous -

Southern Raton Basin

Raton Basin-Sierra Grande

Albuquerque

Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations


Lower Tertiary Play (4101)

Coal-Bed Play (4152 )

Uplift Province Outline

Figure P-31. Stratigraphic section depicting bedding relationships within the Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Geologic Province (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

Figure P-30. Outline of Pueblo Reservations with respect to the Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province. The Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play (4101), Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous Play (4102) and Southern Raton Basin Coal-Bed Play (4152) are depicted (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province 13 NEW MEXICO

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONSNEW MEXICO

Figure P-32. Structure-contour map of top of Precambrian basement rocks in Raton Basin, New Mexico (modified after Woodward and Snyder, 1976).

Figure P-33. Outline of Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Geologic Province with exploration wells from 1900-1993 illustrated. Also highlighted is the outline of the hydrocarbon plays within the region (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

Oil Dry

Oil and GasGas

Santa Fe


40 miles

N

Wagon Mound Field (no longer active)

CO

NM

Figure P-34. Structure map of Garcia Field. Datum is the base of the Timpas limestone; contours are in feet (modified after Clair and Bradish, 1956).

2120

29 28

22

27

23 24 19 20 21 22

26 25 30 29 28 27

343332313635343332

5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3

109

1516

87

1718

12

13

11

1415

10

16

8

17

4650

4200 4300 4400 45004600

4700

4800

4900

4700

4600

4500

4134

4340

4612

5046

4747

4711

4633

4616

4550

4557

4609

4603

4648

4974

4461

Basalt Dike

Basalt Dike

T34S

T33S

Analog Field Within Raton Basin near Pueblo ReservationsGarcia Field

(Figure P-34)

· Location of Discovery Well: �T34S , R62W

�· Producing Formation: � �Codell Fm; Greenhorn Lms; Dakota Ss

�· Type of Trap: � � �Str atigraphic; anticline

�· Initial Production: � �1.5 MCFD

�· Cumulative Production: � �NA

�· Gas Characteristics: � �26.6 g ravity API

�· Type of Drive: � � �Lo w pressure

�· Average Net Pay: � �v ariable

�· Porosity: � � �NR�· Permeability:� � �NR

Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province 14

4500

40003500

30002500

200015001000

3500

3000

1500

1000500

0

-500

5000

Structure Contour - Topof Precambrian rocks

(Elevation in feet above mean sea level).

2000

6000

SCALE

20 miles

Raton

Cimarron

Maxwell

Las Vegas

Outcrop of Precambrian

Springer

p-C

p-C

p-C

p-CR.17E. R.18E. R.19E. R.20E. R.21E. R.22E. R.27E.R.23E. R.26E.R.25E.R.24E.

T.32N.

T.31N.

T.30N.

T.29N.

T.28N.

T.27N.

T.26N.

T.25N.

T.24N.

T.23N.

T.22N.

T.21N.

T.20N.

T.19N.

T.18N.

T.17N.

T.16N.

Albuquerque

Santa Fe

R 62 W R 61 W

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONSNew Mexico

Figure P-35. Structure-contour map of top of Dakota Formation (Cretaceous) in Raton Basin, New Mexico (modified after Northrop et al., 1946; Bachman, 1953; Simms, 1965; Pilmore, 1969; Speer, 1976; and , 1974). Figure P-36. Structure map of the Bravo Dome Carbon Dioxide Area Field showing the base of the Cimarron Anhydrite. Contour lines are in feet (modified after Johnson, 1983).

T 18 N

T 19 N

T 20 N

T 21 N

R 35 ER 34 ER 33 ER 32 ER 31 ER 30 E

+2300

+2400

+2500

+2600

+2700

+2800

+2300

+2500+

2400

+2600

+2300

+2400+2500

+2200

Wagon Mound Field(Fig. P-35)

Location of Discovery Well: � �T21N, R21E, sec14, Mor a County, NMProducing Formation: � � �Cretaceous Dak ota Ss & Jurassic� � � � �Morr ison FmType of Trap:� � � �Shale (Gr aneros Shale); StratigraphicInitial Production:�� 300-500 thousand cubic f eet per dayCumulative Production: � � �NRGas Characteristics:� � �NRType of Drive:� � � �Gas pressure (lo w)Average Net Pay: � � �110 f eetPorosity:�� 15%Permeability:� � � �~2 darcies

