Psychological Perspectives/paradigms/schools of thought

Psychoanalytical Perspective

Psychoanalytical

Sigmund FreudFather of Psychoanalysis, a method based largely on case studies of his patients.

‘Psychoanalysis’(Freud’s baby) vs. modern-day ‘Psychotherapy’

PsychoanalysisInternal conflictsInterpretations

Hypnosis, Free association

Vs.

PsychotherapyFace to face

Still probing into childhood experiencesSession schedule

Psychoanalytical The unconscious mind

No conscious control of thoughts and feelings

Importance of dreamsChildhood experiencesTrauma

Placed importance on sexual and aggressive impulses (Controversial-Why many of his students broke away.) Neo-Freudians

Psychoanalytical

The unconscious mind

Freud insisted that we do not consciously control our thoughts,

feelings and behavior. Instead, unconscious forces are at work.

What we know now….High stress enhances, not represses memories.

Experience has little affect on personality. (Our behaviors are not necessarily representative of our personality.)

Psychoanalytical The Freudian Slip

A Freudian slip-"slip of the tongue" in which a mistake in speech reveals something of the nature of the speaker's unconscious or semi-conscious desires.

Psychoanalytical The Freudian Slip

An example might be a person saying to an effeminate man, "Wow! your house is so queen! I m-m-m-ean clean!".

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PGeKNk1oWo&NR=1

Psychoanalytical Examples of Stages of Development

Oral Stage: Unsuccessful completion/issues at this stage lead to oral fixations. Issues with drinking, eating, nail biting, smoking, etc. Overly reliant on others.

Anal Stage: Bladder and bowl control. If potty training is too strict child will develop an anal-retentive personality. (Too orderly, obsessive, rigid.) If training is too lenient, child will develop an anal-expulsive personality. (Messy, wasteful, destructive.)

Operationally define ‘psychotherapy’ in 5 words

or less.

Psychoanalytical

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would Freud have explained his behaviors? How would he have attempted to fix the behaviors?

Behavioral PsychologyJohn B. Watson

Ivan Pavlov

Behavioral

Psychology is a science. It is measurable and objective. Looked at behaviors, not thoughts or

feelings, because they are observable/measureable and are determined by the environment.

Behavioral“Behaviors are learned!” (Through conditioning)

Watson’s Little Albert Experiment.

Behavioral“Behaviors are learned!”

How we learn “observable” responses.

Learning by association

Learning by watching

Punishment/reward systems

Stimulus/Response

Behavioral

How we learn “observable” responses.

Punishment/reward systems

BehavioralIvan Pavlov=Classical conditioning

BehavioralIvan Pavlov=Classical conditioning

UCSUCRNSCSCR

Bell, Meat, droolBell, Meat, drool…..

Bell, drool

BehavioralIvan Pavlov=Classical conditioning

UCS-MeatUCR-Drool

NS-BellCS-Bell

CR-Drool

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsLJgUVwZ-Q&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Classical Conditioning with Jim & Dwight

Little puppy Acorn was nipping at peoples’ pant legs. In order to solve the problem we paired a

bottle of water and vinegar with an “ickkkkkkkk” noise. Explain how we might have stopped Acorn from nipping using the principles of classical conditioning. Be sure to identify the

following: UCSUCRNSCSCR

BehavioralB.F. Skinner-Extensive work on operant conditioning

(Rewards and Punishments)Belief: Any behavior that is reinforced, meaning it is

followed by a rewarding consequence, is more likely to be preformed again.

Operant conditioning is learning to modify one’s

behavior due to an association of the behavior with a

stimulus. (Ex. Being nice with

chocolate.) It is different from classical conditioning in that it deals with VOLUNTARY behavior.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4&feature=related

Operant Conditioning

Behavioral

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would a behavioral psychologist explain his behaviors? How would he or she attempt to fix the behaviors?

Biological

Biological or Physiological Psychology

How the body and brain interact to cause behavior, emotion, memory, etc.

ChemicalsNervous system

Related to neuroscience

How these account for individual differences

Biological or Physiological Psychology

Ex: How the number of ear infections children have in the first year of life (a biological difference) is correlated with learning disabilities in elementary school.

Biological

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the biological approach explain his behaviors? How would a psychologist that employs this approach attempt to fix the behaviors?

Sociocultural

Social and cultural factors are just as powerful and biological or subconscious factors. We MUST think about the cultural context in which the behavior takes place. Is it “normal” within that culture?

Our cognitive and learning processes are merely products of our society and culture. Different cultures have various normative behaviors, and practices. Our culture teaches us behavior, which may also vary according to our society. Our socialization within a specific culture and society, molds our behavior and teaches us right from wrong.

Sociocultural

Sociocultural example on a smaller scale: Multi-generational cycles. -All members of the family attend Notre Dame, or members of the family do not attend college.

Sociocultural

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the sociocultural approach explain his behaviors? How would they attempt to fix the behaviors?

Evolutionary Psychology

Studies how nature selects traits and promotes the perpetuation of genes.

What are the evolutionary or historical values of mate selection , fear of certain animals or jealousy?

Hunting and gathering societies

Reproductive Success-We are programmed to be successful at passing on genes.

This survival of the fittest, 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored genes/ strongest races in the struggle for life.

Evolutionary Psychology

This survival of the fittest, 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored genes/ strongest races in the struggle for life.

Why does Carrie want to date the captain of the football team? Why is Jimmy looking for a super-model?

Evolutionary Psychology

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would evolutionary psychology explain his behaviors?

Humanistic PerspectiveNon-scientific

free choice environment is not a factor. Developing to one’s full potential.

Humanists have a more positive view of human nature. People are inherently good.

Psychologists: Rogers and Maslow

Humanistic PerspectivePsychologists: Rogers and Maslow

Rogers: Developed client -centered therapy. Patient directs the discussion and focuses on his view of the problem, rather than on the psychologist’s analysis.

Popularized group therapy

Maslow-Hierarchy of needs. As humans we must take care of the most basic needs before we can proceed to the next level in functioning or self fulfillment “I can’t think until I’ve had my coffee.” Or a young child that can’t complete his spelling test because he has a tooth ache.

Humanistic Perspective

Maslow-Hierarchy of

needs

Humanistic Psychology

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the Humanists explain and/or attempt to fix his behaviors?

Cognitive PsychologyGestalt

Related to Gestalt psychology=People perceive whole patterns, rather than collections of separate sensations.

The belief that the mind interprets experiences in predictable ways, rather than simply reacting the experiences.

Famous Gestalt saying:

“The whole is greater than the sum of the parts”

Cognitive Psychology

It is all about interpretation!!!! (Maladaptive thoughts-I can’t change your situation, but I can work with you on how you view or interpret the situation.)

Cognitive Psychology

Example

A cognitive psychologist devised the following experiment:

The psychologist asked her subjects to read the sentence, The old woman was sweeping the steps.

Later she asked the participants to recall if the sentence contained the word “broom.” The majority said it did. Why? Prior knowledge and associations we have formed play a part in our perception and coding of new information.

We use gestalt principles to read

“Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabridge Uinvervtisy, it

deosn’t mttaer in waht oredr the litteers in a wrod are,

the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be

at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a ttoal mses and you

can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is besauae ocne

we laren how to raed we bgien to aargnre the lteerts in

our mnid to see waht we epxcet to see. The huamn mnid

deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but preecsievs the

wrod as a wlohe. We do tihs ucnsoniuscoly wuithot

tuhoght.”

Cognitive Psychology

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the cognitive psychologists explain and attempt to fix his behaviors?

What is an eclectic approach to psychotherapy? Why is it the most common approach?

Social-cognitive perspective Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment.