DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 381 645 CE 068 749

TITLE Apprenticeship: Fast Track to the Future.INSTITUTION Henrico County Public Schools, Glen Allen, VA.

Virginia Vocational Curriculum and Resource Center.;Virginia State Dept. of Labor and Industry,Richmond.

PUB DATE 93NOTE 67p.AVAILABLE FROM Virginia Vocational Curriculum and Resource Center,

2200 Mountain Road, Glen Allen, VA 23060 ($22.93).PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For

Learner) (051)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Apprenticeships; *Building Trades; Education Work

Relationship; Job Skills"; *Manufacturing;*Occupational Information; Postsecondary Education;Repair; School Business Relationship; SecondaryEducation; *Service Occupations; *TechnicalOccupations

IDENTIFIERS Virginia

ABSTRACTThis guide is designed for use by school counselors

and students (especially in Virginia), working with parents andteachers to investigate career and educational opportunities. Itpresents apprenticeship as a beneficial option for high schoolstudents, based on four trends: (1) a global economy, advancingtechnology, and increased competition in the job market require awork force more skillful in mathematics, science, and communicationthan ever before; (2) most new jobs require education beyond highschool but less than a bachelor's degree; (3) the cost of educationbeyond high school continues to increase each year; and (4)apprenticeable occupations exist in most technical and professionalfields. This guide describes four career areas in which apprenticesmay learn skilled occupations in combined on-the-job training andrelated classroom instruction: manufacturing and production, buildingand construction, mechanical and technical occupations, and serviceoccupations. An overview of each of these career areas describes thegeneral working conditions, average earnings of workers in thoseoccupations, and sources of additional information. Following theoverview, specific apprenticeable occupations are described in moredetail. The guide includes 5 sources for more information. Contains17 references. (KC)

************************************************************************ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made

from the original document.***********************************************************************

s v

tur

U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Reruatch and Improvement

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)

This document has been reproduced asWowed from the person or organizationoriginating it

O Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction outtlitY

Points of view or opinions stated rn thus documerit do not necessarily repesent officialOCRI position or policy

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)"

BEST COPY AVAILABL

2

hs

APPRENTICESHIPFAST TRACK TO THE FUTURE

Developed byVirginia Department of Labor and Industry

Apprenticeship Training13 South 13th Street

Richmond, Virginia 23219

andVirginia Vocational Curriculum and Resource Center

2200 Mountain RoadGlen Allen, Virginia 23060

© Virginia Department of Labor and Industry, 1993

3

DEDICATIONApprenticeship: Fast Track to the Future is dedicated to Teresa AnneSigafoose, Apprenticeship Supervisor, Virginia Department ofLabor and Industry, whose vision and influence helped shape theViginia student apprenticeship program.

1938 -1992

4

iii

PREFACEApprenticeship: Fast Track to the Future is designed for use by schoolcounselors and students, working together with parents and teachers toinvestigate career and educational opportunities. It presentsapprenticeship as a beneficial option for high school students, based onfour trends:

A global economy, advancing technology, and increased competitionin the job market require a workforce more skillful in math, science,and communication than ever before.Most new jobs require education beyond high school but less than abachelor's degree.The cost of education beyond high school continues to increase eachyear.Apprenticeable occupations exist in most technical and professionalfields.

This catalog describes four career areas in which apprentices may learnskilled occupations in combined on-the-job training and related class-room instruction:

manufacturing and productionbuilding and constructionmechanical and technicalservice.

An overview of each career area describes the general workingconditions, average earnings of workers in those occupations, andsources of additional information. Following the overview, specificapprenticeable occupations are described in more detail.

Accompanying the catalog are unbound, one-page job descriptions thatinclude tasks learned by apprentices on the job and concepts and taskslearned in the classroom or lab in related instruction. Counselors mayduplicate these pages for distribution to students, other schoolpersonnel, parents, and interested members of the community.

Please direct questions or comments to the Department of Labor andIndustry, Apprenticeship Division, (804) 786-2381.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis catalog was developed in a joint venture by the VirginiaDepartment of Labor and Industry and the Virginia VocationalCurriculum and Resource Center to publicize apprenticeship as a highlybeneficial partnership between Virginia employers and workers intraining. The developers gratefully acknowledge the followingbusinesses and organizations for their generous financial contributionsto the project:

American Hofmann Corporation, LynchburgAmerican Safety Razor Company, StauntonAtlantic Research Corporation, GainesvilleCooper Industries, CharlottesvilleE.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Filers Division, WaynesboroE.L. Kellogg Corporation, FairfaxEnnis Electric Co, Inc., ManassasGeneral Masonry, Inc , SpringfieldHampton Roads Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee of the

Electrical Industry, Newport NewsHershey Chocolate U.S.A., Stuarts DraftNewport News Shipbuilding, Newport NewsNorthern Virginia Electric Cooperative, ManassasRexnord Corporation, Stuarts DraftRichmond Electricians Joint Apprenticeship Committee, RichmondRoanoke Area Electrical Joint Apprenticeship Committee, RoanokeR. R. Donnolley Inc., formerly Meredith /Burda Graphics, Lynchburg

and Greensboro, NCValley Mechanical, Inc., ChristiansburgVirginia Merit Shop Education Foundation, Inc., AlexandriaWESTVACO, Bleached Board Division, Covington.

The following apprentices, journey workers, supervisors, and instruc-tors graciously allowed the developers to photograph and interviewthem.

From DuPont, Waynesboro (photographed at Valley Vocational-Technical Center, Fishersville):

Charles E. Bedall, instructorRichard A. Black, apprenticeLarry N. Breeden, apprenticeDonald P. Clatterbaugh, apprenticeDonald W. Coffey, apprenticeDanny Cork, apprentice

. 6vii

Wiley J. Craig, apprenticeship coordinator, Valley Vo-TechSterling Durrett, instructorFrederick W. Fitzgerald Jr., apprenticeRonald D. Hanger, apprenticeJohn L. Huffer, instructorCalvin W. Hughes, apprenticeLarry E. Long, instructorEarl A. Riddle, apprenticeJoe B. Rutledge, apprenticeCurtis L. Smith, apprenticeRobert F. Smith Jr., apprenticeWilliam M. Smith, apprenticeRodger Lee Turner, apprentice

From Ironworkers Local 28, Richmond:Robert Harmon, journey workerKathy Ramos, apprenticeCatherine A. Renn, journey workerG. G. Renn, journey workerLouis J. Wright, supervisor

From Jewett Machine, Richmond:Justin Alexander, apprenticeJohn D. Beasley, apprenticeHerman Cooke, plant managerWilliam Englehurt Jr., team leaderMike Fitzgerald, journey workerJohn Livingston, apprenticeAlan Pitt, technician

From Lewis Construction, Richmond:Walter R. Martin, supervisorMichael G. Williams, apprentice

From Lens Crafters, Richmond:Arlinda Baylor, apprenticeDonna L. Middleton, apprenticeMildred Schultz, supervisor

From Merck Pharmaceuticals, Elkton:James Hammer, technicianSara Kis ling, technicianThomas J. Hughes, training manager

From Tobacco Company Restaurant, RichmondMark W. Kimmel, chef and apprentice supervisorRegina B. Lowery, apprenticeMarco C. Shaw, apprelice

viii

From William Byrd Press, Richmond:Douglas Fleming, apprenticeShelia D. Johnson, apprenticeCharles B. Jones, training manager.

Development of the catalog was coordinated by the staff of the VirginiaDepartment of Labor and Industry:

Dr. Thomas E. Butler, Assistant CommissionerRobert Baumgardner, Director, Apprenticeship DivisionGeorge Eanes, Director, Apprenticeship Related InstructionHarry Seay, Apprenticeship Supervisor.

Terri Marshall, Coordinator or the Richmond Apprenticeship andWorkforce Information Center, Virginia Employment Commission,supplied valuable information and insight.

The catalog wasslesigned, written, and produced by the Virginia Voca-tional Curriculum and Resource Center (VVCRC), a grant project of theVirginia Department of Education administered by Henrico CountyPublic Schools, Department of Secondary and Adult Education:

Margaret L. Watson, DirectorAnita T. Cruikshank, Writer/EditorBen C. Cleary, PhotographerTeresa P. Kieper, Publications Assistant.

The photograph of W. R. Phillips on page 9 was provided by NewportNews Shipbuilding. The photograph of electrician apprentices MikeScull and Mike Gault on page 27 was provided by Hampton Roads JointApprenticeship and Training Committee of the Electrical Industry.

ix 8

CONTENTS

Page

A Note to School Counselors ... 1

Apprenticeship: Fast Track to the Future 5What Is Apprenticeship? 7Who's an Apprentice? 11

Manufacturing and Production Workers . 13Machinist 16Printing Press Operator 17Sheet Metal Worker 18Shipfitter 19Tool and Die Maker 20Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator 21

Welder, Combination . . . . 22Building and Construction Workers 23

Brickmason/Stonemason . .. 25Carpenter 26Electrician 27Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Technician . 28Plumber /Pipefitter 29Structural Steel Worker 30Surveyor Technician (Party Chief) 31

Mechanics and Technicians 33Auto Body Repairer 36Auto Mechanic 37Biomedical Equipment Technician 38Construction Equipment Mechanic .39Diesel Mechanic 40Electrical /Electronics Technician 41Maintenance Mechanic 43Millwright 44

Service and Support Workers 45Baker 48Cook/Chef 49Barber 50Cosmetologist 51Dispensing Optician 52Office Technician . .. 53Pharmacy Assistant 54

Is Apprenticeship for Me? 55References 61

xi

9

A NOTE TO SCHOOL COUNSELORSThis catalog is designed to encourage high school students to considerapprenticeship as a beneficial option for postsecondary occupationaleducation. The benefits of apprenticeship reflect current and futuretrends in state and national economic activity and labor marketdemands.