Bravo Dome Field(Figure P-36)

Location of Discovery Well:�� s w nw sec 32, T20N, R31E (No.1 Bueyeros)Producing Formation:� � �Santa Rosa ss (T riassic); Sangre De Cristo FmType of Trap:� � � �Str atigraphicInitial Production:�� 1,500 MCFDCumulative Production: � � �5.3 to 9.8 TCF (estimated)Gas Characteristics:� � �98.6 to 99.8% CO 2Type of Drive:� � � �Gas ExpansionAverage Net Pay:�� 100 f eetPorosity:�� 20%Permeability:� � � �42 millidar cies

Analog Fields Within Raton Basin Near Pueblo Indian Reservations 15

Wagon Mound Dakota Ss Field

Dome

Anticline, showing plunge

Structure contour of top of Dakota Ss infeet above mean sealevel

6000

Outcrop of Dakota SsKd

KdKd

Kd

6000

7000

4500

5000

2000

5000

2000

3000

4000

9000

7000

6000

6500

Gas show

Oil show

CIMARRON

LAS VEGAS

SPRINGER

RATON

20 miles

3500

Albuquerque

Santa Fe

Conventional Plays

Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play

�(USGS 4101) �

General Characteristics This hypothetical, continuous-type "tight-gas" play is largely restrict ed to the marginal marine, partly deltaic Trinidad Sandstone. Al though, stratigraphic traps could occur in the Vermejo and Raton For mations (Fig. P-37). Dolly and Meissner (1977) estimated the upper most Cretaceous/lowermost Tertiary section may have generated ap proximately 23 TCFG, of which approximately 6 TCFG may be re coverable. Additionally, as much as 750 BCF of recoverable gas re serves exists in basin-centered gas in the northern portion of the Ra ton Basin.

Reservoirs: The Cretaceous Trinidad Sandstone, characterized as marginal marine and partly deltaic, is the potential reservoir rock. General thickness probably varies between 100 and 250 feet. Reser voir sandstones may be as much as 50 feet thick and reservoir porosi ty is probably 10-14 percent, but porosity usually varies between 2 and 18 percent. Other potential clastic reservoirs include the Creta ceous Vermejo and Cretaceous/Paleocene Raton Formations.

Source rocks, timing, and migration: Pierre Shale and coal/carbo naceous beds are potential sources in the Vermejo, Raton, and Poison Canyon Formations. Generation and migration probably began no earlier than Eocene.

Traps: Trinidad Sandstones, in a basin-center environment, may lack a conventional seal. Depth to production is rather shallow, rang ing between approximately 4,000 and 6,000 feet.

Exploration status and resource potential: The play is poorly ex plored. It is possible that a few new discoveries will exceed 6 BCFG. A number of small gas fields possibly could be found.

Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play (USGS 4102)

General Characteristics This is a high-risk play, and potential reservoirs are restricted to Ju rassic Morrison and Cretaceous Dakota Sandstones deposited as highly lenticular marine bars and fluvial channels (Fig. P-38). Sand stones may be fine to coarse grained, 10-40 feet thick and log-de rived porosity may reach 15-25 percent. Field pressure, determined from the now-abandoned Wagon Mound Field (Mora County, New Mexico) is low.

Reservoirs: Jurassic Morrison and Cretaceous Dakota Sandstones, deposited as highly lenticular marine bars and fluvial channels, are the potential reservoirs. Sandstones are fine to coarse grained, 10-40 feet thick. Porosity, determined from logs (Figs. 39 and 40), varies between 15 and 25 percent and permeability appears high. Field pressure is low (5.5 psi). Most of the gas has been found in the up per Dakota Sands.

Source rocks, timing, and migration: Shale and coal are possible sources within the Purgatoire-Dakota sequence, and overlying shales include potential source beds for oil and gas. Generation probably began in early Tertiary (Eo cene-time) when overlying strata were at least 10,000 feet thick. Migration probably began in the Eocene.

Traps: Gas was structurally trapped in the Dakota Sands in a low-relief, northeast-trending Laramide Anticline. Some gas was trapped in lenticular, fluvial Jurassic Morrison Sandstones. Interbedded shales probably act as traps. Depth to known occurrences is 500-5,000 feet.

Exploration status: The play is poorly explored. It is un likely that new discoveries will exceed 6 BCFG or 1 MMBO. A number of small gas fields could probably be found.

Resource potential: This is a high risk play; undiscovered resources are estimated to be of small size.

Figure P-40. Typical electric log characteristics of the Dakota Sandstone in the Raton Basin, Colfax County, New Mexico (modified after Gilbert and Asquith, 1976).

ODESSA NATURAL CORP. -MAGUIRE OIL CO. No. 2 W.S. Ranch sw nw 30 - T 30 N - R 20 E

COLFAX CO., NEW MEXICO

4900'

TOP OF DAKOTA FM.4950'

5000'

5050'

5100'

TOP OF MORRISON FM.

5150'

Figure P-39. Typical gamma-ray log of Dakota Formation in south-central Raton Basin (modified after Gilbert and Asquith, 1976).

W.J. GOURLEY No. 2 VERMEJO 16, T30N, R19E

Colfax County New Mexico

SP RESISTIVITY- +

Purgatoire

Alluvial

Meander Belt

JUR

AS

SIC

Morrison Formation

Formation

Braided

Interval

Interval

Marine Sand

Dak

ota

Sand

ston

e C

RE

TAC

EO

US

Graneros Shale

100 feet

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

Upper Cretaceous



Albuquerque

Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations





Figure P-37. Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play (4101) with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

Upper Cretaceous



Albuquerque

Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations





Figure P-38. Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play (4102) with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAYS: Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play and Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play 16 NEW MEXICO

resources of the Raton Basin are estimated to be as much as 12 TCF Analog Field Within Raton BasinUNCONVENTIONAL PLAYS rocks is oriented east-west. � �Groundw ater recharges the topographically high Vermejo-Raton (Fig. P-42). (near Pueblo Indian Reservations)

Coal-Bed Gas Plays Aquifer along the western margin of the basin and flows eastward to �Some coal is produced by both under ground and surface meth

discharge at the topographically lower eastern outcrops along major ods in the Colorado and New Mexico parts of the basin. Mine-relat Sheep Mountain Field Three coal-bed gas plays are identified in the Raton Basin Province. seeps and drainage areas (Geldon, 1989; Stevens et al., 1992). The ed emissions are minor. An explosion in an underground mine near (Figure P-41)

Location of Discovery Well:�� No .1 Faris,The Southern Raton Basin Play (4152) is relevant to the Pueblo Indi primary fracture (face cleat) trend in the Raton Basin coals is per Trinidad, Colorado, indicates that the coal beds are gassy.

an Reservations (Fig. P-41). Tyler et al., 1991; Stevens et al., 1992; pendicular to the local trend of the Sangre de Cristo thrust front and Since the late 1970's, more than 110 exploration wells have been � � � � �nw se 15, T25S, R70W

Producing Formation: � � �Cretaceous Dak ota Ss;and Close and Dutcher, 1993, have described the geologic controls thus enhances groundwater flow and the potential for artesian over drilled for coal-bed gas in the Raton Basin, both in Colorado and � � � �J urassic Entrada Ss

and potential of coal-bed gas in the Raton Basin, southeastern Colo pressuring (Tyler et al., 1991). New Mexico. Production tests have been variable, but gas rates of �

rado and northeastern New Mexico. �Gas contents of coal beds in the basin are highly v ariable and more than 300 MCF/D have been reported. At present, all wells are Type of Trap:� � � �Str atigraphic (shale)

