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AdministratorE1082 V. 2

PROJECT NO. NSD18976

FINAL REPORT TO

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

ON

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE

MARINE AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT (MACEMP)

Prepared by:

Jacques Whitford Environment Limited 3 Spectacle Lake Drive

Dartmouth, NS B3B 1W8 CANADA

Tel: +1 902 468 7777 Fax: +1 902 468 9009

24 January 2005

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page i

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Project Purpose.......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Operational Policy Context ....................................................................................................... 1

2.0 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK, POLICIES AND LEGISLATION........................................... 3

2.1 MACEMP Administrative Framework ..................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Responsible Agency ..................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Management and Implementation Structure ................................................................ 3

2.2 Relevant Policies and Legislation ............................................................................................. 3 2.2.1 Policies and Legislation for Mainland Tanzania .......................................................... 4 2.2.2 Policies and Legislation for Zanzibar........................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Policies and Legislation Applicable to both Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar ........... 7 2.2.4 International Agreements ............................................................................................. 7

3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 Component 1: Sound Management of the EEZ......................................................................... 9

3.2 Component 2: Sound Management of the Coastal and Marine Environment ......................... 10

3.3 Component 3: Coastal Community Action Fund .................................................................... 13

3.4 Project Alternatives ................................................................................................................. 13

4.0 PROJECT AREA ................................................................................................................................. 15

4.1 Marine and Coastal Ecosystems.............................................................................................. 15 4.1.1 Physical Oceanography and Climate.......................................................................... 15 4.1.2 Marine and Coastal Habitats ...................................................................................... 17 4.1.3 Important Species ....................................................................................................... 18 4.1.4 Current Status of Marine Protected Areas and Marine Management Areas .............. 19

4.2 Communities ........................................................................................................................... 19 4.2.1 Population................................................................................................................... 19 4.2.2 Households ................................................................................................................. 20 4.2.3 Social Characteristics of Initial Target Geographic Areas ......................................... 21

5.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 22

5.1 Selection of Valued Aspects.................................................................................................... 22

5.2 Potential Impacts of the Project on Valued Aspects................................................................ 24

5.3 Impact Evaluation.................................................................................................................... 24

5.4 Determination of Mitigation, Monitoring and Evaluation....................................................... 31

5.5 Information Collection ............................................................................................................ 31

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT........................................................ 33

6.1 Valued Environmental Aspects ............................................................................................... 33 6.1.1 Marine Ecosystems .................................................................................................... 33

6.1.1.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 33 6.1.1.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 34

6.1.2 Coastal Ecosystems .................................................................................................... 35 6.1.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 35

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page ii

6.1.2.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 37 6.2 Valued Socio-cultural Components......................................................................................... 38

6.2.1 Social Capital ............................................................................................................. 38 6.2.1.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 39 6.2.1.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 40

6.2.2 Vulnerable Groups ..................................................................................................... 41 6.2.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 41 6.2.2.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 42

6.2.3 Cultural Property and Antiquities............................................................................... 42 6.2.3.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 43 6.2.3.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 43

6.3 Valued Economic Components ............................................................................................... 44 6.3.1 Commercial and Artisanal Fisheries .......................................................................... 44


6.3.2 Tourism ...................................................................................................................... 47 6.3.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 47 6.3.2.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 48

6.3.3 Coastal Forest Resource Use...................................................................................... 49 6.3.3.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 49 6.3.3.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 50

6.3.4 Mariculture ................................................................................................................. 51 6.3.4.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 51 6.3.4.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 51

6.3.5 Other Livelihood Activities........................................................................................ 52 6.3.5.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 53 6.3.5.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 53

6.4 Valued Institutional Components ............................................................................................ 54 6.4.1 National and Local Government ................................................................................ 54


6.4.2 NGOs, CBOs and the Private Sector.......................................................................... 59 6.4.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 60 6.4.2.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 63

6.5 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................................. 64 6.5.1 TASAF II.................................................................................................................... 64 6.5.2 JSDF Activities .......................................................................................................... 66 6.5.3 Local Government Support Programme (LGSP) ....................................................... 67 6.5.4 PADEP ....................................................................................................................... 67 6.5.5 European Union Programmes .................................................................................... 68 6.5.6 Restoration of Cultural Heritage Sites........................................................................ 68 6.5.7 The South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project ........................................................ 69 6.5.8 The Targeted Research Project on Coral Reef Management ..................................... 69 6.5.9 The Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership ........................................................ 70 6.5.10 The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction ........................................ 70 6.5.11 Summary of Cumulative Effects Assessment ............................................................ 71

7.0 EXISTING MITIGATIVE POLICIES AND LEGISLATION............................................................ 73

7.1 Environmental Management ................................................................................................... 73 7.1.1 Mainland Tanzania ..................................................................................................... 73 7.1.2 Zanzibar...................................................................................................................... 74

7.2 Coastal Zone and Marine Management................................................................................... 75 7.2.1 Mainland Tanzania ..................................................................................................... 75

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page iii

7.2.2 Zanzibar...................................................................................................................... 75 7.2.3 The Union................................................................................................................... 76

7.3 Fisheries Management............................................................................................................. 76 7.3.1 Mainland Tanzania ..................................................................................................... 76 7.3.2 Zanzibar...................................................................................................................... 78

7.4 Coastal Forest Management .................................................................................................... 79 7.4.1 Mainland Tanzania ..................................................................................................... 79 7.4.2 Zanzibar...................................................................................................................... 79

7.5 Land Management................................................................................................................... 80 7.5.1 Mainland Tanzania ..................................................................................................... 80 7.5.2 Zanzibar...................................................................................................................... 81

7.6 Cultural Property and Antiquities............................................................................................ 81

8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ........................................... 83

8.1 Recommendations for Mitigation............................................................................................ 83

8.2 Environmental Assessment Process and Procedures for Sub-projects .................................... 85 8.2.1 Categorisation of Sub-projects for Environmental Assessment ................................. 85 8.2.2 The Environmental Assessment Process .................................................................... 86 8.2.3 Public Consultation and Disclosure ........................................................................... 87 8.2.4 Environmental Management Plans for Sub-projects .................................................. 87

8.3 Recommendations for Project Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................... 87 8.3.1 Impact indicators ........................................................................................................ 87 8.3.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Procedures ...................................................................... 88

9.0 CONSULTATIONS............................................................................................................................. 91

9.1 Consultation Programme......................................................................................................... 91

9.2 Stakeholder Comments and Concerns..................................................................................... 92

10.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................ 95

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page iv

LIST OF TABLES Page No.

