psychology 203 human development physical and cognitive development in adolescence (chapter 11)
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Psychology 203 Human Development
Physical and Cognitive Development in
Adolescence (Chapter 11)
ADOLESCENCE: A DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITION
Adolescence: Developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes.
Puberty: Process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce.
Pubescence: Term meaning puberty.
PUBERTY: THE END OF CHILDHOODPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Secular trend Trend that can be seen only by observing several
generations, such as the trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago.
Adolescent growth spurt Sharp increase in height and weight that precedes
sexual maturity
Adolescent growth spurt
Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.
Height in centimeters
190
170
150
130
110
90
70
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Age in years
Boys Girls
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics
Primary sex characteristics Organs directly related to reproduction,
which enlarge and mature during adolescence.
Secondary sex characteristics Physiological signs of sexual maturation
(such as breast development and growth of body hair) that do not involve the sex organs.
Areolae The pigmented areas surrounding the nipples,
which enlarge during puberty.
Signs of Sexual Maturity
Sperm Production and Menstruation Nocturnal emission
An involuntary ejaculation of semen (commonly referred to as a wet dream) that happens at night in males.
Spermarche Boy's first ejaculation
Menstruation The monthly shedding of tissue from the lining of the
womb. Menarche
Girl's first menstruation Pheromones
Odorous chemicals that attract mates in animals and possibly in humans.
Signs of Sexual MaturitySperm Production and Menstruation
Signs of Sexual MaturityTime Table
PHYSICAL HEALTH
Physical Fitness Most are and stay in good health High School boys tend to get more exercise
the girls Sleep Needs
Circadian timing system: The natural sleep‑wake cycle of the brain, lasting 24 hours (School timing different then cycle)
Melatonin: A hormone secreted by the pineal gland which promotes sleep.
Nutrition and Eating Disorders
Obesity Body Image and Eating Disorders
Descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance.
Anorexia Nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by self‑starvation.
Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder in which a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges the body by laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Binge eating disorder: Frequent bingeing without subsequent fasting, exercise, or vomiting.
Use and Abuse of Drugs Risk Factors for Drug Abuse
Poor impulse control and sensation‑seeking Family influences Difficult temperament Early and persistent behavior problems Academic failure and lack of commitment to
education Peer rejection Associating with drug users Alienation and rebelliousness Favorable attitudes toward drug use Early initiation into drug use
Use and Abuse of Drugs
Death in Adolescence Deaths from Vehicle Accidents and
Firearms
Suicide
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Formal operations: Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly.
Hypothetical‑deductive reasoning: Ability, believed by Piaget to accompany the state of formal operations, to develop, consider, and test hypotheses
Metacognition: Awareness and monitoring of one's own mental processes and strategies.
Social perspective‑taking: The ability to understand another person's point of view and level of knowledge and to speak accordingly.
Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought
(Elkind)
Six Characteristics of Immature Adolescent Thought:1. Idealism and Criticalness – Adult systems are not perfect2. Argumentativeness – Ability to reason3. Indecisiveness – Ability to see different sides in decision4. Apparent Hypocrisy – Realize adults are less than perfect5. Self‑consciousness – Assume everyone is thinking and
watching them6. Specialness and Invulnerability – no concept of death
Imaginary audience: an observer who exists only in an adolescent's mind and is as concerned with the adolescent's thoughts and actions as the adolescent is.
Personal fable: the conviction that one is special, unique, and not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world.
Moral Reasoning: (Kohlberg's Theory)
As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world
Morality of abstractprinciples: to affirm
agreed-upon rights andpersonal ethical principles
Morality of law andsocial rules: to gainapproval or avoid
disapproval
Morality of self-interest:to avoid punishment
or gain concrete rewards
Postconventionallevel
Conventional level
Preconventional level
Evaluating Kohlberg's Theory
Family Influences – Parents influence on moral issues
Validity for Women and Girls – May not apply to girls
Cross‑cultural Validity Female genital mutilation: Female
circumcision.
Social Development
The changing parent-child relationship
100%
80
60
40
20
0 2 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in years
Percent withpositive, warm
interactionwith parents
Influences on School Achievement
Self‑Efficacy Beliefs and Academic Motivation Self‑efficacy: Belief in one's own mastery of
situations, such as mastery of academic material.
Use of Time Socioeconomic Status and the Family
Environment
Influences on School Achievement Parental Involvement and
Parenting Styles
Authoritative parents Those who are warm, involved, and
encourage their adolescents to be independent while maintaining reasonable control and discipline.
Authoritarian parents Those who are controlling without warmth,
rigid, overly punitive, and discourage inquiry.
Permissive parents Those who seem not to care about
adolescent grades and make no rules, and who are relatively uninvolved with their adolescents.
Influences on School Achievement School Factors
Dropping Out of High School Active engagement: Involvement in
schooling and Vocational Preparation Influences on Students' Aspiration Guiding Students Not Bound for College Should High School Students Work Part
Time?