ugaritic paradigms -

Ugaritic Paradigms for both verbal and non-verbal forms

Compiled by Joshua L. Harper

Fall 2008

Based on information from:

Daniel Sivan, A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (HdO 1:28; Atlanta: SBL, 2001)

William M. Schniedewind and Joel H. Hunt, A Primer on Ugaritic: Language,

Culture and Literature (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)

and course materials produced by Meredith M. Kline

Noun Paradigms Masculine Feminine

Singular Unbound Bound Singular Unbound Bound

Nom mlk malku mlk malku Nom mlkt malkatu mlkt malkatu

Gen mlk malki mlk malki Gen mlkt malkati mlkt malkati

Acc mlk malka mlk malka Acc mlkt malkata mlkt malkata

Dual Dual

Nom mlkm malkāmi mlk malkā Nom mlktm malkatāmi mlkt malkatā

Obl mlkm malkēmi mlk malkē Obl mlktm malkatēmi mlkt malkatē

Plural Plural

Nom mlkm malkūma mlk malkū Nom mlkt malkātu mlkt malkātu

Obl mlkm malkīma mlk malkī Obl mlkt malkāti mlkt malkāti

Independent Pronouns

3ms hw huwa 3cd hm humā 3mp hm hum(ū) Independent Oblique

3fs hy hiya 3fp hn hin(ā) 3ms hwt huwāti

2ms at ʾatta 2cd atm ʾattumā 2mp atm ʾattum(ū) 3fs hyt hiyāti

2fs at ʾatti

1cs ank ʾanāku 3cd hmt humāti

an ʾanā 3mp hmt humūti

Pronoun Suffixes 3ms -h/n/nh/nn -hu 3cd -hm -humā 3mp -hm -hum(ū)

3fs -h/n/nh/nn -ha 3fp -hn -hun(ā)

2ms -k -ka 2cd -km -kumā 2mp -km -kumū (?)

2fs -k -ki 2fp -kn -kun(ā)

1csNOM -ø -ī 1cd -ny -nayā 1cp -n -ni/-na (?)

OBL -y -ya VBL -n -nī

Other PronounsDeterminative-Relative

ms d dū/dī/dā

fs dt dātu/dāti/dāta

mp dt dūtu/dūti (?)

fp dt dūtu/dūti (?)

hnd hānādū (hannadū) “this”

Interrogatives

my mīyu/i/a “who(m)”

mh mahu/i/a “what”

mn mannu/i/a

or: mīnu/i/a “which”

Demonstratives

hnk hānāka (masc) “that”

Indefinite

mnk mīnuku “whatever,

mnkm mīnukumu whoever, any-

mnm mīnuma one, whichever”

kl kullu/i/a “all, every”

klkl kulkullu “every, all”

ay ʾayyu “which, any”

hnkt hānākata (fem) “that”

}{

Cardinal Numbers Feminine Masculine

1 aḥt ʾaḥ(ḥ)attu aḥd ʾaḥ(ḥ)adu Tens and Greater - Common

2 ṯt ṯittā/ṯittê ṯn ṯinā/ṯinê 20 ʿšrm ʿašrāma/i

3 ṯlṯ ṯalāṯu ṯlṯt ṯalāṯatu 30 ṯlṯm ṯalāṯūma

4 arbʿ ʾarbaʿu arbʿt ʾarbaʿatu 40 arbʿm ʾarbaʿūma

5 ḫmš ḫamišu ḫmšt ḫamišatu 50 ḫmšm ḫamišūma

6 ṯṯ ṯīṯṯu ṯṯt ṯīṯṯatu 60 ṯṯm ṯīṯṯūma

7 šbʿ šabʿu šbʿt šabʿatu 70 šbʿm šabʿūma

8 ṯmn ṯamānû ṯmnt ṯamānîtu 80 ṯmnym ṯamāniyūma

9 ṯšʿ ṯišʿu ṯšʿt ṯišʿatu 90 ṯšʿm ṯišʿūma

10 ʿšr ʿašaru ʿšrt ʿašaratu 100 mit miʾtu

11 ʿšt ʿšr ʿaštê ʿašaru ʿšt ʿšr/ʿšrh ʿaštê ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 200 mitm miʾtāma/i

12 ṯt ʿšr ṯittā ʿašaru ṯn ʿšr/h ṯinā ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 300 ṯlṯ mat ṯalāṯ(u) miʾātu/i

ṯn ʿšrt ṯinā ʿašaratu 1000 alp ʾalpu

13 ṯlṯ ʿšr ṯalāṯu ʿašaru ṯlṯ ʿšr/h ṯalāṯu ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 2000 alpm ʾalpāma/i

ṯlṯt ʿšrt ṯalāṯatu ʿašaratu 3000 ṯlṯ alpm ṯalāṯ(u) ʾal(a)pūma

53 ḫmšm ṯlṯ ḫamišūma ṯalāṯu 10000 rbtm ribbatu

37 ṯlṯm w šbʿ ṯalāṯūma wa šabʿu 20000 rbtm ribbatāma/i

122 mit ʿšrm ṯn miʾtu ʿašrāma ṯinā 30000 ṯlṯ rbbt ṯalāṯ(u) ribabātu

Prepositions and Particles u ʾu או or

id ʾida when, after

aḫr ʾaḫra/ê אחרי after, behind

ik ʾêka ?how אי

Iy ʾiyyi אי where?

al ʾal אל to, toward

an ʾan where?