Table 2.1 Coastal and Marine Resource Management Policies and Legislation for Mainland Tanzania ..5 Table 2.2 Coastal and Marine Resource Management Policies and Legislation for Zanzibar ...................6 Table 2.3 Coastal and Marine Resource Management Policies and Legislation Applicable to both

Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar ...............................................................................................7 Table 2.4 International Agreements Relevant to Coastal and Marine Resource Management in

the URT ......................................................................................................................................7 Table 3.1 Sub-components and Activity Descriptions for Sound Management of the EEZ......................9 Table 3.2 Sub-components and Activity Descriptions for Sound Management of the Coastal and

Marine Environment.................................................................................................................11 Table 3.3 Sub-components and Activity Descriptions for the Coastal Community Action Fund............13 Table 4.1 Marine Management Areas in the URT (including MPAs and Local ICM Programmes) .......19 Table 4.2 Population density for coastal regions of the URT...................................................................20 Table 4.3 Household Access to Social Services.......................................................................................21 Table 5.1 Identified Valued Aspects ........................................................................................................23 Table 5.2 Summary of Potential Impacts of Component 1 (Sound Management of the EEZ)

on Valued Aspects....................................................................................................................25 Table 5.3 Summary of Potential Impacts of Component 2 (Sound Management of the Coastal and

Marine Environment) on Valued Aspects ................................................................................27 Table 5.4 Summary of Potential Impacts of Component 3 (Coastal Community Action Fund)

on Valued Aspects....................................................................................................................29 Table 6.1 Assessment of Impacts on Marine Ecosystems........................................................................34 Table 6.2 Assessment of Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems .......................................................................38 Table 6.3 Assessment of Impacts on the Social Capital...........................................................................40 Table 6.4 Economic Activities for Male and Female Headed Households ..............................................41 Table 6.5 Assessment of Impacts on Vulnerable Groups.........................................................................42 Table 6.6 Assessment of Impacts on Cultural Property and Antiquities ..................................................43 Table 6.7 Assessment of Impacts on Fisheries.........................................................................................46 Table 6.8 Visitors to Tanzania Marine Reserves......................................................................................47 Table 6.9 Assessment of Impacts on Tourism..........................................................................................48 Table 6.10 Assessment of Impacts on Coastal Forest Resource Use .........................................................50 Table 6.11 Assessment of Impacts on Mariculture ....................................................................................52 Table 6.12 Assessment of Impacts on Other Livelihood Activities ...........................................................54 Table 6.13 District-level Authorities Within Coastal Mainland Tanzania .................................................56 Table 6.14 Regions and Districts within Zanzibar .....................................................................................58 Table 6.15 Assessment of Impacts on National and Local Government....................................................59 Table 6.16 NGOs Active in the URT .........................................................................................................61 Table 6.17 Assessment of Impacts on NGOs, CBOs and the Private Sector .............................................63 Table 6.18 Assessment of Cumulative Effects Associated with Development Programmes.....................71

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page v

Table 8.1 Summary of Recommended Mitigation for MACEMP by Project Component.......................84 Table 8.2 Impact Indicator Recommendations for Monitoring and Evaluation .......................................89 Table 9.1 Record of Scoping Workshop, Focus Groups and Stakeholder Interviews..............................91 Table 9.2 Summary of Stakeholder Comments and Concerns .................................................................93

LIST OF FIGURES Page No.

Figure 2.1 MACEMP Management and Implementation Structure ............................................................4 Figure 4.1 Geographical Areas of Focus for Initial MACEMP Sub-projects............................................16 Figure 6.1 Relationships between National and Local Government in Mainland Tanzania .....................55 Figure 6.2 Relationships between National and Local Government in Zanzibar ......................................57

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Triggered World Bank Safeguard Policies Appendix B MACEMP Administrative Framework Appendix C Existing Biophysical Environment Appendix D Social Characteristics of Initial Target Geographic Areas Appendix E Stakeholder Interview Materials Appendix F Environmental Screening Process Forms Appendix G Types of Projects that Require EIA in Mainland Tanzania Appendix H Activities which do not Require an EIA Certificate and Activities which do require an EIS in

Zanzibar Appendix I World Bank Categorisation of Projects for EA Appendix J Environmental Management Plan Matrix for Sub-projects Appendix K Stakeholder Consultations

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS AED Academy for Educational Development AIGA Alternative Income Generating Activity BMU Beach Management Unit CARE CARE Tanzania CBFM Community-based Forest Management CBO Community-based Organization CEAS Coastal Environmental Award Scheme CHICOP Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd. CI Chumbe Island CITES Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species CMA Community Management Area CMAP Community Mitigation Action Plan CPUE Catch Per Unit Effort DCCFF Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry [Zanzibar] DFMP Department of Fisheries and Marine Products DOE Department of Environment DoE-VPO Division of Environment-Vice President’s Office EA Environmental Assessment EACC East African Coastal Current EAP Environmental Action Plan EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMP Environmental Management Plan EM Environmental Monitoring ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework EU European Union GEF Global Environment Facility GOOS Global Ocean Observing System IBAs Important Bird Areas ICM Integrated Coastal Management IMS Institute of Marine Sciences - Zanzibar IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature/ The World Conservation Union IUCN EARO Eastern African Regional Office of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature JEBA Jumuiya Endelevu Bagamoyo (JEBA Society) JOCDO Jozani Credit Development Organization JSDF Japanese Social Development Fund LGA Local Government Authority LGRP Local Government Reform Programme LGSP Local Government Support Programme MACEMP Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project MACT Marine Action Conservation Tanzania MANREC Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Co-operatives MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance MLF Marine Legacy Fund MMA Marine Management Area MMP Mangrove Management Project MNCY Ministry of National Culture and Youth

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page vii

MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism MPA Marine Protected Area MR Marine Reserve MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises NEMC National Environment Management Council NGO Non-government Organization NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty PADEP Participatory Agricultural Development and Empowerment Project PCU Project Coordination Unit PF Process Framework PIM Project Implementation Manual PMU Project Management Unit PORALG President’s Office for Regional Administration and Local Government PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance REMP Rufiji Environment Management Project RIPS Rural Integrated Project Support SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies SAMP Special Areas Management Plan SHIRIKISHO Shirikisho la kuhifadhi Mazingira ya Bahari Kanda ya Kusini (The Southern Zone

Confederation for the Conservation of the Marine Environment) SWIOFP South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project TAFIRI Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund TAWLAE Tanzania Association of Women Leaders in Agriculture and the Environment TCMP Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership TCZCDP Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization URT United Republic of Tanzania USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development VPO Vice President's Office WB World Bank WIO Western Indian Ocean WIOMSA Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association WWF World Wildlife Fund ZRG Zanzibar Revolutionary Government

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by Dr. Kent Gustavson (Project Manager), Dr. Jay Walmsley (Senior Scientist) and Ms. Zoë Kroeker (Analyst) of Jacques Whitford Environment Limited. Dr. Dan Walmsley, of Walmsley Environmental Consultants, served as an advisor on the project. The authors would like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance provided by Ms. Saada Juma, of Agenda, who prepared the background Situation Analysis report and other information that served as input to the ESA. The project co-ordinators for the United Republic of Tanzania were Mr. Baraka Mngulwi (Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania), Mr. Magese Bulayi (Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania), Mr. Sheha Hamdan (Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Co-operatives, Zanzibar), and Mr. AM Othman (Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Co-operatives, Zanzibar). The authors would also like to acknowledge the co-operation and assistance provided by the many personnel within the Government of Tanzania and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. Dr. Jack Ruitenbeek (H.J. Ruitenbeek Resource Consulting Limited), Ms. Indu Hewawasam (World Bank, Tanzania Office), and Dr. Roxanne Hakim (Social Development Department, World Bank) provided important guidance as part of the World Bank Task Team.

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page ix

DEFINITIONS Environmental Assessment:

The process of managing the environmental aspects of a policy, strategy, programme or sub-project from the earliest stages of identifying the potential activities to their completion and evaluation. The process encompasses identification of potential adverse impacts, assessment of those impacts, design and implementation of measures to avoid, minimise, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts, and development of appropriate management and monitoring measures.

Environmental Impact Assessment:

An environmental assessment instrument to identify and assess major potential environmental impacts of proposed sub-projects, evaluate alternatives and design appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures.

Environmental Management Plan:

An instrument that details the measures to be taken during the implementation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the actions needed to implement these measures.

Environmental Monitoring:

Monitoring is the systematic measuring and recording of physical, social and economic variables associated with project impacts. The objective of monitoring is to provide information on the characteristics and functioning of the occurrence and magnitude of impacts, and whether mitigation measures have been carried out.

Environmental Review:

An environmental assessment instrument in which the sub-projects are likely to have minimal impacts, but are to be reviewed using a standardised checklist to identify possible impacts and appropriate mitigation measures.

Environmental Screening:

A process of identifying the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of proposed sub-projects and, based on the level of impact anticipated, the corresponding level of environmental assessment required (i.e., the most appropriate environmental assessment instrument needed to address potential impacts and environmental issues associated with sub-projects). The screening process indicates whether an environmental assessment is required for a particular sub-project and, if it is required, which of the three environmental instruments (Environmental Review, Limited Environmental Assessment, or Environmental Impact Assessment) should be applied.

Limited Environmental Assessment:

An environmental assessment instrument used to assess whether a sub-project is likely to cause environmental impacts that merit consideration by an environmental specialist, and which mitigation measures should be incorporated into the sub-project design. Detailed checklists, customised for different types of sub-projects, would normally be used and supplemented on a case-by-case basis.

Marine Protected Area:

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are areas of the marine environment that are reserved under national, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide long-term protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein. In relation to the Process Framework, the reference to MPAs includes Marine Management Areas (MMA) and Community Management Areas (CMAs).

Process Framework:

The Process Framework is an instrument of the United Republic of Tanzania prepared in compliance with the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP4.12). The purpose of the Process Framework is to clarify principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to the implementation of MPAs, CMAs or MMAs as supported by MACEMP.

Public Consultation:

The process of engaging affected people and other interested parties in open dialogue through which a range of views and concerns can be expressed in order to inform decision-making and help build consensus.

Scoping: The process for identifying the potential environmental and social impacts of the project to be evaluated. In the process, consultations with principal stakeholders are required in order to inform them about the proposed project activities, and to solicit their views.

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page x

Stakeholders: Stakeholders are those affected by the outcomes (negatively or positively) or those who can affect the outcome of a proposed intervention. Stakeholders can include: borrowers; directly affected groups including the poor and disadvantaged; indirectly affected groups such as NGOs and private sector organizations; and the World Bank management staff, and shareholders.

Sub-Projects: Sub-projects are initiatives undertaken as supported by the Coastal Village Fund (Component 3) of MACEMP, or as supported by TASAF. Sub-projects are aimed at supporting income generation within coastal communities. Initiatives may include the demand of technical, physical or social services, including alternative income generating activities (AIGAs).

United Republic of Tanzania (URT):

The United Republic of Tanzania consists of Tanzania (the Mainland and several near-shore islands, including Mafia Island) and Zanzibar (the islands of Unguja and Pemba).

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page xi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document presents the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) for the Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project (MACEMP) (the Project) of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT). MACEMP is a 6-year project anticipated to begin mid 2005. The purpose of the Project is to improve management of coastal and marine resources, to enhance the contribution of these resources to economic growth, to reduce poverty, and to develop the scientific understanding of the marine and coastal resources and major threats to them. The Project will: • Strengthen marine management institutions in Zanzibar and on the Mainland, with a focus on creating a

common governance regime for the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (Component 1); • Support coastal area planning and the establishment of a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) and

marine managed areas (MMAs) for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of coastal and marine resources (Component 2); and

• Create an enabling environment for environmentally sustainable investment along the coast (Component 3).

The principal MACEMP implementing agencies in Tanzania include MNRT (for Mainland Tanzania) and MANREC (for Zanzibar). Within MNRT, the principal implementing partners will include the Department of Fisheries and the Department of Antiquities, while within MANREC it will include the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Environment, and Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry. Over the course of MACEMP, the Project could potentially involve activities focused anywhere within the coastal zone or the broader EEZ. Individual sub-project opportunities will be identified as the Project proceeds, based on results achieved in initially selected project target areas. For the first two years of the Project, the geographical areas of focus for Component 2 (Sound Management of the Coastal and Marine Environment) and Component 3 (Coastal Community Action Fund) will include the following: • Rufiji-Kilwa-Mafia Complex • Trans-boundary MPA with Mozambique (Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary area) • Latham Island • Mnemba Island Marine Conservation Area • Menai Bay Marine Conservation Area • Pemba Channel Marine Conservation Area (includes Misali Island Conservation Area) The potential impacts of MACEMP were evaluated for identified valued environmental aspects (including marine ecosystems and coastal ecosystems), valued socio-cultural aspects (including social capital, vulnerable groups, and cultural property and antiquities), valued economic aspects (including commercial and artisanal fisheries, tourism, coastal forest resource use, mariculture, and other livelihood activities) and valued institutional aspects (including national and local government, and NGOs, CBOs and the private sector). Appropriate mitigation measures that will reduce the significance of negative impacts on valued aspects are identified. For all valued aspects, there are no predicted significant residual negative impacts of the Project after application of the identified mitigation measures. The cumulative impact assessment focused on other development programmes specifically affecting the marine environment, coastal socio-economic conditions or cultural property, and/or use of the marine environment, and included the following: • The Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF II); • Japan Social Development Fund (JSDP) activities; • The Local Government Support Programme (LGRP);