�In the Raton Basin, coal beds with potential for coal-bed g as are range from 4 to 810 Scf/t. These contents seem to correlate more shut-in because of the absence of gas pipelines in the basin. Howev Initial Production:�� 4900 MCFD

contained within the Upper Cretaceous Vermejo and Upper Creta closely with depth below the hydrologic potentiometric surface than er, a pipeline is under construction and a pilot nitrogren injection Cumulative Production:� � �NR

ceous-Paleocene Raton Formations (Fig. P-42). The Vermejo For with depth below the ground surface. On the basis of coal thickness, project for coalbed gas wells has been approved (Rice and Finn, Gas Characteristics:� � �NR mation is as much as 350 feet thick and individual coal seams are as coal density, drillable area, and gas content, in-place coal-bed gas 1995). Type of Drive:� � � �Gas pressure much as 14 feet thick. The cumulative coal thickness for the forma

U D

UD

U D

SURFACE

TRACE OFPALU

DU

RA

THRU

STFAU

LT

+600

0

+550

0+5

000

+450

0+4

000

+35

00

+300

0

+250

0+3

000

+350

0

+4000

+5000+4500

0 +500

+5000

+4500+4000

+300

0 +3

500

+400

0

+450

0

+4000+4500

+5000+5500

+2000

+500

+2000

0

+1000 +1500

EXPLANATION

Outline of Sheep Mtn. Unit

Thrust Fault

Normal FaultU D

Axis of syncline

Average Net Pay:�� 350 f eet, 110 feet tion ranges from 5 to 35 feet. The overlying Raton Formation is as Porosity:�� NR much as 1,600 feet thick and has a net coal thickness in the range of <- Figure P-41. Structure Permeability:� � � �NR

map of the Sheep Mountain10 to 120 feet. Although the Raton Formation contains more coal, Field showing the outline ofindividual coal seams are thinner, more discontinuous, and distribut

N

24

24

20

16

12

4

8

0

12 8

4 0

0

0

4

8

Stonewall

COLORADO

NEW MEXICO

Trinidad

Raton

CO

NM

Cimarron

0

0

10mi

10km

Contour Interval: 4 BCF/sq. mi.

Walsenburg

Vermejo/Trinidad contact

Purgatoire River

Rive

r

Apishapa

Riv

er

Cucharas

Riv

er

Can

adia

n

River

Vermejo

Creek

N. Ponit

R 17 E R 21 E

T 28 N

T 31 S

T 35 S

T 32 N

R 69 W R 65 W R 61 W T 27 S

the Sheep Mountain unit.ed over 1,200 feet of section. The nature of the coal seams in the two Datum is the top of the Dakotaformations is controlled by depositional environment; the Vermejo Sandstone Formation

was deposited in a lagoonal environment; whereas, the Raton was (modified after Roth, 1983).deposited in a fluvial setting. Although coal beds are as much as 4,100 feet deep in the northern part of the basin along the LaVeta Syncline, they are generally less than 1,200 feet over a large part of the basin. �The rank of coals in the Vermejo Formation ranges from high-volatile C bituminous along the margins of the basin to low-volatile bituminous in the central part of the basin. The rank generally coin cides with present-day depth of burial and structural configuration, and probably resulted from maximum depth of burial that occurred in early Tertiary time. However, the highest ranks (low-volatile bitu minous) occur along the eastward-flowing Purgatoire River where the present-day depths of burial are less than about 1,200 feet. These high ranks are interpreted to be the result of high heat flow from the crust, upper mantle, and (or) deep igneous intrusions which was transferred laterally by groundwater flow in middle Tertiary time. During this time, Vermejo and Raton coal beds commonly served as planes of weakness for igneous intrusions. However, the thermal maturity of the coal beds is only locally affected (one-dike width) by the intrusions. �Coal-bed g ases from production tests in the Raton Basin are composed mostly of methane with minor amounts of ethane, carbon Figure P-42. -> Raton dioxide, and nitrogen (each less than 1 percent). Isotopic analyses Basin coal-bed methane in indicate that the gases are predominantly of thermogenic origin and were probably generated during time of maximum burial and (or)

place, contoured in 4 BCF/mi intervals; data

heat flow. Some mixing of relatively recent biogenic gas may occur inside the 16 BCF/mi

in areas of groundwater flow. �The Raton Basin is a strongly asymmetric basin with a gently dipping eastern flank and a steeply dipping western flank that is thrust-faulted (Fig. P-9). Several major folds are located along the western margin of the basin. Minor normal faulting occurs within the basin with displacements generally less than 50 feet. The pri mary fracture permeability system in both the coals and adjoining

contour have a high degree of uncertainty (modified after Stevens et al., 1992).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Coal-Bed Gas Plays 17 NEW MEXICO

