Psychosocial and Cognitive Development

Theories

Presented by:Alicia D. Fernandez, Betty A. Cárdenas, Elizabeth Diaz, and

Lynnette Lopez

Overview• Erikson’s Stages of

Psychosocial Development

• Piagets stages of Cognitive Development

• Vygotsky’s theory of Cognitive Development

• Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Development

Erikson’s History (1902 -1994)

• Frankfurt, Germany• Struggled to find his own identity• Started off an artist and a teacher• Anna Freud was the one that

encouraged him in his new venture in child psychoanalyst

• Taught at Yale and Harvard • Eight interrelated stages through life• Conflicts

Trust vs. Mistrust(Birth – One Year)

•A very fundamental stage. A parent or caregiver must nurture the infant so they will learn to trust.

•If this is not provided by the caregivers in an adequate fashion then mistrust arises.

vs.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt(2-3 years)

• A parent who allows their toddler to gradually be independent, autonomy will develop.

vs.

• Those who don’t are left with a sense of failure, negative feelings, which leads to shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt(4-5 years)

• If parents allow their children to be independent and explore, the child develops initiative.

vs.

• Children who are not allowed to, develop a sense of guilt, self doubt and lack of ambition.

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)

• Industry will develop in this crucial stage if the child feels accepted in this new social role.

vs.

• If a child does not develop the feeling of approval, they will develop a sense of inferiority.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

(Adolescence)

• Integrates many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete,worker) into a self-image

• Overcoming peer pressure• Knowing who you are and it’s ok• Life Traumas

Michael Jackson

http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-11996.html/

Intimacy vs. Isolation(Young Adult)

• Love Relationships• Personal Commitments• Signs

_____ was briefly married to _____ in

2004, but the marriage was annulled. _____

reportedly cheated the day before their

wedding and again after the wedding. __

dated ______ from 2006-2008. Since 2008, he is dating _______, and on March 10, 2010, the news came out that they are expecting a

baby.

Barack and Michelle Obama

Married 18yrs

Mario Lopez

Generativity vs. Stagnation

(Mature Adult) • Generativity: the ability or power to generate or produce

something productive • Caring for others• Family, workplace, church• Ex: uncle

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T37pHK8Cd4A

Integrity vs. Despair (Older Adult)

• Intergrity: the state of being whole, entire, or undiminished

• Reflects• Prepares for next step• Was it enough?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfcjyXmSqOs&NR=1

JEAN PIAGET1896-1980

•He was a Swiss biologist, philosopher that is best known for his work in the area of developmental psychology.

•His primary focus was on the intellectual and cognitive development in children.

Basic Principles of Piaget’s Theory

He believed that human beings inherit 2 basic tendencies.

1. ORGANIZATION Tendency to systematize and combine processes into coherent general systems

i.e. Tulip, Rose, Chair, Carnation

We use our organizational capacity to make the distinction as to which one does not belong in the category

Exercise

Second Tendency

ADAPTATIONTendency to adjust to the environment– Process of creating a good match between one’s

conception of reality (one’s schema) and real-life experiences one encounters.

Two sub-processes:-Assimilation New experience is fitted into existing schema

-Accommodation Schema is created or revisited to fit new

experience

Schemas

• Organized patterns of behavior or thought

• Can be behavioralSuch as throwing a ball

• Can be cognitiveSuch as recognizing if there is

anitem that doesn’t belong

Schemas Continued• Equilibration

Tendency to organize schemes to allow better understanding of experiences

• Piaget believed that we are driven to organize our schemas in order to achieve the best possible adaptation to their environment

• DisequilibriumPerceived discrepancy between an

existing schema and something new.

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Stage 1• Sensorimotor Stage (infants and

toddlers) 0 to 2 years

-to the age of 2, children acquire understanding primarily through sensory impressions and motor activities.1. Primary circular reactions2. Secondary circular reactions3. Tertiary circular reactions

Object permanence occurs around 4-9 months.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjBh9ld_yIo

Stage 2• Preoperational Stage (Preschool and

Primary Grades) About 2-7 years old– Children form many new schemes but

don’t think logically.

• They have difficulty in the laws of conservation.

1. Perceptual centration2. Irreversibility3. Egocentrism

Stage 3• Concrete Operational Stage (elementary to

early Middle School) about 7-11 years old

• Children are capable of mentally reversing actions but generalizes only from concrete experience

Stage 4• Formal Operational Stage (Middle School,

High School, and Beyond) 12 years and over

• is now able to deal with abstractions, form hypothesis, engage in mental manipulations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjJdcXA1KH8

Lev Vygotsky

• Born in 1896

• Died in 1934 from Tuberculosis.

• He was a Russian Psychologist, Teacher, Medical Doctor.

Vygotsky: Basic Assumptions

• Different beliefs about the major forces that shape learning and thinking….

• Thinking influenced by one’s culture.

• Psychological tools aid and change one’s thought processes.

• Social Interaction he believed that children gain significantly from the knowledge of those who are more intellectually advanced.

Culture

Example: Parents and schools shape how children Think as individuals.

Do you think this is true?

Psychological Tools

Example:

Early explorers created maps to Mark where they had been.

Social Interactions

Example:

A grandmother is 70 years old has grey hair and wears glasses that is how the child sees her but if you have them look at a family tree they then begin to think about their family and grandmother in a different more broader level.

Vygotsky: Instruction

Zone of Proximal Development the particular point in which the child

needs help. Which leads to

ScaffoldingWhen the teacher assists the learner.

Zone of Proximal Development• When there is

distance between the child that is at a high level and at

a low level.ex. :

READING SKILLS:High: Can do it alone

ZPD: Struggle but can be mastered

with guidance and encouragement.Low: Even with assistance they

cannot do it

SCAFFOLDING

Techniques that support student learning.

Scaffolding video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFHCUX5QQVA

Lawrence Kohlberg(October 25, 1927 – January 19, 1987)

• NY• University of Chicago

and Harvard University• Follower of Jean Piaget• New field of psychology• Six Stages of Moral Development• Responding to Moral Dilemmas• Death

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

Level 1: Preconventional Morality

Person's own needs and perceptions.

• Punishment-obedience orientation

Avoid punishment i.e Toddler hitting

• Instrumental relativist orientation

Even exchange i.e No bad-words

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

Level 2: Conventional Morality To conform to rules in society.

• Good Boy-nice girl orientation

Behavior that is expected i.e Younger siblings

• Law-and-order orientation

Maintained social order i.e. Polluting

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

Level 3: Postconventional Morality

Judgments based on abstract and more personal principles

• Social contract orientation

Values are relative to groups i.e. Sacred Cows

• Universal ethical-principle orientation

Self chosen ethical principles i.e. Rosa Parks

ReferencesATHERTON J S (2009) Learning and Teaching; Piaget's

developmental theory [On-line] UK: Available: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm Accessed: 16 June 2010

Biehler, Robert, Snowman, Jack, Psychology Applied to Teaching, Eleventh edition, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Copyright 2006

NNDB, tracking the entire world, Jean Piaget, Copyright ©2010 Soylent Communications.http://www.nndb.com/people/359/00009407

YouTube, Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, Copyright 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjBh9ld_yIo

Accessed: 14 June 2010

References Continuedhttp://www.learning-theories.com/eriksons-stages-of-

development.htmlhttp://personalitypedagogy.arcadia.edu/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?

n=Exercises.Ericksonhttp://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/ERIK/stage6.HTMLhttp://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-11996.html/http://hubpages.com/hub/Mario_Lopez__Ali_Landry__The_Full_Scoophttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/generativityhttp://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/ERIK/stage7.HTMLhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T37pHK8Cd4Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfcjyXmSqOs&NR=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFHCUX5QQVASchickedanz, J.A., Schickedanz, D.I., Forsyth, P.D. and Forsyth, A.G.

Understanding Children and Adolescents. Massachusetts : Allyn & Bacon, 2001.

Reutzel, D.R. & Cooter, R.B. (2011). Strategies for reading assessment and instruction: Helping every child succeed (4th ed.). Boston