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page xii

• The Participatory Agricultural Development and Empowerment Project (PADEP); • European Union Programmes; • Restoration of Cultural Heritage Sites in Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar; • The South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project; • The Targeted Research Project on Coral Reef Management; • The Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership (TCMP); and • The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty In addition to the development programmes listed above, there are other site-specific coastal zone management initiatives in coastal areas of the URT. It will be important for MACEMP to effectively link with these projects where area-based activities overlap. All such donor activities should, in fact, be co-ordinated through MACEMP, as the larger, coast-wide programme. Existing URT policies and legislation will serve to mitigate many of the negative impacts of the Project, as well as enhance the positive impacts in support of the Project’s objectives. The relevant policies and legislation fall under the following categories: • Environmental management; • Coastal zone management; • Fisheries management; • Coastal forest management; • Land management; and • Cultural property and antiquities. The pertinent feature of the policies and legislation are summarised, with the emphasis on key mitigations for MACEMP. In addition to the national policies and legislation analysed here, there are several local-level policies that may apply, but these will vary substantially by region and community. It will be important for MACEMP to review the applicability of these once individual sites and sub-projects have been identified. Of particular relevance are Village Land Use Plans and Village By-laws. The table below summarises the recommended mitigation measures by project component. With respect to sub-projects implemented under Component 3 (Coastal Community Action Fund), environmental assessment process and procedures are also described in this report as the appropriate safeguard for evaluating the potential impacts of individual sub-projects. With respect to MACEMP support for existing and emerging MPAs under Component 2 (Sound Management of the Coastal and Marine Environment), a Process Framework is provided as a separate document. As part of recommendations for environmental management, requirements for monitoring and evaluation are described to compensate for uncertainties and information gaps in the impact assessment and, more generally, to ensure that actual residual negative impacts are no greater than as predicted in the assessment. Recommendations for monitoring and evaluation are in keeping with the principle of adaptive management, whereby policies, practices or procedures are adjusted appropriately during project implementation to improve the efficacy of management strategies and mitigation measures.

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page xiii

Summary of Recommended Mitigation for MACEMP by Project Component Project Component Recommended Mitigation Component 1: Sound Management of the EEZ

• MACEMP to develop project phasing strategy with MCS to co-ordinate transfer of activities and/or appropriate division of specific programme activities. The allocation of social development grants should be done through parallel financing with MACEMP.

• MACEMP-related investments in fishing port facilities may trigger national EIA process, depending on project design. Component 2: Sound Management of the Coastal and Marine Environment

• Effective facilitation and assistance at the village level during the preparation of Community Mitigation Action Plans (CMAPs) (see Process Framework).

• For MACEMP activities that support management of mangrove ecosystems and rehabilitation of cultural sites, ensure early engagement and involvement at the village level, ensuring representation and participation of vulnerable groups, as well as resource user groups. Due to existing imbalances in power and representation that exist within communities, outreach activities will need to ensure the development of effective engagement of all livelihood activity groups, genders (especially women) and ages (especially youth and elderly). Engagement may be effective through existing village-level rules of association (e.g., religious leaders, unofficial leaders for specific ethnic groups) (see also recommendations of the Process Framework). An initial village-level rapid social assessment will be required to acquire necessary information to further inform the development of appropriate engagement processes.

• Identification of target cultural heritage sites for rehabilitation to involve the Department of Antiquities (MNRT) in Mainland Tanzania, Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities in Zanzibar, and district governments to ensure consistency with national policies and regional priorities. Subsequent development of investment proposals to involve local government and villages adjacent to sites to ensure consistency with local values and aspirations.

• Incorporate plan information from specific Mangrove Management Plans as part of the site-specific project opportunities identification. • MACEMP to co-ordinate with other smaller donor-funded programmes for the restoration of cultural heritage sites.

Component 3: Coastal Community Action Fund

• Use of environmental assessment process and procedures for all alternative livelihood sub-projects investments under the Coastal Community Action Fund prior to approval to help ensure activities operate within acceptable environmental parameters specific to the coastal and marine environment.

• MACEMP-related investments in mariculture may trigger the national EIA process, depending on project design. Development of guidelines for solar salt production developments to help ensure appropriate siting and reduction of conflicts with competing coastal resource users. Training and placement at the regional or district level of mariculturalists, with expertise in siting, design and operation. Development of guidelines for mariculture development to help ensure appropriate siting and reduction of conflicts with competing coastal resource users (e.g., siting of fish ponds in high saline areas that have poor mangrove forests).

• Training of District Environment Officers in the use of environmental assessment methodologies to facilitate appraisal of MACEMP/TASAF sub-project proposals. Training would focus on general EIA screening skills, as well as elements of MACEMP sub-projects that would be distinct from those of sub-projects that would typically be experienced through TASAF.

• Early engagement and involvement at the village level, ensuring representation and participation of vulnerable groups, as well as resource user groups. Due to existing imbalances in power and representation that exist within communities, outreach activities will need to ensure the development of effective engagement of all livelihood activity groups, genders (especially women) and ages (especially youth and elderly). Engagement may be effective through existing village-level rules of association (e.g., religious leaders, unofficial leaders for specific ethnic groups) (see also recommendations of the Process Framework). An initial village-level rapid social assessment will be required to acquire necessary information to further inform the development of appropriate engagement processes.

• During sub-project evaluation, consider TCMP-developed Coastal Activity Guidelines and plan information from specific Mangrove Management Plans, and ensure consistency of sub-projects with existing Village Land Use Plans.

• Complete a rapid assessment of commercial tour operators and develop a spatial database of users (database to be periodically updated). Based on location and type of activity, relevant operators should be provided the opportunity to annually review a summary of projects funded under the Coastal Community Action Fund – provided for information only. The intent is to allow the commercial tourism sector to identify potential opportunities, as well as potential conflicts.

• Tanzanian commercial fishing operators should also be provided the opportunity to annually review a summary of projects funded under the Coastal Community Action Fund – provided for information only. The intent is to allow the commercial fisheries sector to identify potential opportunities, as well as potential conflicts.

MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION This document presents the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) for the Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project (MACEMP) (the Project) of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT)1. 1.1 Project Purpose MACEMP is a 6-year project anticipated to begin mid 2005. The purpose of the Project is to improve the management of coastal and marine resources, with a view to contributing to economic growth and poverty reduction in coastal communities. The Project emphasizes the establishment of an effective regulatory and institutional framework, participatory planning and the creation of an enabling environment for integrated coastal and marine resources management and private investment. Project financing will be secured through an IDA credit, a GEF grant and Tanzanian government commitments. In addition, bilateral co-financing or parallel financing will be sought during project preparation. Beneficiaries will include relevant national and local level agencies responsible for the management of marine resources, coastal communities of Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar and the broader society who will benefit through increased revenues from marine and coastal resources. Key expected outcomes include: • Increased incomes through improved management of marine resources, increased productivity and added

value from improved post-harvest processing and market access; • Reduced vulnerability of communities to external shocks through diversification of local production

systems, diminished market risks through mutually beneficial private sector and community partnerships, and stabilization and reversal of current trends in marine resources degradation and productivity where possible;

• Increased government revenues from improved management of off-shore fisheries; and • Improved ecosystem services and conservation of globally significant marine and coastal biodiversity. 1.2 Operational Policy Context The URT and its funding partner, the World Bank (WB), wish to ensure that the MACEMP is carried out in line with Tanzania’s emerging environmental legislation and the applicable WB Safeguard Policies. A WB review has determined that the Project is unlikely to cause significant negative impacts on the biophysical and social environments, and has been classified as a Category B project. Projects are placed in Category B when their impacts are likely to be site specific, relatively easy to mitigate and reversible within reason. Both the URT and the WB have determined that an ESA is required. The ESA and any resulting recommendations with respect to mitigation policies, programmes and procedures is consistent with the National Environmental Policy (1992) and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act (1996) of Zanzibar, as well as the National Environmental Policy (1997), the National Environmental Management Act (1983) and the recently promulgated Environmental Management Act (2004) of Mainland Tanzania. For this project, the WB has triggered the following Safeguards (Appendix A): a) Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), to be addressed through the ESA. b) Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04), to be addressed through the ESA. c) Cultural Property (OPN 11.03, being revised as OP 4.11), to be addressed through the ESA.

1 The United Republic of Tanzania consists of Tanzania (the mainland and several near-shore islands, including Mafia Island) and Zanzibar (the Island of Unguja and the Island of Pemba).


d) Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12), to be addressed through a separate Process Framework (PF) document.

With respect to the management of cultural property, the United Nations definition is adopted, where cultural property includes “…sites having archaeological (prehistoric), palaeontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values…[and]…encompasses both remains left by previous human inhabitants and unique natural environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls.” (WB OPN 11.03). The general policy of the WB is to assist in the preservation and avoid the elimination of cultural property. With respect to the conservation of natural habitats, the WB “…supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions…” (WB OP 4.04). Further, borrowers are also expected to apply a precautionary approach to natural resource management. The WB will not support projects that involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats. The ability of the borrower to implement appropriate conservation and mitigation measures is also to be evaluated. Institutional capacity development for effective environmental management becomes a necessary component of projects where such capacity is found to be lacking. The ESA document identifies possible impacts and required mitigation. In addition, environmental assessment process and procedures are described as the appropriate safeguard with respect to the potential impacts of MACEMP sub-projects. Also of concern is the extent to which the Project may change the conditions of access to coastal areas; this requires the development of a PF based on participatory processes and on recognizing that project activities can be used beneficially to enhance the positions of those that might otherwise be negatively affected by restricting access to resources. The PF is documented in a separate report, but is considered to be an integral part of the required mitigation. The process followed in the preparation of the ESA, as well as the recommendations made regarding mitigation, monitoring and evaluation, is in keeping with the WB Policy on Disclosure of Information (World Bank 2002). Specifically, this includes: making the draft ESA report available in the URT at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local non-government organisations (NGOs); transmission of the report to the WB prior to the initiation of the formal appraisal of the Project; and making the report widely available through the World Bank InfoShop.


2.0 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK, POLICIES AND LEGISLATION 2.1 MACEMP Administrative Framework 2.1.1 Responsible Agency The principal MACEMP implementing agencies in Tanzania include MNRT (for Mainland Tanzania) and MANREC (for Zanzibar). Within MNRT, the principal implementing partners will include the Department of Fisheries and the Department of Antiquities, while within MANREC it will include the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Environment, and Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry. Other partners will include Directorates within the Vice President’s Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Lands, President’s Office – Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Governments (PO-RALG), and non-government organisations (NGOs) active in promoting sustainable community-based coastal and marine resources management in the URT (MNRT 2004). 2.1.2 Management and Implementation Structure The project management and implementation structure is shown in Figure 2.1. A Project Steering Committee, consisting of seven members drawn from the public (Permanent Secretaries), will be responsible for providing overall policy guidance, and will ensure that MACEMP activities are carried out in accordance with the Project Implementation Manual. A MACEMP Technical Committee, consisting of directors from various relevant ministries and leaders from the private sector, will provide project guidance and inter-ministerial co-ordination. MNRT and MANREC will be responsible for ensuring the smooth and efficient implementation of the Project’s various technical programmes. There will be two Project Management Units (PMUs) (Mainland and Zanzibar) for day-to day project implementation and activity planning. A single Project Coordination Unit (PCU) will be established for joint and harmonized reporting to the WB and other donors on performance monitoring and evaluation; disbursement; procurement above threshold and financial management; and facilitation of independent auditing. Decision-making on implementation of activities, contracting, preparation of terms of references, etc. will be handled by PMUs in Zanzibar and Mainland, with clearance and approval from the Technical Committee as needed. Further details regarding the management and implementation structure can be found in the Project Implementation Manual (MNRT 2004) and is provided in Appendix B. 2.2 Relevant Policies and Legislation There are several pertinent policies and legislation regarding land use and natural resource management within the URT. Environment, natural resources (including fisheries) and tourism are considered non-union issues as defined by the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (1977) and, therefore, are dealt with by Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar separately. As a result, marine and coastal resources are governed by two distinct sets of laws and regulations. There are, however, URT policies and legislation for union matters that are applicable to the MACEMP. In addition to government policies and legislation, there are specific international obligations which are relevant to MACEMP. The focus of this section is on pertinent policies and legislation that speak specifically to the governance or land use and natural resources management, including planning. A more extensive review of policies and legislation, along with an analysis of their relationship to MACEMP, has been identified as one of the desired project activities.


Figure 2.1 MACEMP Management and Implementation Structure

2.2.1 Policies and Legislation for Mainland Tanzania Table 2.1 lists the relevant coastal and marine resource management policies and legislation applicable to Mainland Tanzania. General functions of the policies and legislation in management are highlighted, as well as the direct linkages with MACEMP activities.


Table 2.1 Coastal and Marine Resource Management Policies and Legislation for Mainland Tanzania

Policy or Legislation

Function in Coastal and Marine Resource Management Linkages with MACEMP

Environmental Management Act (2004)

Overall management of the potential impacts on the environment of coastal activities.

• Review and approval of environmental impact statements for triggered activities.

• Identification of projects or types of projects for which environmental auditing or monitoring is required, and ensure compliance with national environmental quality standards, pollution control and waste management.

• Prepare and co-ordinate implementation of Environmental Action Plans, public awareness and education programmes, and provision of environmental advice and technical support.

National Environmental Policy (1997)

Establishment of the Mainland Tanzania policy to protect and manage environmental assets.

• Defines overall policy objectives with respect to (among others): the sustainable, secure and equitable use of resources; prevention and control of the degradation of land, water and vegetation; conservation and enhancement of natural and human-made heritage; improve the condition and productivity of degraded areas; and raise awareness and understanding of the linkages between environment and development, and promote participation in environmental action.

Marine Parks and Reserves Act (1994)

Provides for the establishment, management and monitoring of marine parks and reserves.

• Consultative process established for the generation and modification of general management plans for each MPA.

• The Act provides individual parks with powers to regulate activities within its spatial boundaries.

• Village Liaison Committees report to the Village Councils, and serve as the main interface between a park and the local communities.

Fisheries Act (2003), and Regulations

Provides for protection, conservation, and regulation and control of fish, fish products, and aquatic flora and its products.

• Provides for government functions and marine management approaches that support MACEMP activities. Focuses on management and enforcement of fishing, aquaculture development, and conservation of fish and fish habitat.

National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement (1997)

Policy and strategy statement with respect to the conservation, management and development of fish resources.

• Policy support for the conservation and protection of the environment; maximal use of available resources so as to increase domestic production; increase opportunity for employment in fisheries; and increase the export of fish products.

National Integrated Coastal Environment Management Strategy (2003)

Describes principals and attributes of integrated coastal management, rationale for a national strategy, and statements of overall vision, mission, goal and strategies.

• Defines strategies and implementing mechanisms, particularly with respect to planning and integrated management, conservation, research and monitoring, stakeholder participation, and capacity-building for management.

Forest Act (2002) Provides for the conservation and management of forests, including mangrove and other coastal forests.

• Describes the development and implementation of management plans, community-based forest management (CBFM) (including both Village Land Forest Reserves, Community Forest Reserves), and the permitting and licensing of forest uses.

National Tourism Policy (1999)

Describes overall environmental, social, economic and cultural objectives, as well as specific policy strategies, with respect to tourism development in Mainland Tanzania, including coastal tourism.

• Defines policy objectives for eco-tourism and cultural tourism, including general principles for development with respect to development planning, environmental protection, impact assessment, and community participation.

• Guidelines for Coastal Tourism Development in Tanzania (2003), but unlikely to apply to MACEMP activities.

Land Act (1999) Establishes all land as public land vested in the President. Defines categories of land, including general land, reserved land and village land, which have different resource management regimes.

• Reserved lands under the Act can include marine parks and reserves.

• Transfer of general or village land can be undertaken, once the required authority has been provided.

• Right of long-term occupancy is protected. Village Land Act (1999)

Defines and determines border demarcation for village land, on which coastal resources will be managed by the village government. Ensures that the principle of sustainability is upheld on village land.

• Village lands fall under the management of the Village Council.

• MACEMP projects on village land will require agreement by village government and local authorities.


2.2.2 Policies and Legislation for Zanzibar Table 2.2 lists the relevant coastal and marine resource management policies and legislation applicable to Zanzibar. Table 2.2 Coastal and Marine Resource Management Policies and Legislation for Zanzibar

Policy or Legislation

Function in Coastal and Marine Resource Management Linkages with MACEMP

Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act (1996), and Regulations

Overall management of the potential impacts on the environment of coastal activities, including ensuring the environmentally sound and healthy quality of life of the people of Zanzibar, promoting the sustainable use of renewable natural resources, preservation of biological and cultural diversity, and strengthening institutional capabilities for protecting the environment.

• EIA screening, and review and approval of environmental impact statements for triggered activities.

• Establishment of national environmental standards, guidelines and codes of good environmental practice.

• Ensure compliance with environmental standards, pollution control and waste management.

• Preparation of Environmental Action Plans, Community Environmental Management Plans, and Integrated Coastal Area Management Plans.

• Establishment of a national protected areas system. National Environmental Policy for Zanzibar (1992)

Establishment of the Zanzibar policy to protect and manage environmental assets.

• Defines overall policy objectives with respect to (among others): development of a programme of integrated coastal zone management, conservation of indigenous plants and animals, and conservation of cultural heritage.

The Establishment of Zanzibar Nature Conservation Areas Management unit Act (1999)

Establishment of the semi-autonomous body with the purpose of conserving terrestrial, aquatic or marine ecosystems through the establishment and management of nature conservation areas.

• Unit to manage nature conservation areas or national protected areas; to build the capacity for nature conservation and management of nature conservation areas; to advise, educate and promote the private sector, local communities, and government departments on issues concerning nature conservation; and to educate the public on the importance of nature conservation.

Fisheries Act (1988), and Regulations (1993)

Provides for protection, conservation, and regulation and control of fish, fish products, and aquatic flora.

• Provides for government functions and marine management approaches consistent with MACEMP activities. Focuses on management and enforcement of fishing, aquaculture development, and conservation of fish and fish habitat (including establishment of parks and sanctuaries).

Fisheries Policy (1985)

Policy and strategy statement with respect to the conservation, management and development of fish resources.

• Policy support for: increasing the fish catch; promote fishers to fish offshore; ensure the availability of affordable fishing materials; exploit offshore resources; increase aquaculture production; establish adequate cold storage facilities; improve the economic condition of fishers; promote conservation of the marine environment; promote integrated coastal zone management; promote efficient marketing; and promote the production and marketing of seaweed.

Forest Resources Management and Conservation Act (1996)

Established to promote the protection, conservation and development of forest resources for the social, economic and environmental benefits of the people of Zanzibar.

• Provides a means for managing coastal forest resource use. • Formation of Community Forest Management Areas

involves the participation of local communities in establishing management agreements, management activities, the rules of use, and the delegation of management responsibilities to local community groups.

National Forest Policy for Zanzibar (1995)

Relevant goals of policy include: strengthening the role of forestry in alleviating poverty and increasing equity in resource management and utilisation; and protecting and conserving forest resources including wildlife and flora, and enhancing the role of forest resources in maintaining soil and water conservation and other environmental benefits.

• Focus includes the development of community forest policies (production and income generation, and involvement of communities in planning and management), and conservation and management of mangrove resources as part of ICM.

Zanzibar Tourism Policy (2004)

Describes the vision and mission of tourism development in Zanzibar, which is highly dependent on the use of the coastal zone. Supports Tourism Zoning Plan to further guide development.

• Defines policy strategies with respect to tourism and the environment, and culture and traditions.

• Describes general approaches for achieving local benefits and community participation.

Land Tenure Act (1992) and Land Tenure (Amendment) Act (2003)

Establishes all land as public land vested in the President, and administered by the Minister responsible for land affairs. It defines rights of occupancy of land, granting and leasing of public land. Makes provision for protection of land resources.

• Ownership of trees on a property is separate from the right of occupancy.

• No person may destroy or misuse land. • Any person doing research or any activity affecting land in

Zanzibar is required to provide the Government with information on request.


2.2.3 Policies and Legislation Applicable to both Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar Table 2.3 lists the relevant coastal and marine resource management policies and legislation applicable to both Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. Table 2.3 Coastal and Marine Resource Management Policies and Legislation Applicable to both

Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar Policy or

Legislation Function in Coastal and Marine

Resource Management Linkages with MACEMP

Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone Act (1989)

Provides for the implementation of the Law of the Sea Convention, and establishes the Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the URT.

• Asserts the rights of the URT to control, within the Territorial Seas and EEZ: exploration or exploitation of resources; research; drilling, constructing or operation of any structure or device; and any economic activity.

Deep Sea Fishing Authority Act (1998)

Legal establishment of the Deep Sea Fishing Authority to regulate deep sea fishing (and other uses) in the EEZ.

• May provide legal foundation for sound management of the EEZ by establishing a common governance regime for the EEZ.

2.2.4 International Agreements Table 2.4 lists the international agreements relevant to coastal and marine resource management in the URT, identifying those on which the URT is a signatory country. All government-supported projects should be consistent with these international obligations. In some cases, there are clear linkages to MACEMP activities in support of the fulfilment of the international agreements. Table 2.4 International Agreements Relevant to Coastal and Marine Resource Management in

the URT International Agreement

Relevance to Coastal and Marine Resource Management Linkages with MACEMP

Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)

Framework agreement for the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources, and includes general provisions in support of marine conservation. The URT subsequently developed a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2000), and Mainland Tanzania developed the Coastal Biodiversity Conservation Strategy (1995).

• Achievement of MACEMP objective to improve the management of coastal and marine resources will contribute to the conservation of biological diversity.

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000)

Supplementary agreement of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from potential risks that may be posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. These may include marine organisms.

• MACEMP aims to protect the marine environment. This will include protection against perceived detrimental genetically modified organisms.

Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species (CITES) (1979)

Restricts the trade of endangered species, including some marine and coastal species in the URT. In support, URT signed the Regional Lusaka Agreement (1994) on co-operative enforcement operations directed at illegal trade in wild fauna and flora.

• Development of fisheries through MACEMP activities, including changes to the management of the EEZ, must exclude any trade of endangered species.

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979)

Convention addresses species that migrate across one or more national jurisdictional boundary. States are to take co-operative and appropriate necessary steps to conserve such species and their habitat, through research, provision of protection, and conservation and management agreements.

• There are migratory marine species that will be potentially impacted by MACEMP – in particular, Dugong is a listed species under the convention.

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage (the World Heritage Convention) (1977)

To identify and protect cultural and natural heritage sites of outstanding and universal value.

• Potential MACEMP sites (i.e., ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara) are recognised World Cultural Heritage Sites.


Table 2.4 International Agreements Relevant to Coastal and Marine Resource Management in the URT

International Agreement

Relevance to Coastal and Marine Resource Management Linkages with MACEMP

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (RAMSAR) (2000)

Promotion of the conservation and wise use of wetlands by national action and international co-operation. Takes into account a wide range of wetland types, functions and values, and encourages adoption of an integrated management approach.

• Members are required to manage wetland sites in such a way as to avoid changes in their ecological character.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1985)

Enables nations to manage and regulate use of marine resources to a distance of 200 nm.

• Allows for the development of URT-based regulation and management of the EEZ, and the natural resources within it.

Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region (the Nairobi Convention) and Related Protocols (1996)

Aims to ensure sound environmental management of the maritime and coastal areas of the East African region. Provides a framework for the protection and development of marine and coastal resources. Protocols developed under the convention focus on the conservation of flora and fauna, and on measures for combating marine and coastal pollution.

• MACEMP activities support the URT’s commitment to achieve the objectives of the convention, and are consistent with the elements of the convention.

International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (1990)

Aims to protect the marine environment from oil pollution, particularly from ships, offshore units, sea ports and oil handling facilities.

• The marine and coastal environment of the URT is threatened by oil pollution. Tanzania has developed a National Contingency Plan that may be linked to some of the MACEMP activities.

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989)

Aims to reduce transboundary movements of hazardous wastes to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist lesser developed countries in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate. This includes waste that may enter the marine environment, particularly if transported by sea.

• Although peripheral to MACEMP, the transportation of hazardous waste by sea could impact the marine environment should a spill occur.

Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa (1991)

Whereas the Basel Convention explicitly excludes radioactive wastes within its scope of application, the Bamako Convention has expressly included such wastes within its regulatory ambit. Again, this Convention prohibits importation or exportation to Africa of hazardous substances banned or refused registration in the country of manufacture on account of human health or environmental concerns.

• Although peripheral to MACEMP, the transportation of hazardous waste by sea could impact the marine environment should a spill occur.


3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION MACEMP aims to improve management of coastal and marine resources, to enhance the contribution of these resources to economic growth, to reduce poverty, and to develop the scientific understanding marine and coastal resources and major threats to them. The Project will: • Strengthen marine management institutions in Zanzibar and on the Mainland, with a focus on creating a

common governance regime for the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (Component 1); • Support coastal area planning and the establishment of a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) and

marine managed areas (MMAs) for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of coastal and marine resources (Component 2); and

• Create an enabling environment for environmentally sustainable investment along the coast (Component 3).

3.1 Component 1: Sound Management of the EEZ Component 1 aims to establish and implement a common governance regime for the EEZ that contributes to long-term sustainable use and management. This will be accomplished by: 1) supporting the creation of a common governance regime for the EEZ; 2) improving revenue generation from the EEZ; and 3) developing an EEZ resource management strategy. MACEMP will provide support for activities that contribute to an integrated system of marine resource management, focusing on institutional capacity building to enable the development of effective governance. The main implementing and collaborating agencies include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vice President’s Office, MANREC, MNRT, Navy, Tanzanian Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Ministry of Lands and Human Development, universities, Ministry of Trade and Industries, Ministry of Finance, National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and Meteorology Department. To address these objectives, the component is split into three subcomponents, each with various activities (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1 Sub-components and Activity Descriptions for Sound Management of the EEZ Sub-component Activity Description

Support domestic dialogue on boundaries and governance Review legal mandate and policy Design Marine Legacy Fund (MLF) Design EEZ resource monitoring strategy

Planning Common Governance Regime for the EEZ

Research and monitoring – stock assessment Boundary delineation Training programme – operational agencies Training programme – research and monitoring agencies Infrastructure and equipment MLF implementation MLF capitalization Implement EEZ resource monitoring strategy

Implementation of EEZ Common Governance Regime

Monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) operations Support international and regional dialogue on boundaries and governance Support private sector dialogue

Developing and Supporting Partnerships in EEZ Management

Support specific investments (e.g., Dar and Zanzibar fish landing ports) Sub-component 1a – EEZ Planning Support. The existing legal framework for Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar provides for separate legal regimes in the management and conservation of marine resources. However, they share the same EEZ and it is in their mutual interest to ensure the sustainable management of the marine resources. This subcomponent will support the creation of a common governance regime for the EEZ by: • Establishing a common EEZ authority capable of decision-making on behalf of the Union. • Engaging stakeholders to establish an acceptable institutional structure for common governance.


• Reviewing the current legal mandate and policy, with the view to develop a regulatory framework and establish a legal mandate to ensure that resources are safeguarded.

• Planning a financial sustainability mechanism or Marine Legacy Fund (MLF) for supporting activities in the EEZ. This will be substantiated by studies on the revenue generation potential, marketing and value-added supply, and reforming of the taxation and licensing system for revenue retention.

• Developing an EEZ Resource Management Strategy. The strategy will serve as a guide for best management practices of EEZ resources within the URT, including marine monitoring as an early warning system for environmental change.

• Developing and supporting research on the status of resources and major threats. This will include collaboration with regional initiatives such as the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Programme (SWIOFP) stock assessment.

Sub-component 1b – Implementation of EEZ Common Governance Regime. The subcomponent will implement the planned common governance regime for the EEZ. It will include implementation of the EEZ Resource Management Strategy, implementation of the MLF, institutional capacity building, and carrying out monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS). With regard to capacity building, key implementing agencies will be supported to improve their infrastructure and equipment for management. These institutions will also be supported to strengthen their human resource capacity through on-the-job training, short courses in specialized fields, training at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and secondment to institutions in other countries. Capacity building through MCS operational training is expected to continue with support from MACEMP. MCS will be one of the main activities of the common governance regime for the EEZ. The current South African Development Committee (SADC) MCS project in the EEZ is expected to come to an end in 2005 and will transfer most of its activities to MACEMP for the purposes of continuity. The assistance will cover patrolling at sea and aerial patrols. MACEMP will also support MCS information and vessel monitoring systems. Sub-component 1c – Developing and Supporting Partnerships in EEZ Management. This subcomponent will support: • International and regional dialogs on boundaries (finalising EEZ boundaries with Comoros and the

Seychelles) and governance. The project will support participation of staff from implementing agencies to participate in regional initiatives, such as the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission.

• Dialog with the private sector currently involved in or developing business in the harvesting of resources within the EEZ, with the aim of improving sector sustainability and food security in the URT.

• Specific community investments through upgrading and rehabilitation of local ports and fish market infrastructure to decrease preventable post-harvest losses (e.g., cooling and storage facilities).

3.2 Component 2: Sound Management of the Coastal and Marine Environment Component 2 of MACEMP aims to establish and support a comprehensive system of managed marine areas within the Territorial Seas (12 nm from the coast) of the URT, building on integrated coastal management strategies that empower and benefit coastal communities. Specifically, the component aims to: 1) support integrated coastal management (ICM) planning at national and district levels; 2) support development of a comprehensive, effective and representative system of marine management areas (MMAs), marine protected areas (MPAs) and community management areas (CMAs); and 3) increase the area under protection within MPAs and CMAs to enable the URT meet commitments made at the World Park Congress. This component will support activities leading to strengthening capacity of key


agencies involved in marine management, supporting existing and emerging MMAs, MPAs and CMAs, and encourage cross-border, community and private sector partnerships in marine and coastal conservation. The primary beneficiaries of this component will be existing MPAs and CMAs, local communities at the project sites, and implementing and collaborating agencies, including the Marine Parks and Reserves Unit (MNRT), MANREC, National Protected Areas Board (Zanzibar), Vice President’s Office (NEMC, DoE), District Councils, relevant research institutions, community-based organisations (CBOs), and NGOs. Component 2 is split into three subcomponents, which are summarised in Table 3.2 and described below.

Table 3.2 Sub-components and Activity Descriptions for Sound Management of the Coastal and Marine Environment

Sub-component Activity Description Local government capacity building – resource assessment and mapping Local government capacity building – village ICM planning Local government capacity building – development of spatial plans ICM planning support (Zanzibar) ICM planning support (Mainland)

Integrated Coastal Management Planning Support

National plan for MPAs/CMAs General MPA management training Support for existing MPAs, CMAs and MMAs Support for emerging MPAs, CMAs and MMAs Support for management of mangrove ecosystems

Implementation of Network of MMAs and MPAs

Support rehabilitation of cultural heritage sites Regional partnerships – protected area initiatives Community partnerships – demonstration pilot projects Community partnerships – expansion pilot projects Private sector partnerships – MSME capacity building

Developing and Supporting Partnerships in ICM

Private sector partnerships – credit scheme Sub-component 2a – Integrated Coastal Management Planning Support. This subcomponent is designed to improve the livelihoods of coastal communities through supporting integrated coastal area planning. This involves collaborative district and local planning within ICM governance structures developed nationally. Currently Mainland Tanzania has a National Integrated Coastal Environment Management Strategy with detailed action plans, but Zanzibar has no established ICM policy. For Zanzibar, the main focus will be to identify issues for ICM planning, review policies and laws where relevant, and develop ICM action plans. Both the Mainland and Zanzibar will be supported for developing a national system plan for MMAs, MPAs and CMAs and implementing area-specific action plans. Implementation of the national plans will be at a district or local level. MACEMP will provide support for human and infrastructure capacity building, particularly with regard to implementation of procedures in the Environmental Management Act (2004). The sub-component will support capacity to review environmental and social resource assessment procedures (e.g., creating awareness of EIA guidelines). It will include an awareness-raising programme to local authorities on the importance of ICM planning and implementation. There will also be capacity building with regard to integrated management at a community level. Specifically, focus will be on strengthening the capacity of district and village-level environmental committees for management and planning of shared areas. Support will be provided to develop and implement collaborative resource management action plans. This may include: 1) identification of areas of collaborative management; 2) resource assessment and mapping; and 3) technical support for communities to formulate and implement by-laws. Support shall include provision of specific skills, such as negotiation and conflict resolution, as well as strengthening capacity for vulnerable resource user groups (e.g., women, youth). MACEMP will also support targeted capacity building by environmental civil organisations directly contributing to the project objectives.


Environmental education and awareness raising activities are a key element to capacity building. These will be supported by the Project and will aim to build commitment to the MPA/CMA, increase appreciation for the importance of local marine resources, develop awareness of threats to related biodiversity and, especially, their relationships to long-term use values among local communities and the wider public. Sub-component 2b – Implementation of Network of MMAs and MPAs. This subcomponent will support direct investments and capacity building for local communities in existing and emerging MMAs, MPAs and CMAs. The objective is to improve protection of threatened habitats and species, and conserve marine and coastal ecosystems through improvements in management and a reduction in destructive practices. This sub-component concentrates 90% of its effort on site-specific support, with about 10% allocated to umbrella support to core institutions. Site-specific support will be provided for existing MPAs, MMAs and CMAs at five emerging sites, two mangrove areas at Chwaka Bay and Rufiji, and an unspecified number of cultural heritage sites. MACEMP support will be used for general MPA management training, development of management plans, establishment of co-management agreements, and the implementation of plans in the form of boundary demarcation, site infrastructure, and start-up operations. General management plans are required as guides in the implementation of the development and conservation activities for both existing and emerging MMAs, MPAs and CMAs. Of particular importance to the conservation network are the mangrove sites of the Rufuji Delta (Mainland Tanzania) and Chwaka-Menai-Jozani (Unguja). MACEMP support will enable marine parks and forestry departments to address pressures and threats that are facing mangroves in these areas. For the Mainland, support will be provided to update the existing Mangrove Management Plan, and for Zanzibar, a management plan will be prepared. Support will also be provided for community-based conservation activities in the project areas. Additionally, MACEMP will provide support in raising awareness of the value of cultural heritage. Sub-project co-financing will be provided to restore or rehabilitate cultural sites. Specific areas that are tar

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