70% of future jobs will require education beyond high school but nota baccalaureate degree. The escalating cost of college tuition makesalternative methods of occupational training very attractive.The level of communication and math skills required for theseprofessional and technical jobs is increasing rapidly.The number of expert craft workerspractitioners of skilled tradessuch as masonry and precision machiningis declining. The demandfor qualified workers is much greater than the supply. Apprentice-ship is one of the best ways these experts can pass on their tradition ofexcellence and pride in work. Experts agree that America must regainits superiority in the skilled trades in order to compete in a globaleconomy.Employers demand workers who can collaborate with others, solveproblems, adapt to changing conditions, and manage their own jobsand lives outside of work. Student apprenticeshippart-time workas a registered apprentice while in high schoolis an excellent way togain these workplace skills. Cooperative education has long provedthe value of adults as role models for working students.The fastest growing occupations will be in executive, managerial,professional, and technical fields, all requiring the highest levels ofeducation and skill. The biggest growth in numbers will take place inservice industries and occupations. There are apprenticeableoccupations in almost all of these fields.

The Virginia Apprenticeship Act allows for apprenticeship to begin atage 16 in most skilled trades. However, Virginia child labor laws doplace some restrictions on employment within certain occupations.Consult the Labor Law Division of the Department of Labor andIndustry (804-786-2386) for further information.

The minimum level of education required for entry into apprenticeshipvaries. Most programs require entrants to have a high school diploma orequivalent. However, regardless of the level of education required,apprentices need a firm grounding in reading, writing, and mathe-maticsall basic to skilled occupations. Courses in algebra, geometry,trigonometry, drafting, physics, and other courses related to the technicaland mechanical occupations are also highly recommended.

101

The educational attainment of apprent4 yes has been climbing. Unable tofind suitable jobs in their own fields, college graduates have turnedincreasingly to the skilled occupations for work. This movement mayput the high school graduate at a disadvantage when competing forapprenticeship openings. Employers may choose college graduatesbecause of a perceived potential for management. However, the highschool graduate with relevant vocational background will usually makea favorable impression. Also, some employers prefer high schoolgraduates because these workers are more apt to make a skilled tradetheir lifetime vocation.

Students should be cautioned that some of the more popularapprenticeship programs may have a waiting list.

TECH PREP

Tech prep is a systematic program of study that begins in grade 11 andculminates with an associate degree from a community college. AllVirginia community colleges, along with cooperating school divisions intheir service regions, are developing tech prep programs for non-baccalaureate-bound students. Because apprenticeship-relatedinstruction may be delivered by a community college, it is possible for astudent apprentice to begin working part-time in high school, work full-time after graduation, and earn an associate degreein machinetechnology, for examplealong with certification as a journey-levelmachinist or tool and die maker.

Students should be encouraged to investigate the possibilities of techprep and an associate degree as a logical outgrowth of apprenticeship.To find out more about tech prep and apprenticeship, contact theVirginia Department of Labor and Industry, Division of ApprenticeshipTraining, or the tech prep coordinator for the Virginia CommunityCollege System.

WOMEN IN APPRENTICESHIP

Women today are assuming jobs traditionally held by men. Some of themost popular choices include auto mechanic, electrician, and carpenter.

Some out-of-school women, however, do not have the skills andknowledge in math or science to enter these lucrative careers. Eitherthey were discouraged from taking these courses or they tried and failedto achieve passing grades. The result is a lack of confidence in theirability to learn.

Research by the American Association of University Women shows thatfemale students often learn faster and more easily in one-on-oneinstruction or in small group, cooperative settings. Apprenticeshiptraining, where on-the-job training is individualized and most relatedinstruction classes are small, can offer women an excellent path torewarding career opportunities.

211.

All high school students, male and female, should be encouraged to takemath, science, and vocational courses that will expand their opportuni-ties for professional and technical careers. These courses can be inter-faced with a tech prep program that directly involves apprenticeshiptraining as the major focus of the program.

More information about women and opportunities for nontraditionalemployment is available from the Office of Gender Equity, VirginiaDepartment of Education.

JOB DESCRIPTIONS

The jobs described in this catalog are also described on separate,unbound pages. These pages, which include information about relatedinstruction as well as a list of job tasks and apprenticeship requirements,may be duplicated and distributed to students, parents, teachers, schooladministrators, and others.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

The following five Learning Activity Packages (LAPs) may be helpful tostudents, parents, or school staff interested in specific facets ofapprenticeship:

Introducing ApprenticesSelecting a TradeThe Apprenticeship ClassroomApprentices in the WorkplaceWomen in Apprenticeship.

The LAPs are available from Fairfax County Schools, Adult andCommunity Education, Pimmit Hills Center, 7510 Lisle Avenue, FallsChurch, VA 22043. They may be requested also from the VirginiaDepartment of Labor and Industry. For copies of the LAPs and otherinformation about apprenticeship, please call the Virginia Department ofLabor and Industry, Apprenticeship Division at (804) 786-2381.

12 3

APPRENTICESHIP:MST TRACK TO THEFUTUREHave you ever pictured yourself

controlling robots to make, repair, test,or ship products?making products for everyday usefrom recycled materials?building communities that blend withthe environment?producing energy from renewP.bleresources?building vehicles that will go faster, besafer, and cost less?helping people improve the quality oftheir lives?

If you have considered any of these pos-sibilities, you should explore careers inproduction, construction, maintenanceand repair, or service occupations.

Virginia employers need skilled workersin occupations ranging from auto bodyrepairer to welder, from biomedicalequipment technician to optician. Theyare willing to pay premium wages toworkers who have "workplace know-how," or the ability to get the job doneunder highly demanding circumstances.

Because the demand from employers ishigh, the future looks bright for peoplewho want to enter these careers. How-ever, competition is tough.

How can you claim one of these careers?Consider apprenticeship: a system ofcombined on-the-job training and relatedclassroom instruction that allows you toearn money while you learn.

Want to know more? Turn the page.

13

Sara Kisling and James Hammerrepair a pH meter.

5

WHAT IS

APPRENTICESHIP?Apprenticeship is a training system underwhich a worker learns a skilled craft ortrade while earning wages.

An apprenticeship program may be spon-sored by an employer, an association ofemployers, a joint apprenticeship commit-tee, or an organization of employees. Theprogram must be registered with theVirginia Apprenticeship Council.

HOW does apprenticeship work?

It is based upon a written trainingagreement between the apprentice andthe employer.It consists of on-the-job training andclassroom instruction on the theoriesand concepts related to the occupation.It ends when the apprentice completesthe training, receives a Certificate ofCompletion, and is designated ajourney-level worker.

WHAT are the benefits of apprenticeship?

Research shows that, compared to in-formally trained workers, apprentice-ship graduates are more educated,work more steadily, learn their jobsfaster, and are more likely to becomesupervisors. They are better skilled,more productive, and work moresafely.,Apprentices earn while they learn.They generally start work at half thewage paid journey workers andreceive regular raises throughout their

'Occur ational Outlook Quarterly. U.S. Bureau ofLabor Statistics, Winter 1991/92, p. 28.

14

Team leader William Englehurt (1)helps Justin Alexander solve a

problem.

7

Apprenticeship can begin anytimeafter age 16: Both Donald

Clatterbaugh and FrederickFitzgerald have 20 years of work

experience.

8

apprenticeship. According to the Vir-ginia Employment Commission, theseraises can mean a difference of $30,000to an apprentice during a 4-year periodwhen compared to the earnings of anunskilled worker. Apprentices workfull time, averaging 40 hours a week,50 weeks a year. For many, valuablebenefits such as health care insuranceand retirement are included.Apprenticeship teaches all aspects of atrade, thereby making workers moreversatile.Apprentices learn to work withdifferent kinds of people in an actualworking situation. These "peopleskills" are highly valued by employers.

WHO is eligible for apprenticeship?

Most technical occupations requireapprentices

A to be at least 16 years of ageA to have a solid foundation in math,

science, and.languageA to have a high school diploma or

GED or be working toward a highschool diploma as a studentapprentice

A to be employed by a sponsoringemployer.

Apprenticeship programs are open toboth men and women and to allminorities.

HOW LONG does apprenticeship last?

The length of apprenticeship varies be-tween one and six years, with four yearsof on-the-job training being the average.A certain number of related instructionclasses are usually required for each yearof apprenticeship.

15

WHAT ABOUTrelated instruction?

Related classroom instruction usuallytakes place outside of work hours.Apprentices may attend class attechnical schools, community colleges,or in industrial settings.Instructors are often expert journey-level workers.Classroom topics often include tradetheory, math, science, and language.Concepts of psychology and economicsare also taught. Additional languageclasses such as English as a SecondLanguage are available in some areasof the state.Related instruction may also includehands-on practice of job tasks in acontrolled, safe environment. Safework practices are always taught.At the end of the required course ofstudy, apprentices are awarded a cer-tificate of completion. An apprenticewho maintains an A average and isnominated by his or her employermay earn an honors certificate.The cost of related instruction is theresponsibility of the apprentice. Em-ployers may contribute to theseexpenses.Apprentices in an occupation thatrequires licensing are eligible to applyfor the licensing exam when they havecompleted both their on-the-jobtraining and related instruction.

