psychology for nurses motivation by dr. hayder al-hadrawi
TRANSCRIPT
Psychology for Nurses
Motivation
By
Dr. Hayder Al-hadrawi
University of Babylon, College of Nursing
2016 - 2017
SAt the end of this lecture, learners will be able to:
1. Understand the meaning of motivation.
2. Describe the process of motivation (the work of
motives)
3. Discuss the theories of motivation.
What is Motivation?
Motivation is the internal drive to accomplish a particular
goal.
Motivation: Psychological processes that cause the arousal
direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal
directed.
Motivation is the set of internal and external factors that
energize our behaviors and direct them toward goals
What is Motivation?
The term “motivation” refers to the cause or why of
behavior.
e.g. What motivates a person to risk his life saving another?
A motivated person will engage in an activity more
energetically and more efficiently than an unmotivated
person .
Theories of Motivation
I. Instinct Theory of Motivation
(William McDougall, Sigmund Freud, and William James )
Instinct “is an innate biological force that predisposes the
person to act in a certain way”.
A person is at the mercy of innate forces, which determine or
motivate his/her actions
Examples of instinct motives (fear, anger, love, shame,
cleanliness, curiosity, and reproduction.
2. Content Theories of Motivation
Content theories focus on factors within the person that energize,
direct, sustain, and stop behavior.
They look at the specific needs that motivate people
Content Theories of Motivation Cont.
The basis of these theories is that individual need
deficiencies activate tensions within a person that
trigger a behavioral response.
When individuals are not receiving what they perceive
they need, they will attempt to satisfy that need.
Content Theories of Motivation
I. Maslow’s Needs Theory
Lower needs in Maslow's hierarchy take priority.
Priority needs must be fulfilled before the others are
activated.
Content Theories of Motivation
II. Alderfer Theory (ERG Needs)
Existence Needs:
Include all material and physiological desires (e.g.,
food, water, air, clothing, safety, and affection).
Maslow's first two levels.
Relatedness Needs:
Social and external esteem; relationships with
significant others like family, friends, co-workers and
employers .
Relatedness needs means to be recognized and feel
secure as part of a group or family. Maslow's third and
fourth levels.
Alderfer Theory
Growth Needs:
Internal esteem and self actualization.
Growth needs drive a person to make creative or
productive effects on himself and the environment.
Growth needs include desires to be creative and
productive, and to complete meaningful tasks.
Alderfer Theory
Notes:
I. The priority of these needs differ from person to
another.
Content Theories of Motivation
III. Herzberg’s Dual-Factor Theory:
Hygiene Factors or (Extrinsic motivators):
Elements of life or work that do not increase
satisfaction but that can lead to dissatisfaction if they
are missing.
Hygiene factors include security, pay, benefits (like
health insurance), company policies, interpersonal
relationships
Content Theories of Motivation
III. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory:
Motivator Factors or (Intrinsic motivators):
The absence of these factors does not lead to
dissatisfaction but when present they build levels of
motivation that result in good job performance.
Intrinsic motivators tend to represent less tangible, more
emotional needs
Intrinsic motivators include recognition, promotion
opportunities in work, and work responsibilities.
Content Theories of Motivation
IV. . McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory:
Need For Achievement: Desire to excel and accomplish
something difficult.
Achievement-motivated people prefer
tasks of moderate ability that they can achieve
situations in which their performance is due to their
own efforts
more feedback on their success and failures than do low
achievers
Content Theories of Motivation
IV. . McClelland’s Motivational Needs Theory:
Need For Affiliation: Desire to spend time in social
relationships and activities.
Need For Power: Desire to control or influence others.
Motivation Theories
3. Process Theories of Motivation
Process theories provide a description and analysis of
how behavior is energized, directed, sustained and
stopped.
Four process theories are predominant: Reinforcement,
expectancy, equity, and goal setting.
Process Theories of Motivation
I. Reinforcement Theory (Operant Condition of Skinner )
Reinforcement theory describes the effects of the
consequences of a particular behavior on the future
occurrence of that behavior.
Process Theories of Motivation
I. Reinforcement Theory (Operant Condition of Skinner )
There are four types of Operant Conditioning:
1. Positive reinforcement is the process of getting
goodies as a consequence of a behavior.
2. Negative reinforcement is the process of having a
stressor taken away as a consequence of a behavior.
3. Extinction is the process of getting no goodies when
do a good behavior.
4. Punishment An undesirable consequence of a
particular behavior (adding a negative consequence
or removing a positive consequence)
Process Theories of Motivation
II. Expectancy Model
It explains how likely the performance and outcome will
occur.
An individual makes voluntary choices about:
Process Theories of Motivation
III. Equity Theory
This theory hypothesizes that individuals are motivated
by a desire to be treated fairly at work.
This theory views as comparing the effort made and
resulting rewards of one person to another made the same
effort.
Process Theories of Motivation
IV. Goal-Setting Theory (Stacey Adams)
This theory is based on the hypothesis that specific goals
lead to better performance than do vague goals.
Its implication is that getting employees to set and strive to
attain specific, relatively challenging goals can generate a
strong motivational force.
Classification of Motives
1. Biological Motives
2. Personal Motives
3. Social Motives
1. Biological Motives or Physiological Motives
♠ : Biological motives are triggered when there is imbalance
in the body.
♠ Biological motives apply to both animals & human beings.
♠ : The physiological motive are :
Regulation of body temperature
Hunger and Thirst
Need for oxygen
Need for sleep
Maternal drive
2. Personal Motives
Force of habits
Goals of life
Levels of aspirations
Attitudes and interests
3. Social Motives
♠ Social motives are learned in social groups as a result
of interaction with the family and society.
♠Social motives are specific only to human beings.
♠The common social motives are:
Achievement motive
Aggressive motive
Power motive
Acquisitive motive
The Work of Motives
Homeostasis: The body’s tendency to maintain a constant
internal environment.
Need represents physiological state of tissue as food,
water, oxygen, or avoidance of pain .
Drive refers to the psychological consequences of a need .
The Work of Motives
.
The Work of Motives
Example: Lack of food produces a certain chemical
changes in the blood, indicating a need for food, which in
turns create a drive state of arousal or tensions, The person
seeks to reduce this drive by doing something (finding food)
to satisfy the need.
Any Question