Southern Raton Basin Play (USGS 4152)

� General Characteristics

The target area for coal-bed gas is where coal beds of the Vermejo and Raton Formations are greater than 500 feet deep. The thicker, more continuous seams of the Vermejo Formation are probably better targets for coal-bed gas production. The Southern Raton Basin Play target area (Fig. P 43) is based on depth, coal rank, and concentration of gas in place. Exploration wells have been drilled for coal-bed gas in the play, but production has not been established (as of 1996). The reserve potential of coal-bed gas from all three plays is considered very good, but production will depend on infrastructure development, particularly pipeline construction. �In the Southern Raton Basin Play (4152), coal ranks are as much as medium-volatile bituminous, but depths of burial are less than 1,400 feet. Because of these relatively shallow depths, concentra tions of gas in-place are about 8 BCF/square mile or less. The re serve potential of this play is also regarded as good (Rice and Finn, 1995).

COUT

AZ NM

Outline

Upper Cretaceous


Albuquerque

Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations




Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province Outline

South-Central New Mexico Province

This frontier petroleum province covers about 39,900 square miles, primarily in the easternmost part of the Basin and Range Physio graphic Province; it has no production (Fig. P-44). For a more com plete description of this province, see Butler, 1988; and Grant and Foster, 1989. �Small, northeast-trending rift basins are the predominant ph ys iographic feature of the South-Central New Mexico Province. As much as 10,000 feet of alluvium and volcanic rocks fill these exten sional basins, obscuring a moderately thick section of Paleozoic stra ta. �This pro vince has a complex geologic history, having been de formed by three major periods of tectonism during Phanerozoic time: (1) Late Paleozoic formation of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, (2) Laramide compression, and (3) Cenozoic relaxation and extension and volcanism. South-Central New Mexico was near the terminus of the northeast-trending transcontinental basement arch during the Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic. Within this time span, sediments were deposited in platform, shallow shelf, basinal, and alluvial plain envi ronments. Epeiric seas generally transgressed from the south, and

thus a greater thickness of strata was deposited

tion is preserved. Laramide compression from the southwest re province. They are Orogrande Basin Play (2602) and Mesilla-Mimbres juvenated older fault-bounded structures and other paleo-zones of Basins Play (2603), neither of which occur in or near the Pueblo Indian weakness (for example thrust faults) and created basement-cored up Reservations. However, limited exploration has occurred within the lifts. Plutons, with attendant rich mineralization, intruded the prov Acoma Basin Play, which underlies a segment of the Pueblo Reserva ince. Early Tertiary uplift provided cyclic alluvial-fluvial fan grav tion. A brief description of the production within the Acoma Basin is els and deltaic clastics to continental interior-drained basins and presented in the following section.� small lakes. �T wo hypothetical conventional plays were assessed in this

PUEBLO INDIAN

Oil and Gas

Gas

Santa Fe

Acoma Basin

Dry

Albuquerque

RESERVATIONS

50 miles

Figure P-44. Outline of South-Central New Mexico Geologic Province with exploration wells from 1900-1993 illustrated. The Acoma Basin is highlighted (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

during this time in the southern part of the province. During the mid-Paleozoic, general quiescence of the craton in the equatorial paleolatitudes resulted in widespread deposition of fossiliferous carbonates accompanied by basin-margin organic buildups. Convergence of the North and South American tectonic plates in the late Paleozoic resulted in intraplate defor mation. �T riassic and Jurassic strata are not well represented in the province, which depositio nally represents an erosional surface shifting from highlands to interior lowlands and coastal plains. Nascent opening of the Gulf of Mexico (Chihuahua Trough) deposited as much as 750 feet of marine Jurassic sediments in the south ernmost Mesilla Basin. Continued opening near the New Mexico-Mexico border resulted in an east-west Early Cretaceous rift, extending into southeastern Arizona. A thick Late Creta ceous section of marine sandstones and shales and continental fluvial clastics and paludal coals was deposited as seas transgressed and re gressed from the north-northeast and from the south-southwest; about 3,000 feet of this sec

Figure P-43. Southern Raton Basin Coal-Bed Play (4152), with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS UNCONVENTIONAL PLAY: Southern Raton Basin Play and South-Central New Mexico Province 18 NEW MEXICO

Acoma Basin Play

The Acoma Basin has seen limited exploration since the 1920's (Fig. P-45). The boundary between the Acoma Basin and the San Juan Ba sin to the northwest and the eastern Baca Basin is transitional. �Three signif icant exploratory wells have been drilled in the Aco ma Basin since 1981. The Topaz Southwest Number 1 State tested Cretaceous sandstones and shales and Jurassic sandstones with no re thermally immature (Broadhead, 1989). ported shows. The Austra-Tex Numbers 1 through 7 Rio Puerco Fed eral, were drilled to test the Pennsylvanian section (Fig. P-46). �Primary reserv oir targets in the Acoma Basin are Permian lime stones and sandstones of the San Andres and Yeso Formations and Pennsylvanian sandstone and limestones (Fig. P-47). The Cretaceous Figure P-45.

ERA PERIOD

QUATERNARY

CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

EPOCH

Holocene

Pleistocene

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene

Eocene

Paleocene

Late

Late

Middle

Early

Early

Late

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Early

Late

Early

STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

Basin-fill alluvium and basalt flows

Dakota Sandstone

NORTH SOUTH

CE

NO

ZO

IC

TE

RT

IAR

Y

ME

SO

ZO

IC

CA

RB

ON

IFE

RO

US

PA

LEO

ZO

ICP

RO

TE

RO

Z

OIC

NONE DEFINED

NEOGENE

PALEOGENE

PENNSYLVANIAN

MISSISSIPPIAN

Camp Rice Fm.

Ft. Hancock Fm.Santa Fe Group

Sierra Blanco Fm.

Love Ranch Fm.

Undifferentiated

Baca Fm.

Cub Mountain Fm. McRae Fm.

Mesaverde Gp. Mancos Shale

�

Sarten Fm.

Marine clastics

Chinle Fm. Dockum Grp.

Abo Fm. Hueco Fm.

Hueco Fm. Bursum Fm.

Panther Seep Fm. Bishop Cap Fm.

Berino Fm.

La Tuna Fm.

Helms Fm.

Las Cruces Fm.Caballero Fm.

Lake Valley Fm. Rancheria Fm.

Laborcita Fm. Holder Fm.

Beeman Fm.

Gobler Fm.

Magdalena Group

Percha Formation

Canutillo Formation

Fusselman Formation

Bliss Formation

Montoya Group

El Paso Group

Granite and metamorphic rocks

�

�

San Andres Fm. Glorieta Ss. Yeso Fm.

Contadero Fm. Sly Gap Fm. Onate Fm.

�

Santa Rosa Ss.

eastern part of the basin and are present only at shal

in the western part of the basin (Fig. P-48). Pennsyl

Outline of

Highlighted (modified after

COUT

AZ NM

Outline Figure P-48.et al., 1996.)

Sandstone

Zone of pink

E E'

of Gallup & Dalton

Tidal channel sands of Gallup

Measured sections in outcrop 30 miles

SCALE

Gallego Ss

(Atarque Mbr)

D-Cross

Cebollita Mesa

Ramah

Outline

Oil and Gas

Gas

50 miles

Mesaverde and Dakota Sandstones are secondary reservoir targets that have been eroded from the

low depths (less than 1500 feet {Broadhead, 1989})

vanian and Cretaceous marine shales are potential source rocks, but the Cretaceous section may be

the South-Central New Mexico Province with the

Albuquerque

Santa Fe

Pueblo Reservations

South-Central New Mexico Procince Outline

Acoma Basin Play

Location of exploration wells in Acoma Basin (modified after Gautier

Top of Gallup Sandstone

Top of Gallup

fluvial Ss complex

EXPLANATION

Marine & coastal barrier sands Nonmarine deposits (including coal beds)

Marine shale & siltstone

300 feet

Vertical exaggeration = 528

Lower Mancos Sh

Lower Gallup

Pescado Tongue Sh Tongue

Lower Mancos Sh

D-Cross Mtn.

Puertecito Carthage

Pueblo Reservations

Dry

Albuquerque

Santa Fe

Acoma Basin Play

Gautier et al., 1996).

<-Figure P-46. Stratigraphic section depicting bedding relationships within the South-Central New Mexico Geologic Province (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).

Figure P-47.-> Stratigraphic cross-section E-E' of the Acoma Basin (Fig. P-7; cross-section 5) (modified after Molenaar, 1974).

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY-TYPE: Acoma Basin Play 19 NEW MEXICO

Pueblo Reservations of New Mexico Chapin, C.E.,1971, The Rio Grande rift, Part.I: modifications Resources Circular 150, 16p. 54. REFERENCES and additions: New Mexico Geological Society, Guide Grant, P.R., Jr. and Foster, R.W., 1989, Future petroleum prov Mellere, D., 1994, Sequential development of an eustarine valley

� book for the 22nd Field Conference, p. 191-202. inces in New Mexico-discovering new reserves: New fill: The Twowells Tongue of the Dakota Sandstone, Acoma Armstrong, R.L., 1968, The Sevier orogenic belt in Nevada Charpentier, Ronald R., et al., 1996, Tabular Data, Text, and Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, p. 57-58. Basin, New�Mexico, Journal of Sedimentary Research, v.

and Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, Graphical Images in Support of the 1995 National Assess Gries, R.R., 1985, San Juan Sag: Cretaceous rocks in a volcan B64, no. 4, p. 500-515. p. 229-258. ment of United States Oil and Gas Resources, United ic-covered basin, South-Central Colorado, The Mountain Molenaar, C.M., 1993, Albuquerque-Santa Fe-san Luis Rift Ba

Baltz, E.H., 1965, Stratigraphy and history of Raton Basin and States Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-36, Geologist, v. 22, no. 4, p. 167-179. sins Province, in Petroleum exploration plays and resource Hook, S.C., 1983, Stratigraphy, paleontology, depositional estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 3, Colorado notes on San Luis Basin, Colorado-New Mexico: AAPG CD-ROM.

Bulletin, v. 49, p. 2041-2075. Clair, J.R., and Brandish, B.B., 1956, Garcia gas field, Las framework and nomenclature of marine Upper Cretaceous Plateau and Basin and Range., R.B., Powers, ed., U.S. Geo Animas County, Colorado, in Guidebook to the Geology Rocks, Socorro County, New Mexico: New Mexico Geo logical Survey Open-File Report, p. 66-73. Baltz, E.H., 1967, Stratigraphy and regional tectonic implica logical Society Guidebook, 34th Field Conference, p. 165- Molenaar, C.M., 1987, Petroleum geology and hydrocarbon tions of part of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks, east- of Raton Basin, Colorado, p. 75-78.

central San Juan Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Close, J.C., and Dutcher, R.R., 1993, Predication of permeabil 172. plays of the Albuquerque-San Luis Rift Basin, New Mexico Survey Professional Paper 552, 101p. ity trends and origins in coal-bed methane reservoirs of Hook, S.C., Cobban, W.A., and Landis, E.R., 1980, Extension and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report

of the intertongued Dakota Sandstone-Mancos Shale ter 87-450-S, 26p.Bachman, G.O., 1953, Geology of a part of northwestern Mora the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: New Mexi minology in the Southern Zuni Basin: New Mexico Geol

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and co Geological Society, Guidebook to 41st Field Confer ogy, v. 2, p. 42-44. Molenaar, C.M., 1983, Major depositional cycles and regional

Gas Investigations Map OM-137. ence, p. 387-395. Jacka, A.D., and Brand, J.P., 1972, An analysis of the Dakota correlations of Upper Cretaceous rocks, southern Colorado

Plateau and adjacent areas, in Reynolds, M.W., and Dolly, Black, B.A., and Hiss, W.L., 1974, Structure and stratigraphy Cobban, W.A., and Hook, S.C., 1989, Mid-Cretaceous mollus Sandstone in the vicinity of Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the vicinity of the Shell Oil Co., Santa Fe Pacific No.1 can biostratigraphy and paleogeography of the southwest eastward to the Canadian River Valley: New Mexico Geo E.D., eds., Paleogeography of West-Central United States:

test well, southern Sandoval County, New Mexico, in Sie ern part of the Western Interior, United States, in Wester logical Society 23rd Annual Field Conference Guidebook, SEPM Rocky Mountain Section, p. 201-223.

mers, C.T., ed., Ghost Ranch, central-northern New Mexi man, G.E., ed., Jurassic-Cretaceous Biochronology and p. 105-107. Molenaar, C.M., 1974, Correlation of the Gallup Sandstone and co: New Mexico Geological Society 25th Field Confer Paleogeography of North America: Geological Associa Johnson, R.B., and Wood, G.H., Jr., 1956, Stratigraphy of Up associated formations, Upper Cretaceous, Eastern San Juan ence Guidebook, p. 365-370. tion of Canada Special Paper 27, p. 257-271. per Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of Raton Basin, Colora and Acoma Basins, New Mexico, in New Mexico Geologi

do and New Mexico: AAPG Bulletin, v. 40, p. 707-721. cal Society �Guidebook, 25th Field Conference, Ghost Black, B.A., 1982, Oil and gas exploration in the Albuquerque Cordell-Lindrith, Keller, G.R., Hildenbrand, T.G., 1982, Com Ranch (Central-Northern NM), p. 251-258.Basin, in Grambling, J.A., and Wells, S.G., eds., Albuquer plete Bouger gravity anomaly map of the Rio Grande Rift, Johnson, R.E., 1983, Bravo Dome carbon dioxide area, north

que country II: New Mexico Geological Society 33rd An Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: U.S. Geological Sur east New Mexico, in Oil and gas fields of the Four Corners Northrop, S.A., Sullwold, H.H., Jr., McAlpin, A.J., and Rogers, nual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 59-62. vey Geophysical Investigations Map Area, vol. III, Four Corners Geological Society, p. 745- C.P., Jr., 1946, Geologic maps of a part of the Las Vegas Ba

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ploration in New Mexico, in Energy Frontiers in the Rock ies, J.C. Lorenz and S.G. Lucas (eds.), , Albuquerque Geo Eaton, J.G., and Nations, J.G., 1991, Introduction; tectonic set ton, D.C., p. 57-70. surface Example: American Association of Petroleum Geol

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33.

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New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral logical Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Preliminary Map

PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF NEW MEXICO References 20 NEW MEXICO

Pueblo Tribes of New Mexico REFERENCES (continued)

Pillmore, C.L., 1991, Coal-bed methane in Raton Basin, in coal fields of New Mexico-geology and resources, in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1972, C.L. Molina, ed., p. 1533, p. 45-68, and p. 69-77.

� Rice, D.D., and Finn, T.M., 1995, Coal-bed gas plays in Gauti

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� Roth, G., 1983, Sheep Mountain and Dike Mountain Fields,

Huerfano County, Colorado; A source of CO2 for en hanced oil recovery, in Oil and Gas Fields of the Four Corners Areas, J.E. Fassett, ed., Colorado, United States, p. 740-744.

� Simms, R.W., 1965, Geology of the Rayando area, Colfax

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Speer, W.R., 1976, Oil and gas exploration in the Raton Basin: New Mexico Geological Society 27th Annual Field Con ference Guidebook, p. 217-226.

� Stevens, S.H., Lombardi, T.E., Kelso, B.S., and Coates, J.M.,

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� Tyler, R., Ambrose, W.A., Scott, A.R., and Kaiser, W.R., 1991,

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� Van Wagoner, J.C., Mitchum, R.M., Campion, K.M., and Ra

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�

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� Woodward, L.A., and Snyder, D.O., 1976, Tectonic map of the

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� Woodward, L.A., 1984, Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of

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PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS References 21 NEW MEXICO

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