16

W. R. Philips, Jr., President ofNewport News Shipbuilding andformer apprentice: "The education

received by an apprenticestudent ... builds confidence, andit provides the ability to adapt and

be flexible."

9

WHO'S ANAPPRENTICE?Since 1938 when the state legislaturepassed the Voluntary Apprenticeship Act,Virginia workers have completed morethan 40,000 apprenticeships. Althoughthis catalog describes 31 of the most popu-lar programs in the state, the U.S. Bureauof Apprenticeship and Training recog-nizes nearly 800 apprenticeable occupa-tions, ranging from accordion maker andactor to winemaker and x-ray equipmenttester. Many people are aware of appren-ticeships in the construction andindustrial environments. It is alsopossible to apprentice to be a firefighter,graphics designer, or jeweler.

The availability of apprenticeship pro-grams depends primarily on the area ofthe country and the need for trainedworkers. For example, because there islittle industry in Northern Virginia, mostapprenticeships are in the constructionfield. The demand is entirely different inTidewater Virginia, where manymanufacturing and productionopportunities exist.

As long ago as the Middle Ages, appren-ticeship was the most common way forEuropeans to learn a trade. Although themost glamorous example might involvethe squire apprenticed to a knight, craftguilds sponsored a system in which youthwere "indentured" to established craftworkers. When Europeans emigrated toAmerica, they brought with them the sys-tem and traditions of crafts and appren-ticeship. Famous Americans who wereonce apprenticed include

A George Washington, surveyorA 'I homas Jefferson, nail mak(sr

17

Justin Alexander, John Beasley, andJohn Livingston, shown here withteam leader William Englehurt (1),

are preparing for a rewardingcareer in precision machining.

11

Regina Lowery and Marco Shaware training for one of 800

apprenticeable occupations.

12

A Benjamin Franklin, printerA Paul Revere, silversmithA Abraham Lincoln, lawyerA Andrew Johnson, tailor.

Many of the skilled occupations that arecurrently apprenticeable in Virginia aredescribed on the following pages. Theyare presented in clusters representingmanufacturing, construction,maintenance/repair, and serviceoccupations.

18

Manufacturing/ProductionWorkers . . 13

Building and Construction .Workers . . . . . 23

Mechanics and Technicians . 33Service and Support

Workers . . . 45

MANUFACTURINGAND PRODUCTIONWORKERSWorkers in production and manufac-turing occupations make products fromall kinds of materials, from paper andplastics to light metal alloys and iron. Ifyou become an apprentice in one of thesetrades, you might make parts formachines, build ships, print newspapersand magazines, or produce clean water.

Like most heavy industry occupations,these jobs are becoming increasinglycomputer-aided. If you have an aptitudefor computer-related tasks as well as aninterest in highly technical math andscience, the production and manufac-turing field offers challenging andrewarding careers.

In Virginia, apprentices work in thefollowing production occupations:

MachinistPrinting Press OperatorSheet Metal WorkerShipfitterTool and Die MakerWastewater Treatment Plant OperatorWelder.

WORKING CONDITIONS

Most production workers work in clean,well lighted, and well ventilated shops.However, high-speed machines presenthazards that demand strict attention tosafety and the wearing of protectiveequipment. Some metals can emit toxicfumes as they melt. Some workers areexposed to chemicals and gases that canbe harmful.

Production workers usually work a 40-hour week but overtime is common

Alan Pitt uses CAD to help designmachine parts.

19 13

Herman Cooke, plant manager:"Master machinists are a dyingbreed. Unless we train our own

apprentices, we're out ofbusiness."

14 20

during peak production times. Productionshifts require night and weekend work.

Many manufacturing firms are organizedaround work teams. Workers make de-cisions and have responsibilities that usedto belong to middle managers, so theymust be skilled at working with people aswell as machines. Concepts such as 'just-in-time" and "zero defect" manufacturingmean that teams must respond quickly tochanges and solve problems in a creativeway.

108 OUTLOOK

With the exception of wastewater treat-ment plant operators, the national de-mand for production workers will stay thesame or decline slightly through 2005.The primary need is to replace employeeswho are retiring or leaving the workforce.However, employers are currently havingtrouble finding applicants with the re-quired mathematical and mechanicalskills, so excellent oprtunities exist forqualified apprentices.

The demand for wastewater treatmentplant operators is expected to grow, al-though employment opportunities mayshift from local government to privatefirms.

EARNINGS

Nationally, the median hourly wage forjourney-level production and manufac-turing workers in 1990 ranged from $10.07for sheet metal workers to $13.92 for tooland die makers.

Apprentices start at about 40 to 50 percentof the wage of journey-level workers andreceive periodic raises until they reachfull pay.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

To find out more about production andmanufacturing occupations and appren-ticeship opportunities in the industry,contact the local Virginia EmploymentCommission job Services Office; theVirginia Department of Labor andIndustry, Division of ApprenticeshipTraining; or the U.S. Department of Labor,Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training.(See page 59 for addresses and telephonenumbers.)

John Livingston followed his fatherinto the machine trades.

2.1f 15

Justin Alexander says that his highschool course in woodworking wasvaluable preparation for machinist

apprenticeship.

16

MACHINISTMachinists set up and operate convention-al, special-purpose, and numerical controlmachines and machining centers to makeand assemble parts for industrial machin-ery, aircraft, automobiles, and other man-ufactured goods. They may make one-of-a-kind or small batches of parts to order.

As part of their work, machinistsA determine dimensions and toler-

ances, operational sequence, andsetup requirements by studyingblueprints, sketches, specifications,or samples

A measure and mark dimensions andreference points on the work-pieceas guides to future machining

A select, align, and secure holdingfixtures, cutting tools, or attach-meni . on machines

A regulate machining factors such asspeed, feed, coolant flow. and depthand angle of cut

A adjust machine controls as requiredA verify conformance of finished

workpiece to specificationsA fit parts into complete assemblyA verify dimensions and alignment of

assembly.

BECOMING A MACHINIST

Generally, machinist apprenticeshipsrequire 4 years on-the-job training andrelated classroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school diploma and mechanicaland mathematical aptitudes.Recommended secondary schoolcourses include algebra, geometry,trigonometry, physics, drawing anddesign, and machine shop.

2?

PRINTING PRESS OPERATORPrinting press operators set up, operate,and maintain printing presses, per-forming duties that vary with the typeand size of press. Rotogravure pressesare used to print illustrations for the mostpart, and web presses are primarily usedto print newspapers , books, and periodi-cals. Large in-line web presses mayrequire several operators on each run.

Press operators mayA check job order to find out the kinds

of paper and colors of ink to be usedA load the press with paper and inkA start the press and monitor its

operationA secure printing plates to the printing

unit and adjust the tolerancesA run proofs and make adjustmentsA adjust control margins and ink flow

to the inking rollersA clean and oil the press and make

minor repairsA clean and reset rollersA set up and operate plate-making

equipment and paper-cutting,drilling, and folding machines

A clean ink fountains; remove, clean,and store plates; clean the printingunit cylinders at the end of the run.

BECOMING A PRINTER

Printer apprenticeship programs re-quire 4 to 6 years of on-the-job trainingand related classroom instruction.Most employers prefer applicants witha high school education with aknowledge of grammar, math,chemistry, electronics, and physics.Printers need an ability to visualizecolor and good oral and written com-munication skills.Apprentices may begin by learningpre-press operations.

23.

Shelia Johnson prepares negativesfor printing.

17

Ake

Bryan Rose fabricates metal partsusing a ;TIC machine.

1824

SHEET METAL WORKERSheet metal workers fabricate, assemble,install, and repair sheet metal productsand equipment such as control boxes,duct work, drainpipes, ventilators, andfurnace casings according to job orders orblueprints.

To accomplish a wide variety of jobs,sheet metal workers

A study blueprints to learn size, loca-tion, and type of metal necessary forthe job

A make shop drawings from the blue-prints to follow when constructingand assembling the needed sheetmetal product

A layout the metal sheet to showwhere it is to be cut

A set up and operate fabricatingmachines to cut, bend, andstraighten sheet metal

A cut and shape the metal piece, usingvarious tools and machines

A set up and operate soldering andwelding equipment to join metalparts

A smooth seams, joints, or rough sur-faces

A check the finished parts for propermeasurements

A install assemblies in worksite ac-cording to blueprint specifications,using hand tools and power tools.

BECOMING A SHEET METAL WORKER

Apprenticeship programs for sheetmetal workers generally require 4 yearsof on-the-job training and relatedinstruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school diploma who have hadsecondary school courses in algebra,geometry, trigonometry, physics,mechanical drawing, and welding.

SHIPFITTERShipfitters lay out and fabricate the ship'smetal structural parts, such as plates andframes, and brace them in position to beriveted or welded. As part of their job,they may

A lay out position of parts on metal,working from blueprint or templates

A locate and mark reference lines suchas center, buttock, and frame lines

A position parts in hull of ship, as-sisted by rigger

A align parts in relation to each other,using jacks, turnbuckles, clips,wedges, and mauls

A mark location of holes to be drilledand install temporary fasteners tohold part in place for welding orriveting

A install packing, gaskets, liners, andstructural accessories and memberssuch as doors, hatches, brackets, andclips.

A prepare molds and templates forfabrication of nonstandard parts

A tack weld clips and brackets in placeprior to permanent welding

A roll, bend, flange, cut, and shapeplates, beams, and other heavymetal parts.

BECOMING A SHIPFITTER

Apprenticeship programs for ship-fitters usually require 3 to 4 years ofon-the-job training and related class-room instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school diploma.Secondary courses in algebra,geometry, trigonometry, machineshop, and mechanical drawing arehelpful to apprentices.

Virginia employsmany workers in the

shipbuilding industry,primarily in theTidewater and

Hampton Roadsarea,' of the state.

25 19

Did you know?

Some metals are solight that they will

change shape just bybeing held in the

hand.

20

TOOL AND DIE MAKERTool and die makers construct, remodel,maintain, repair, and test metalworkingdies (forms used in stamping and forgingoperations), cutting tools, fixtures (work-holding devices), jigs (fixtures that guidetools), gauges, and machinists' hand tools.They use many types of machine tools andprecision measuring instruments. Inshops that use numerically controlledmachine tools, the tool and die makersmay plan and write CNC programs.

Specifically, tool and die makersA study blueprints, sketches, models,

or written specifications in order topicture the final product

A plan the type of stock, layout,machining, and assembly operationsneeded to complete the job

A measure and mark the proper stockfor machining

A set up and operate machine toolsA smooth and finish the workpiece,

using hand toolsA fit and fasten parts together with

bolts, screws, or dowelsA connect any wiring or hydraulic

parts.

BECOMING A TOOL AND DIE MAKER

Most tool and die maker apprentice-ships require 4 or 5 years of on-the-jobtraining and related classroom instruc-tion.Employers generally prefer applicantswith a high school education and agood working knowledge of algebra,geometry, trigonometry, and physics.Tool and die makers need good eye-sight, a great amount of patience, andattention to detail.

26'

WASTEWATER TREATMENTPLANT OPERATORWastewater treatment plant operatorstend pumps, conveyors, blowers,chlorinators, vacuum filters, and otherequipment used to decontaminate domes-tic and industrial wastewater.

As part of their duties, treatment plantoperators

A remove obstructions from filteringscreens to increase the flow ofwastewater through the initialscreening process

A adjust valves to regulate the flowthrough settling tanks

A regulate the amount of air andsteam used to aerate the effluent andto control the temperature in sludgedigestion tanks

A detect equipment malfunctions anddetermine when lubrication ofequipment or other periodic serviceis necessary by interpretingtemperature gauges, charts, andflow meters

A collect samplesA conduct laboratory testsA report on tests or operationsA perform minor maintenance.

BECOMING A WASTEWATERTREATMENT PLANT OPERATOR

Apprenticeship programs for waste-water treatment plant operators re-quire 3 to 4 years of on-the-job trainingand related classroom instruction.Most employers prefer applicants whohave a high school education.Secondary school courses in chemistry,biology, physics, algebra, and shopmechanics are helpful to apprentices.

Like otherproduction

processes, watertreatment is

becomingincreasingly

computer-aided.

I

27i1.

21

John Huffer checks theprogress made by apprentice

Donald Coffey.

22

WELDER, COMBINATIONWelders permanently join pieces of metalwith metal filler, using heat or pressure.Welders join parts being manufactured,build structures, and repair broken orcracked parts according to specifications.There are three major types of welding:arc, gas, and resistance. They differ in themanner in which heat is applied. .

WeldersA identify materials to be weldedA select a suitable electrode (welding

rod)A select the appropriate welding

methodA adjust the electric current on the

power source according to the typesof metals being welded

A strike an arc by touching the elec-trode to the metal to be welded,completing an electric circuit

A guide the arc, with its intense heat,along the edges of the metals tobe joined, to make the weld

A use a torch to cut metalA perform gas welding and burning.

BECOMING A WELDER

It generally takes 3 years of on-the-joband classroom training to complete awelding apprenticeship program.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in algebra,geometry, trigonometry, mechanicaldrawing, blueprint reading, technologyeducation, machine shop, welding, andelectricity/electronics help apprenticewelders learn their trade.

28

BUILDING ANDCONSTRUCTIONWORKERSIf you become an apprentice in a buildingand construction occupation, you maybuild houses, apartment buildings, sky-scraper office buildings, factories, schools,or shopping malls. However, you mightalso be involved in the construction ofroads, bridges, railways, tunnels, airports,or parks.

In Virginia, apprentices work in thefollowing construction occupations:

Brickmason/StonemasonCarpenterElectricianHeating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning,

and Refrigeration TechnicianPlumber/PipefitterStructural Steel WorkerSurveyor Technician (Party Chief).

WORKING CONDITIONS

Generally, construction occupations re-quire workers to have physical strength,stamina, and manual dexterity. Much ofthe work takes place outdoors and issometimes delayed because of weather.Construction workers must stand, kneel,or crouch, sometimes in tight places, toperform job tasks.

Construction workers must adhere strictlyto safety rules to work effectively in highplaces, around electricity, and with high-speed equipment.

Some construction workers change em-ployers with every job. Others work forcontractors or alternate between contractwork and self-employment on small jobs.

2&

Journey-level ironworkersCatherine Renn and G. G. Rout are

a father-daughter team. He washer apprenticeship supervisor.

23

Did you know?

The firstminimum wage,established in

1938, was 250 perhour.

24

JOB OUTLOOK

Nationally, employment of most construc-tion workers is expected to show moder-ate growth through 2005 in response toincreased residential, commercial, andindustrial construction. Employment ofelectricians will grow somewhat faster.

The construction industry responds to theeconomy; in times of economic growth,construction workers are in great demand.In addition to growth in the constructionindustry, employment opportunities willoccur because many current workers arenearing retirement age and must bereplaced.

Many women have found employment inthe construction industry, especially ascarpenters and electricians. Apprentice-ship represents an excellent trainingmethod for women who wish to earnmore than is offered in many traditionallyfemale-dominated occupations.

EARNINGS

Nationally, the median wage for journey-level construction workers in 1990 rangedfrom $10.30 per hour for brickmasons to$14.25Ter hour for structural steelworkers, whose earnings reflect thedanger attached to their jobs.

Apprentices start at about 40 to 50 percentof the wage of journey-level workers andreceive periodic raises until they reach afull wage.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

If you want to know more about con-struction occupations and apprenticeshipopportunities in the industry, contact yourlocal Virginia Employment CommissionJob Services Office; the Virginia Depart-ment of Labor and Industry, Division ofApprenticeship Training; or the U.S.Department of Labor, Bureau ofApprenticeship and Training. (See page59 for addresses and telephone numbers.)

BRICKMASONSTONEMASONBrickmasons lay brick, stone, structuraltile, marble, concrete blocks, and othermasonry materials to build walls, parti-tions, fireplaces, and other structures.Stonemasons build stone structures suchas piers and walls or lay walks, curb-stones, or other special types of masonry.

Brick and stonemasonsA estimate materials neededA interpret blueprints, sketches, and

plansA measure distances from reference

points and make guidelines onwork surfaces to lay out work

A determine the alignment of brickcourses, using plumb bob, level, andline

A cut bricks to size and shape stonesbefore setting

A spread mortar to serve as a base andbinder for bricks and stones

A set stone in place by hand or craneA align stone with a plumblineA tap bricks to align, level, and embed

them in mortarA finish mortar joint between bricks

and stones with a shaped tool.

BECOMING A BRICKMASON ORSTONEMASON

Apprenticeships are usually sponsoredby local contractors or jointapprenticeship committees.Apprenticeship programs generallyrequire 3 years on-the-job training andrelated classroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Recommended secondary coursesinclude algebra, geometry,trigonometry, mechanical drawing,and carpentry or woodworking.

Because of the numberof materials and diffi-

culty of techniquesinvolved, brick and

stonemasons continueto study even after theirapprenticeship is over.

31 25

Michael Williams, carpenterapprentice, works outdoors on

a cold, clear day.

26

CARPENTERCarpenters construct, erect, install, andrepair structures made of wood and woodproducts, following local building codes.Jobs may range from constructing con-crete forms and temporary frame sheltersto projects that require exacting finishwork.

To perform this wide range of duties,carpenters

A interpret blueprints, sketches, andbuilding plans

A order building materials from blue-prints

A select, measure, and lay out cuttingand assembly lines on materials

A cut and shape materials to pre-scribed measurements, using handand power tools

A assemble, fasten, and installmaterials

A weld metal parts to structural steelA lay floors and build stairsA check the accuracy of completed

work with plumb bob and carpen-ter's level

A install metal studs used for partitionwalls.

BECOMING A CARPENTER

Virginia has a large number of carpen-ter apprenticeship programs.Apprenticeship programs usuallyrequire 4 years of on-the-job trainingand related classroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Recommended secondary coursesinclude algebra, geometry, carpentry,drawing and design, woodworking,electricity and electronics, metal shop,and technology education.

ELECTRICIANElectricians lay out, assemble, install,maintain, and test electrical power distri-bution systems, fixtures, control equip-ment, and wiring used in heating andrefrigeration, lighting, power, inter-communication, air conditioning, andelectrical systems.

To accomplish these duties, electriciansA detect hazards, through observation

and testing of installed equipmentor systems, and determine adjust-ment, relocation, or replacementneeds

A plan installations consistent withspecifications and local codes

A prepare sketches or follow blue-prints showing the location ofwiring and equipment

A measure, cut, bend, thread, assem-ble, and install electrical conduits

A pull wires through conduit andconnect them to lighting fixturesand power equipment

A install switches, relays, and circuitbreaker panels for control anddistribution of electricity.

A connect power cables to equipmentand install ground leads

A test and observe installed equip-ment or systems to ensure electricalcompatibility and safety

A install programmable controllersand other electronic systems.

BECOMING AN ELECTRICIAN

Apprenticeship programs usually re-quire 4 or 5 years of on-the-job trainingand related classroom instruction.This occupation requires licensing.Employers prefer apprentices with ahigh school education.Recommended secondary schoolcourses include algebra and geometry,science, electricity, electronics,mechanical drawing, and fiber optics.

Apprentices Mike Scull and MikeGault repair a parking lot light.

3 3,

I

27

Although manyHVAC technicianswork in residential

or commercialconstruction, they

can work anywherethere is a climatecontrol system.

28

HEATING, VENTILATION,AIP CONDITIONING,AND REFRIGERATIONTECHNICIANThese skilled workers install, service, andrepair many different types of heating, air-conditioning, and refrigerationequipment.

Working with a wide range of equipmentrequires HVAC installers/servicers to

A install central air-conditioning andheating systems and refrigerationequipment according to blueprintsand design specifications

A overhaul compressorsA troubleshoot electrical control

circuits, including parts such asrelays and thermostats

A adjust air flow for proper distribu-tion

A place motors, compressors, con-densing units, evaporators, andother components in location

A connect equipment to the duct workand refrigerant lines

A diagnose system problemsA observe strict environmental

standards regarding refrigeranthandling.

BECOMING AN HVAC TECHNICIAN

Apprenticeship programs usuallyrequire 4 years of on-the-job trainingand related classroom instruction.This occupaiton requires licensing.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh sc' 'ool education.Secondary school courses in algebra,geometry, trigonometry, physics,mechanical drawing, electricity, andblueprint reading can be helpful to anapprentice.

34

PL UMBER/PIPEFITTERPlumbers assemble, install, and repairpipes, fittings, and fixtures of heating,water, and drainage systems according tospecifications and plumbing codes. Theyusually work with pipes and related fix-tures that are 4 inches in diameter or less.

Pipefitters lay out, fabricate, assemble,install, and maintain piping, pipingsystems, and equipment for steam, hotwater, heating, cooling, lubricating, andindustrial processing systems. Theyusually work with large pipes that arefrequently secured by flanges or welds.

Their jobs demand that plumbers andpipefitters

A interpret building plans and workdrawings

A locate and mark the position ofpipes and pipe fittings

A cut, thread, and bend pipesA assemble and install valves, pipe

fittings, and pipesA solder, braze, and weld to join pipesA fill pipe systems with water or airA determine if system is leaking by

reading pressure gaugesA install and repair plumbing fixturesA repair and maintain plumbing.

BECOMING A PLUMBER OR PIPEFITTER

Apprenticeship programs usuallyrequire 4 years of on-the-job trainingand related classroom instruction.This occupation requires licensing.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Recommended courses in high schoolinclude algebra, geometry, trigonom-etry, physics, metal shop, blueprintreading, and plumbing.

35

Curtis Smith is learning aboutpumps in order to qualify as a

plant area mechanic withpipefitting responsibilities.

29

Kathy Ramos travels up and downthe eastern seaboard, working as a

structural ironworker.

30 36

STRUCTURAL STEEL WORKERStructural steel workers raise, place, andunite large beams, columns, and otherstructural steel members to form com-pleted structures or frameworks. Theywork as members of a crew.

As part of a crew, structural steel workersA set up hoisting equipment for

raising and placing steel membersA fasten steel parts to the cables of

hoisting equipmentA pull, push, or pry steel parts into

approximate position while the partsand workers are supported byhoisting devices

A force steel parts into final position,using turnbuckles, crowbars, jacks,and hand tools

A align/position rivet holes in steelparts and drive driftpins throughholes

A measure the vertical and horizontalposition of steel parts with a plumbbob and level

A bolt positioned steel parts to keepthem in place until permanentlyriveted, bolted, or welded

A cut and weld steel parts in makingalterations

A reinforce existing structures.

BECOMING A STRUCTURAL STEELWORKER

Apprenticeship programs usuallyrequire 3 years of on-the-job trainingand related classroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in algebra,geometry, mechanical drawing,blueprint reading, metal shop, andwelding are helpful.

SURVEYOR TECHNICIAN(PARTY CHIEF)Surveyor assistants and technicians assistsurveyors by setting up surveying equip-ment and taking measurements of landareas for mapmaking, construction andengineering projects, mining, and otherpurposes. A party chief leads the work ofthe survey crew under the direction of alicensed land surveyor.

Survey party chiefsA hold level or stadia rod at desig-

nated points to determine elevationsand distances

A call out readings to survey partymembers

A write station numbers and readingsin notebooks

A mark points of measurement withelevation, station number, or otheridentifying marks

A measure distances between surveypoints, using steel or cloth tape orsurveyor's chain

A place stakes at designated pointsand drive them into the ground atspecified elevations

A cut and clear brush and trees fromthe line of survey

A supervise surveyor assistants andhelpers.

BECOMING A SURVEYOR PARTY CHIEF

Surveyor party chief apprenticeshipsusually take 4 years of on-the-job train-ing and related classroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in drawingand design, earth science, algebra,trigonometry, and mechanical drawingare recommended.

Licensed surveyorsusually obtain

their basic trainingthrough civilengineeringprograms at

universities or4-year institutions.

37 31

MECHANICS ANDTECHNICIANSThis group of workers maintains instru-ments and machines by troubleshootingand diagnosing problems and by testing,repairing, moving, and maintaining equip-ment that includes automobiles, engines,heavy machines, and sophisticated elec-tronic devices.

If you become an apprentice mechanic ortechnician, you may work in a research ortesting laboratory, in a service or repairshop, on the production floor, or at a cus-tomer location. You may be a specialistsuch as a biomedical equipment technicianor a generalist like a millwright or mainte-nance mechanic.

In Virginia, apprentices may work in thefollowing occupational specialties:

Automobile Body RepairerAutomobile MechanicBiomedical Equipment TechnicianConstruction Equipment MechanicDiesel MechanicElectrical/Electronic TechnicianMaintenance MechanicMillwright.

WORKING CONDITIONS

Working conditions vary according to theenvironment in which a mechanic ortechnician works. Mechanics generallywork indoors in well lighted, well venti-lated spaces, but the shop ma, be noisyand the parts dirty. They may have to standor stoop in cramped or awkward positionsto reach otherwise inaccessible parts.Construction equipment mechanics maywork in the field because of the expense ofmoving heavy equipment to a shop.

38

Earl Riddle is learning electronics,an essential area of knowledge for

maintenance mechanics.

33

A predictedincrease in the

number of cars onthe road is goodnews for future

automotivetechnicians.

34

Technicians who work with electronicequipment usually work in quieter, air-conditioned environments.

Mechanics and technicians generally worka standard 40-hour week, but overtime isfairly common. Those employed by amanufacturing firm may work shifts. Thesame is true of biomedical equipmenttechnicians who maintain essentialhospital equipment.

JOB OUTLOOK

The national employment outlook variesfor mechanics and technicians.

Rapid growth in computers andelectronics means that technicians whowork on sophisticated electrical,electronic, or computerized equipmentwill find plentiful opportunities,although those who work in defense-related jobs will experience somedifficulty.Auto body repairers, auto mechanics,and diesel mechanics will find jobsbecause these fields are expanding;more automobiles are on the road, andmore freight is being moved by truck.Apprentice maintenance mechanics,construction equipment mechanics,and millwrights will primarily replaceretiring journey level workers.Employers often draw maintenancemechanics from existing employees,who compete for apprenticeships onthe basis of seniority and aptitude.

39

EARNINGS

Nationally, the median wage for journey-level mechanics and technicians in 1990ranged from $12.00 per hour for construc-tion equipment and maintenance mechan-ics to $18.25 for auto body repairers.

Apprentices start at about 40 to 50 percentof the wage of journey-level workers andreceive periodic raises until they reach fullpay.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

If you want to know more about careersfor mechanics and technicians and relatedapprenticeship opportunities, contactyour local Virginia Employment Commis-sion Job Services Office; the VirginiaDepartment of Labor and Industry,Division of Apprenticeship Training; orthe U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau ofApprenticeship and Training. (See page59 for addresses and telephone numbers.)

40

Related instruction for apprenticemaintenance mechanics

Danny Cork (1) andRodger Lee Turner (r) includes

hands-on practice.

35

Did you know?

Technical repairmanuals requirecollege - levelreading skills.

36

AUTO BODY REPAIRERAuto body repairers fix damaged bodiesand body parts of cars, trucks, buses,campers, and trailers.

To complete repairs, auto body repairersA estimate the cost of a repair jobA pound out small dents with a

hammer, pick hammer, or punchA straighten bent or twisted framesA weld metal partsA remove parts to gain access to

vehicle body and fendersA remove and repair or replace

damaged fenders, panels, doors,grills, glass, or other body parts

A fill damaged areas with plastic bodyfillers

A fill, grind, sand, and smooth filledor repaired surfaces

A refinish by painting with primercoat, sanding, and painting with afinish coat or clear coat

A aim headlights and align wheelsA recharge air-conditioning systemA replace pin-striping.

BECOMING AN AUTO BODY REPAIRER

Apprenticeship programs for autobody repairers generally require 3 to 4years of on-the-job training and relatedclassroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in auto bodyrepair, drafting, general math, machineshop, and welding are helpful topotential apprentices.Good reading skills are essentialbecause of the high level of instructionand diagrams in technical manuals.

,41

AUTO MECHANICAutomobile mechanics inspect, maintain,troubleshoot, diagnose, and repairmechanical and electrical parts of automo-biles, trucks, and vans.

To accomplish a variety of tasks, automechanics may

A examine vehicles and discuss withcustomers the nature and extent ofdamage or malfunction

A plan work procedures, using charts,technical manuals, or computersystems

A raise vehicles, using a hydraulic jackor hoist

A remove and di; -,ssemble units suchas engines, transn...isions, anddifferentials

A repair, overhaul, or replace partssuch as pistons, rods, valves,carburetors, bearings, distributors,shock absorbers, or exhaust systems

A rewire ignition systems, lights, andinstrument panels

A reline and adjust brakesA align front endsA replace and adjust headlightsA install and repair accessories such

as radios, heaters, and mirrors.

BECOMING AN AUTO MECHANIC

It takes 3 to 4 years of on-the-jobtraining and classroom instruction tobecome a journey level auto mechanic.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Apprentices find high school coursesin auto mechanics, electricity andelectronics, metal shop, shop math,and drafting to be helpful.The high level of reading required touse complex technical manuals orcomputerized diagnostics calls foradvanced reading and comprehensionskills.

Auto mechanicsmust quickly

absorb a steadystream of changes tocomplex diagnosticand troubleshooting

information.

g42 37

Instrument technicians like SaraKis ling can specialize inbiomedi6l equipment.

38

BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENTTECHNICIANBiomedical equipment technicians repair,calibrate, and maintain medical equip-ment and instrumentation used byphysicians, nurses, laboratory technicians,and engineers to research, diagnose,monitor, or treat physical ailments ordysfunctions. They

A inspect and install medical devicesranging from anesthesia equipmentto patient-care computers

A service medical equipment andinstruments, using hand tools,power tools, measuring devices,troubleshooting techniques, andpreventive maintenance schedules

A safety-test medical equipment andhealth care facility structures toensure patient and staff safety fromelectrical or mechanical hazards

A consult with medical or researchstaff to ascertain that equipmentfunctions properly and safely

A demonstrate and explain correctoperation of equipment

A may modify or develop instrumentsor devices under supervision ofmedical or engineering staff.

BECOMING A BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENTTECHNICIAN

An apprenticeship program generallytakes 4 years of on-the-job training andrelated classroom instruction.Technicians in this field must work to ahigh degree of accuracy and detail.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary courses in electronics andmedical terminology and an interest inscience and math are recommended.

43.

CONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENT MECHANICConstruction equipment mechanicsanalyze malfunctions and repair, rebuild,and maintain construction equipment suchas cranes, power shovels, scrapers, pavingmachines, motor graders, trench-diggingmachines, conveyors, bulldozers, dredges,pumps, compressors, and pneumatic tools.

Working on a wide range of equipment,these mechanics may

A troubleshoot engine problems andanalyze hydraulic system complaints

A dismantle the machine or some of itsparts

A inspect machinery for damage orwear and tear

A perform preventive maintenanceA examine clearance and dimensions,

using gauges, calipers, and microme-ters

A weld broken parts and structuralmembers

A replace defective engines andsubassemblies such as transmissions

A make field overhauls and repairs inorder to finish construction jobs

A test repaired equipment to ensureproper working condition.

BECOMING A CONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENT MECHANIC

Apprenticeship programs for construc-tion equipment mechanics require 3 to 4years of on-the-job training and class-room instruction.Employers look for applicants with ahigh school education, mechanicalaptitude, and a knowledge of machin-ery.Secondary school courses in automechanics, diesel mechanics, machineshop, mechanical drawing, heavy dutyequipment mechanics, and welding arehelpful.

4.4.

1

Welding, demonstrated here byapprentice Donald Coffey, is an

integral part of repairingconstructon equiment.

39

Diesel enginemaintenance

requires skills inelectronics,

welding, andprecision

measurement.

40

DIESEL MECHANICDiesel mechanics repair and maintaindiesel engines used to power machinessuch as buses, ships, trucks, railroadtrains, electric generators, and construc-tion machinery, using hand tools, preci-sion measuring instruments, and machinetools.

On the job, diesel mechanics mayA inspect and test engines to locate

causes of troubleA disassemble engines and examine

parts for defects and excessive wearA recondition and replace parts such

as pistons, bearings, gears, valves,and bushings

A weld and cut parts, using arcwelding and flame cutting equip-ment

A rebuild enginesA repair fuel injection systems, starting

systems, and cylinder headsA perform preventive maintenance.

BECOMING A DIESEL MECHANIC

Apprenticeship programs for dieselmechanics require 4 years of on-the-job training and classroom instruction.Employers look for applicants withmechanical aptitude and a knowledgeof machinery.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in automechanics, diesel mechanics, machineshop, mechanical drawing, electronics,and algebra are helpful.

45

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICSTECHNICIANElectrical and electronics technicians de-velop, manufacture, maintain, and servicea wide variety of electrical and electronicequipment and components. They aresometimes referred to as engineeringtechnicians.

Electrical technicians assemble, maintain,and test electrical equipment and compo-nents such as motor-controlled devices,switch panels, transformers, generatorwindings, and solenoids. Electronicstechnicians build, test, repair, and modifyelectronic equipment such as computers,communications equipment, industrialand medical measuring or control devices,and radar.

Electrical/electronics techniciansA discuss assembly and layout prob-

lems with engineersA draw sketches to clarify design de-

tails and functional criteria of unitsA assemble circuitry or complete pro-

totype model according to engineer-ing instructions and technical manu-als

A perform preventive and correctiveprocedures

A set up test equipment and wiring toconduct tests on the performance andreliability of products and equipment

A conduct periodic testsA analyze and interpret test resultsA diagnose the cause of malfunctionsA recommend changes in circuitry or

specifications or replacement ofequipment that fails to meet operat-ing standards

A adjust and modify parts and wiringand record effect on unit perfor-mance

A write technical reports and drawcharts and diagrams that show howthe system operates.

411,

"

James Hammer combinedapprenticeship with community

college courses to become anelectronics technician.

(continuetg- 41

William Smith (I) and RonaldHanger (r) are applying concepts

and theories learned inelectronics class.

42

BECOMING AN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS TECHNICIAN

Apprenticeships for electrical/electron-ics technicians usually take 3 to 4 yearsof on-the-job experience and relatedacademic instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary courses in algebra, electric-ity and electronics, geometry, androbotics are recommended.Engineering technicians need aptitudefor math and science. Those who workin design need to be creative and alsomust enjoy working on an engineeringteam. Technicians who work in theservice field need good customerrelations skills.

4 7

MAINTENANCE MECHANICMaintenance mechanics repair and main-tain machinery and mechanical equipmentsuch as engines, motors, pneumatic tools,conveyor systems, and production ma-chines and equipment in accordance withmanuals and specifications.

To keep complex equipment operational,maintenance mechanics may

A locate causes of trouble by observingmechanical devices in operation andlistening to their sounds

A dismantle devices to gain access toand remove defective parts, usinghoists, cranes, hand tools, and powertools

A examine form and texture of parts todetect imperfections

A inspect used parts to determinechanges in dimensional requirements

A adjust functional parts of devices andcontrol instruments

A repair or replace defective partsA install special functional and struc-

tural parts in devicesA start devices to test their performanceA lubricate and clean partsA set up and operate lathe, drill press,

grinder, and other metalworkingtools to make and repair parts.

BECOMING A MAINTENANCEMECHANIC

Apprenticeship programs for mainte-nance mechanics require 4 years of on-the-job training and classroom instruc-tion.Employers prefer high school or voca-tional school graduates with courses inalgebra, geometry, trigonometry,physics, mechanical drawing, technol-ogy education, electricity and electron-ics, heavy duty equipment mechanics,machine shop, and welding.

48

Richard Black is learning tomaintain expensive electronic

control equipment.

43

Millwrightsmust be strong andagile because their

work generallyrequires a

considerableamount of lifting

and climbing.

44

MILLWRIGHTMillwrights are often called "jacks of alltrades" because of the wide variety ofduties and skills their jobs require. Theyinstall, repair, replace, and dismantlemachinery and equipment in an industrialestablishment according to layout plans,blueprints, and other drawings.

To accomplish this installation, mill-wrights

A determine work procedures byreading blueprints and schematicdrawings

A dismantle machinesA move machinery and equipmentA assemble and install equipment

such as shafting, conveyors, andtram rails

A construct foundations for machinesA align, assemble, and secure machin-

ery to foundationsA repair, oil, and maintain machinery

and equipment.A install, repair, and replace mechani-

cal, electrical, and electroniccontrols.

49

BECOMING A MILLWRIGHT

Apprenticeship programs usuallyrequire 4 years of on-the-job trainingand related classroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in algebra,geometry, trigonometry, physics,welding, drafting, technology educa-tion, machine shop, woodworking, andmechanical drawing are helpful.

SERVICE AND

SUPPORT WORKERSPeople who work in "service occupa-tions" have direct contact with or performservices or sell products on order from thepublic. They must have highly developedskills in customer relations in order tofulfill their responsibilities. Service jobscan be very demanding but are rewardingto apprentices who practice the art ofpleasing the customer.

Administrative support workers coordi-nate work and the flow of information tothe staff or clients of a company. They toomust have finely tuned skills in communi-cation and human relations.

In Virginia, apprentices work in thefollowing service occupations:

BakerBarberCook/ChefCosmetologistDispensing OpticianOffice TechnicianPharmacy Assistant.

WORKING CONDITIONS

Businesses that serve the public are openfor the convenience of their customers.Therefore, service workers may work longhours, including evenings and weekends.They must stand for long periods of time.

Some restaurant kitchens are air-condi-tioned, but most are hot places to work.Barbers, cosmetologists, opticians, officetechnicians, and pharmacy assistantsusually work in pleasant, well lighted,well ventilated surroundings. Safety andsanitation are important concerns to al;these workers.

50

Apprentice Regina Loweryreceived an award for her work

from the Virginia ChefsAssociation.

45

Donna Middleton is learningcomplex formulas for lens

measurement.

46

JOB OUTLOOK

Plentiful job opportunities are predictednationally through 2005 for peopleinterested in working in service occupa-tions. Consider these trends that willaffect employment:

The fastest growing segment of thepopulation is middle-aged andelderly men and women.More women are in the workforcethan ever before.People have more leisure time thanany other time in history.

These trends translate into jobs within theservice sector. As personal income andleisure time increase, people can affordand will seek all types of services. De-mand for services related to health care,personal appearance, dining out, andrecreational activities will increase.

For example, the demand for qualifiedopticians is much greater than the supplyof applicants, making this a very reward-ing career for apprentices with a strongaptitude for highly technical work. Full-service restaurants will offer plenty ofopportunities for cooks, chefs, and bal'ers.Barbers will find the demand for theirservices increasing if they offer a varietyof hairstyling services.

EARNINGS

The national median wage for journey-level service workers varies widely. In1990, cooks and bakers earned an averageof $6.50 per hour, but an executive chefearned more than $40,000.00 per year, ornearly $20.00 per hour. Dispensingopticians and office technicians earned amedian hourly wage of $12.00. Barbersand cosmetologists make between $7.00and $14.00 per hour, but some work oncommission, keeping 50 to 70 percent of

'5'1

money they take in. Barbers and cosme-tologists also receive tips from satisfiedcustomers. (No national wage informationis available for pharmacy assistants.)

Apprentices start at about 40 to 50 percentof the wage of journey-level workers andreceive periodic raises until they reach afull wage.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONIf you want to know more about theseservice occupations and related appren-ticeship opportunities, contact the localVirginia Employment Commission JobServices Office; the Virginia Departmentof Labor and Industry, Division of Ap-prenticeship Training; or the U.S. Depart-ment of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeshipand Training. See page 59 for addressesand telephone numbers.

IApprentices who learn electronics,

such as Larry Breeden (seated),shown here with instructor Larry

Long, can decide to enter alucrative career in consumer

electronics service.

62 47(

Cooks and bakerswill find many job

opportunities in thekitchens of nursing

homes andresidential carefacilities for the

elderly.

48

BAKER

Bakers measure, mix, and bake ingredi-ents according to recipes to make bread,pastries, and other baked goods forrestaurants, institutions, and retail bakeryshops. In some kitchens, bakers arecalled pastry chefs or pastry cooks.

Whether they specialize in one type ofproduct or prepare all types of goods,bakers

A follow sequential directions, bothoral and written

A measure and weigh ingredientsA dump ingredients into mixing

machines and mix them to specifica-tions

A cook ingredients in steam kettlesA roll, cut, and shape dough to form a

variety of productsA place dough in pans, molds, or on

sheetsA bake dough in ovens or on grillsA observe color of products being

baked and adjust controls to main-tain temperature, humidity, andbaking time

A apply glaze, icing, or other toppingto baked goods

A create decorative finishes andpresentations of baked goods.

A keep accounts and other records ofproduction.

BECOMING A BAKER

It takes 3 years of combined on-the-jobtraining and classroom instruction tobecome a journey-level baker.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in businessmath, catering, commercial foods,nutrition, and vocational home eco-nomics arc helpful.

53'

COOK/CHEFCooks prepare, season, and cook soups,meats, vegetables, desserts, and otherfoodstuffs for consumption in hotels andrestaurants. They may also prepare foodfor people on special diets.

Chefs supervise, coordinate, and partici-pate in activities of cooks and otherkitchen personnel in preparing foods.

As part of their jobs, cooks and chefsA plan menusA select, adapt, or create recipesA estimate food requirements from the

menuA select and procure foods and

ingredientsA prepare raw foods for cooking by

washing, peeling, and cuttingA weigh, measure, and mix ingredi-

ents according to recipesA season foodA regulate the temperature of ovens,

broilers, grills, and roastersA observe and test food being cookedA carve and serve portions on platesA supervise other cooks or kitchen

helpersA maintain records and accounts.

BECOMING A COOK OR CHEF

Programs offered by trade unions orprofessional associations requireapprentice cooks and chefs tocomplete on-the-job training andclassroom instruction ranging froma few months to 3 years.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school educationHigh school courses in businessmath, basic business, commercialfoods, food science, and nutritionare beneficial.

Marco Shaw was preparing toattend graduate school in politicalscience when he decided to become

a chef apprentice instead.

54,,49

Barbering is anancient occupation

that is changingwith today's focus

on hairstyling.

50

BARBERBarbers cut and trim hair to satisfy eachcustomer's request or to suit the shape ofthe customer's head and current hairstyles. They may

A cut, trim, and taper hairA dye, retouch, and bleach hairA style hairA straighten or curl hairA shape the neckline and sideburnsA shave facial and neck areasA trim beardsA apply hairdressings and lotionsA massage scalp, neck, and faceA advise customers on hair and scalp

care.

BECOMING A BARBER

This occupation requires iicensing. Tobecome a licensed barber in Virginia,an applicant must be 17 years old andpass the state examination.To qualify for the examination, appli-cants must complete training from alicensed barber school, an ArmedForces program, a public schoolprogram, or an apprenticeship pro-gram approved by the Board of BarberExaminers.Apprenticeship programs generallyrequire 18 months of on-the-job train-ing and related classroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.

55

COSMETOLOGISTCosmetologists provide beauty services toboth male and female customers of allages. They may

A analyze hair to ascertain conditionA apply bleach, dye, or tint to hairA shampoo hair and scalpA massage scalp, face, and neckA apply scalp-conditioning treatments

for hygienic or remedial purposesA style hair by blowing, cutting,

trimming, and taperingA suggest hair style according to

physical feature of patron andcurrent styles or determine patronpreferences

A curl or straighten hairA apply permanent wave solutionsA recommend cosmetics for conditions

such as dry or oily skinA apply lotions and creams to

customer's face and neckA shape and color eyebrows or

eyelashesA clean, shape, and polish fingernails

and toenailsA maintain records and accounts

BECOMING A COSMETOLOGIST

This occupation requires licensing. Alicensed cosmetologist in Virginia mustgraduate from a licensed public orproprietary school of cosmetology orcomplete an approved apprenticeshipprogram and pass the state written andpractical examination.Apprenticeship programs for cosme-tologists generally require 18 monthsof on-the-job training and relatedclassroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.

Cosmetologists 1

gust apply a numberof concepts and

principles ofchemistry, anatomy,

and physiology.

51

When they finish theirapprenticeship, Arlinda Baylor (1)and Donna Middleton (r) will take

the state licensing exam fordispensing optician.

52

DISPENSING OPTICIANDispensing opticians design, order, andadjust eyeglasses and contact lenses topeople whose eyesight has been tested bya physician (ophthalmologist) or optom-etrist. They may

A analyze and interpret a customer'swritten optical prescription todetermine the lens specifications

A measure the customer's facialfeatures

A assist the customer in selecting thestyle and color of frames and lenses

A prepare a work order for fabricationand mounting of lenses

A verify the exactness of finishedlenses by checking the power andsurface quality with special opticalinstruments

A adjust finished eyeglasses to fit thecustomer

A instruct customers in the use andcare of eyeglasses and contact lenses

A fix broken frames, replace templescrews, and adjust and refit glasses.

BECOMING AN OPTICIAN

This occupation requires licensing inVirginia. To become licensed, appli-cants must graduate from apostsecondary institution or completean approved apprenticeship and passthe state examination.Apprenticeship programs require 3years of combined on-the-job trainingand classroom instruction.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in algebra,geometry, trigonometry, physics,mechanical drawing, and science willhelp apprentices succeed.

57

OFFICE TECHNICIANOffice technicians schedule appointments,give information to callers, take andtranscribe dictation, maintain files, andotherwise perform and assist other officepersonnel with clerical, administrative,and business duties.

Office technicians often supervise otheroffice personnel and keep personnelrecords. They also

A read and route incoming mailA use computer software packages

such as WordPerfect, Lotus 1-2-3,and Harvard Graphics

A take dictation by using shorthand orrecording machine

A compose and type statistical reportsA duplicate correspondence and other

materialsA file and retrieve correspondence

and other recordsA answer and use telephone systemsA schedule appointmentsA greet visitorsA arrange travel schedules.

BECOMING AN OFFICE TECHNICIAN

Apprenticeship programs offeredthrough business and industry require2 years of on-the-job training andrelated classroom instruction.Secondary courses in mathematics;computer operations; communicationskills, including grammar, spelling,and punctuation; and typewriting/keyboarding are very beneficial.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.

Today's officetechnician must

manage technologyto exchange

information andsupport a company's

mission.

53

Pharmacyassistants mustcombine careful

attention to detailwith human relations

skills to serve theircustomers.

54

PHARMACY ASSISTANTPharmacy assistants mix and dispenseprescribed medications and pharmaceuti-cal preparations under the supervision ofa licensed pharmacist. They

A compound preparations accordingto prescriptions

A weigh or measure dosagesA grind, heat, filter, or dissolve and

mix liquid or soluble drugs orchemicals

A fill bottles with prescribed tablets orcapsules

A type or print labels for containersA receive and store incoming suppliesA count stock and enter data in

computer to keep inventory recordsA process records of medication and

equipment issued to patients orcustomers

A compute charges and enter data incomputer

A help customers place, pick up, andpay for prescriptions

A clean equipment and glasswareaccording to prescribed methods

A may prepare intravenous packs,using sterile technique, undersupervision of hospital pharmacist.

BECOMING A PHARMACY ASSISTANT

An apprenticeship program forpharmacy assistant generally takes 1year of on-the-job training and relatedinstruction.The work requires careful attention todetail as well as human relations skills.Employers prefer applicants with ahigh school education.Secondary school courses in math andchemistry are recommended.

59

IS APPRENTICESHIPFOR ME?CAREER PLANNINGIdeally, career planning begins in elemen-tary or middle school with opportunitiesto explore careers of all kinds. Unfortu-nately, some young people enter highschool with little idea of their occupa-tional interests, aptitudes, goals, oroptions.

WHY have a career goal?It is a well known fact that the job markethas changed drastically in recent yearsand continues to change at a rapid pace.A person may change careers five or sixtimes and jobs ten times or more duringhis or her working life. Jobs that seemrewarding today may not even existtomorrow. Despite these conditions,establishing a career goal early in lifeatleast by high schoolis essential.

A clear career goal, even if it istemporary, helps focus high schoolcourse and program choices.Otherwise, you may wander throughthe curriculum, graduating withneither skills for employment nor theprerequisites for college entrance.Having a career goal, along with theability to express goals and objectives,impresses potential employers andthose who select college applicants.Confusion about the future can causeyou to expend a lot of energy. Oncethe decision is made to pursue acertain course of action, you can focusyour energy into course work andother important activities.

Employers arenot likely to hire,

much less promote,people whose careergoals are unformed

or unclear.

60 55

.:,

John Beasley chose apprenticeshipas his training option followng high

school.

56

HOW can I determine occupationalinterests and aptitudes?

Take a test. There are many interestinventories and aptitude tests availableto high school students through theguidance department. Some may betaken on and scored by computer.Some school divisions have assessmentcenters to help students discoveroccupational interests and assess theirrelated abilities.Ask people to describe their jobs.Parents, neighbors, vocational teachers,members of vocational advisorycommittees, and other adults are ofteneager to talk about their fields and thebenefits and disadvantages of their jobs.Use Virginia VIEW. This computerdatabase contains information abouthundreds of occupations and relatededucation/training requirements. Itshould be available through theguidance department.Visit local businesses. Some schoolsoffer opportunities to shadow workersfor a period of time or to work part-timein local businesses. Also, you can call orvisit a company's personnel departmentand ask for information.Attend career fairs. Many schools havecareer fairs where local employers orworkers describe their jobs and theirbusinesses. Some of these target specialaudiences such as female students orthose interested in a specific field suchas health care or military service.

I've set ;ay goal. WHAT are my options foroccupational training?

Public vocational education (high schoolor technical center)Noncollegiate postsecondary vocationaleducation (proprietary school)Employer training programFederal employment and trainingprogram (JTPA, for example)Armed forces trainingHome study (correspondence school)

VI

61

Community or junior collegeTech prep (coordinated high school/community college or apprenticeshipprogram)College or universityApprenticeship.

Your school counselor can help youexplore these options and make an in-formed decision.

APPRENTICESHIP AS A CHOSENTRAINING OPTIONIf you are interested in apprenticeship,you should learn more about theavailability of and requirements for entryinto specific programs. This will help youchoose the appropriate academic andvocational courses to ensure success. Ifyou are a high school student, yourprimary source of information should beyour school counselor, who can help youcontact the local Virginia EmploymentCommission (VEC) Job Services Office.

HOW can the VEC help me?To use the services of the VEC JobsServices Office, call for an appointmentfor a personal interview.

When you arrive, complete theapplication, which is entered into acomputerized system.You may want to view a video thatexplains apprenticeship and relatedinstruction and highlights somespecific occupations.During the interview, you will have achance to discuss specific careerchoices or explore possibilities. Youmay take an interest inventory to helpdetermine occupations that appeal toyou.

Mark Kimmel, executive chef:"I was college trained but I now

recommend apprenticeship.It provides more practical skills

and is much less expensivethan college."

62 57

Apprentice Douglas Fleming istaking part in a revolution in

printing, a career that promises tobe rewarding and challenging.

58

Once you have made a choice ofoccupation, you are ready to begin theprocess of becoming an apprentice.

Each VEC office has a computer systemthat lists all job openings submitted byemployers. You will have access to thelist at any VEC Job Services office.Also, employers who need apprenticescontact the VEC ApprenticeshipCoordinator to request referral of goodcandidates.The VEC counselor will refer you toone or more employers. It is up to youto "sell" yourself to the employerthrough application and interview.When you are hired, you will sign anagreement of apprenticeship with youremployer. You will agree to learnspecified skills on the job and to attendclasses outside working hours. Theemployer will agree to provide thetraining and to pay you according to aspecified scale. You will be registeredwith the Department of Labor andIndustry (DLI), Division ofApprenticeship Training.

WHAT IF I'm already employed?If you already have a job in an occupationthat is apprenticeable, you can ask youremployer to consider starting anapprenticeship program. If the companyagrees, a representative of the DLI willreview the program and officially registerit. You will be registered with the DLI atthe same time.

WHERE can I get more information?

Local Job Services Office of theVirginia Employment Commission(ask for the ApprenticeshipInformation Coordinator)

63

Virginia Employment CommissionApprenticeship and WorkforceInformation CentersA Northern Virginia:

Sudley North Business Center7864 Donegan DriveManassas, VA 22110(703) 361-1126

A Central Virginia:6707 Warwick RoadRichmond, VA 23225(804) 674-3702

A Tidewater Virginia:6012 Jefferson AvenueDrawer JNewport News, VA 23605(804) 247-2080

A Roanoke Area:1202 Franklin Road, SWRoaonke, VA 24016(703) 857-7146

Virginia Department of Labor andIndustry

Division of Apprenticeship Training

Abingdon (703) 676-5465Danville (804) 836-8412Fairfax (703) 691-0351Lynchburg (804) 386-4705Norfolk (804) 858-6700Richmond (804) 786-2381Roanoke (703) 562-3580Stuarts Draft (703) 337-3225

Virginia Department of Labor andIndustry

Apprenticeship Related InstructionPowers Taylor Building13 South Thirteenth StreetRichmond, VA 23219(804) 371-0295

U.S. Department of LaborBureau of Apprenticeship and TrainingRoom 10-020400 North Eighth StreetRichmond, VA 23240(804) 771-2488 6 4

Sterling Durrett, apprenticeshpinstuctor (r), shown here with

apprentice Calvin Hughes:"The secret to job success is

versatility. Otherwise, technologywill pass you by."

59

REFERENCESAcademic Curriculum: The Apprentice School. Newport News, VA:

Newport News Shipbuilding, n.d.

The Apprentice School: We Build Ships...and Exciting Careers. NewportNews, VA: Newport News Shipbuilding, n.d. (brochure)

Apprenticeship. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employ-ment and Training Administration, Bureau of Apprenticeship andTraining, 1992. (booklet)

Apprenticeship: Building Skills for Success, 1992-93. Fairfax, VA: Appren-ticeship Related Instruction Office, Fairfax County Public Schools,1992. (booklet)

Apprenticeship Occupations in Virginia. Richmond, VA: VirginiaEmployment Commission, Virginia Occupational InformationCoordinating Committee, 1988.

Apprenticeship Past and Present. Washington, DC: U.S. Department ofLabor, Employment and Training Administration, 1991. (booklet)

Davis Jr., William. Tidewater Apprenticeship Information Handbook.Norfolk, VA: Norfolk Public Schools, n.d.

Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 4th ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart-ment of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, 1991.

Invest in Your Future: Apprenticeship Means Excellence. Richmond, VA:Virginia Department of Labor and Industry, n.d. (brochure)

Marshall, Terri. "Apprenticeship Programs May Be Viable First Step."Richmond, VA: Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 7, 1993.

1990 Annual Report. Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Labor andIndustry, 1991.

Occupational Outlook Handbook,1992-93 ed. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1992.

Occupational Outlook Quarterly. Washington, DC: U. S. Bureau of LaborStatistics, Winter 1991 /92.

65 61

Today's Apprentice, Tomorrow's Workforce. Richmond, VA: VirginiaDepartment of Labor and Industry, n.d. (brochure)

Virginia Apprenticeship. Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Laborand Industry, n.d. (brochure)

Virginia Occupational Wage, Supply, and Demand Information. Charlottes-ville, VA: Virginia Occupational Information Coordinating Commit-tee, Center for Public Service, University of Virginia, 1988.

What Work Requires of Schools: A SCANS Report for America 2000, ExecutiveSummary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Secretary'sCommission on Achieving Necessary Skills, 1991. (brochure)

62 66

The Virginia Department of Labor and Industry does not unlawfullydiscriminate on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, handicappingconditions, or national origin in employment or in its educationalprograms and activities.

The activity which is the subject of this report is supported in whole or inpart by the U.S. Department of Labor. However, the opinions expressedherein do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the U.S. Depart-ment of Labor, and no official endorsement by the U.S. Department ofLabor should be inferred.

4e"'IVirginia Vocational Curriculum and Resource Center

Nan Nroaloom INtrooNlamo

67