in ʾêna אין there isn’t

ap ʾappa אף also

iṯ ʾiṯê יש (BA יאית )

aṯr ʾaṯra after

b bi ב in, with, by, etc.

bd bādi from the hands of

bl bal negates noun clauses

bn bēna בין between

bʿd baʿda behind/after

-h -ah ־◌ה directional

hlm halumma here

hlny hallinīya here

hm him(ma) אם if/or

hn hinnī הנה\הן behold

ht hitta now

w wa ו and

y yā vocative marker

yd yada with

k ki כ like, as, while

k- kî- emphatic before verbs

kbd kabida midst of

l le ל to, for, etc.

l la לא no, not

l lu לו or vocative marker

lm lamma למה why?

lpn lepani לפני before

-m -ama/i on noun > adverb

-m -ma emphatic suff. on

nouns or vbl. forms

mdʿ madduʿa מדוע why?

mʿ maʿ א־נ after impv

ʿd ʿadi/ê עד up to, until

ʿl ʿalê על/על upon, over

ʿm ʿimma עם with

ʿnt ʿanata עתה now

p pa then, and

qdm qudāma before (BA קדם)

qrb qirbu/a midst of

tḥt taḥtu/a תחת under, beneath

tk tôku/a inside, middle ( (תו

ṯm ṯamma שמה there

The Strong Verb:1111 QṬL

G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation

Singular Dual Plural

3m qṭl qaṭala qṭl qaṭalā qṭl qaṭalū

3f qṭlt qaṭalat qṭlt qaṭal(a)tā qṭl qaṭalā

2m qṭlt qaṭalta qṭltm qaṭaltumā qṭltm qaṭaltum(ū)

2f qṭlt qaṭalti qṭltm qaṭaltumā qṭltn qaṭaltunā

1c qṭlt qaṭaltu (?) qṭlny qaṭalniyā qṭln qaṭalnū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation


3m yqṭl yaqṭul y/tqṭl y/taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū

3f tqṭl taqṭul tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna

2m tqṭl taqṭul tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū

2f tqṭl taqṭulī tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna

1c aqṭl ʾaqṭul nqṭl naqṭulā nqṭl naqṭul

Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222


3m yqṭl yaqṭulu y/tqṭln y/taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulūna

3f tqṭl taqṭulu tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulnā

2m tqṭl taqṭulu tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulūna

2f tqṭln taqṭulīna tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulnā

1c aqṭl ʾaqṭulu nqṭln naqṭulāni nqṭl naqṭulu

Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333


3m yqṭl yaqṭula y/tqṭl y/taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū

3f tqṭl taqṭula tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna

2m tqṭl taqṭula tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū

2f tqṭl taqṭulī tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna

1c aqṭl ʾaqṭula nqṭl naqṭulā nqṭl naqṭula

1 This also includes all I-Guttural verbs, which are strong in Ugaritic. 2 Any Short form ending in C3

gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.

3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.

Imperative4444

ms qṭl quṭul/ quṭla

fs qṭl quṭulī

dual qṭl quṭulā

mp qṭl quṭulū

Active Participle

ms qṭl qāṭilu

fs qṭlt qāṭilatu

mp qṭlm qāṭilūma

fp qṭlt qāṭilātu

Passive Participle5555

ms qṭl qaṭūlu

fs qṭlt qaṭūlatu

mp qṭlm qaṭūlūma

fp qṭlt qaṭūlātu

Infinitive6666

qṭl qaṭālu

4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.

Strong: N Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m nqṭl naqṭala nqṭl naqṭalā nqṭl naqṭalū

3f nqṭlt naqṭalat nqṭlt naqṭal(a)tā nqṭl naqṭalā

2m nqṭlt naqṭalta nqṭltm naqṭaltumā nqṭltm naqṭaltum(ū)

2f nqṭlt naqṭalti nqṭltm naqṭaltumā nqṭltn naqṭaltunā

1c nqṭlt naqṭaltu (?) nqṭlny naqṭalniyā nqṭln naqṭalnū



3m yqṭl yiqqaṭil y/tqṭl y/tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū

3f tqṭl tiqqaṭil tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna

2m tqṭl tiqqaṭil tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū

2f tqṭl tiqqaṭilī tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna

1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭil nqṭl niqqaṭilā nqṭl niqqaṭil



3m yqṭl yiqqaṭilu y/tqṭln y/tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilūna

3f tqṭl tiqqaṭilu tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilnā

2m tqṭl tiqqaṭilu tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilūna

2f tqṭln tiqqaṭilīna tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilnā

1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭilu nqṭln niqqaṭilāni nqṭl niqqaṭilu



3m yqṭl yiqqaṭila y/tqṭl y/tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū

3f tqṭl tiqqaṭila tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna

2m tqṭl tiqqaṭila tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū

2f tqṭl tiqqaṭilī tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna

1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭila nqṭl niqqaṭilā nqṭl niqqaṭila

1 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative3333

Participle4444

ms nqṭl naqṭalu

fs nqṭlt naqṭalatu

mp nqṭlm naqṭalūma

fp nqṭlt naqṭalātu

Infinitive5555

nqṭl naqṭalu

3 There are no attestations for the Imperative; the Jussive is used instead. The pattern would

presumably be nqṭl naqṭil, but the last vowel is questionable. 4 Very rare. 5 The final a may be long. If in bound relationship, then Infi-nitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.

Strong: D Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m qṭl qaṭṭila qṭl qaṭṭilā qṭl qaṭṭilū

3f qