psychology: an introduction charles a. morris & albert a. maisto © 2005 prentice hall memory:...
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Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Short Term MemoryTRANSCRIPT
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Memory: Storage and LTM
Psychology
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
EQ 2-1
How do humans encode, store, and retrieve information from memory?
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Short Term Memory9 7 5 46 8 2 5 99 1 3 8 2 55 9 6 3 8 2 78 6 9 5 1 3 7 27 1 9 3 8 4 2 7 39 1 5 2 4 3 8 1 6 21 5 2 8 4 6 7 3 1 8 9
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Chunking Helps 423-19 267-198 390-675-2 573-291-43 721-354-456 245-619-832-2 141-384-515-89 201-315-426-762
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Long-Term MemoryEverything that is learned is stored in long-
term memoryCapacity of long-term memory
Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years
No known limits to capacity
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Encoding in Long-Term MemoryMost information is encoded in terms of
meaningSome information is stored verbatimSome information is coded in terms of
nonverbal imagesResearch has shown that memory for visually
encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information
Hence concept maps that create a visual
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Maintaining Long-Term MemoryRote rehearsal
Repetition can result in long-term memoryOnly effective if there is intent to learn
materialExamples when there is no intent:
What color is on top on a stop light?How many sides does a stop sign have?Which color is the top stripe on the US Flag?What direction is Lincoln facing on the five dollar
bill?
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Maintaining Long-Term MemoryElaborative rehearsal
Process of relating new information to information already stored in memory
Meaning is assigned to new information and then linked to as much existing knowledge as possible
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
SchemataA schema is a set of beliefs or
expectations about something based on past experience
Incoming information is fit with existing schemata (concept maps)
Schemata can also influence the amount of attention paid to a given event
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Types of Long-Term Memory Episodic memories
Memories for personal events in a specific time and place
Semantic memories Memory for general
facts and concepts not linked to a specific time
Procedural memories Motor skills and habits
Emotional memories Learned emotional
responses to various stimuli
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Explicit and Implicit MemoryExplicit memory
Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having
This information can be intentionally recalled Implicit memory
Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having
Cannot be intentionally retrieved
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Types of Long-Term Memory
Episodic memories Memories for personal
events in a specific time and place
Semantic memories Memory for general
facts and concepts not linked to a specific time
Procedural memories Motor skills and habits
Emotional memories Learned emotional
responses to various stimuli
Explicit memory Implicit memory
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Concept Map? Dual coding – images are encoded both visually
and phonologically Chunking - Organizing information so that it fits
into meaningful units. This gets it into STM. Listen to music but not the lyrics! Domain
specific working memory systems! LTM storage is by meaning Overcomes serial positioning effect Forces elaborative rehearsal Creates Psychology schemata (categories =>
hierarchies)
Psychology: An IntroductionCharles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Word Bank (Recognition) Acoustic Encoding Attention Auditory Register Constructed Memory Elaborative Rehearsal Emotional Memory Information Processing
Model Interference Long Term Memory Primacy Procedural Memory Recency
Recognition Rote Rehearsal Schema Semantic Memory Sensory Registers Serial Positioning Effect Short Term Memory Storage Problem TOT Visual Register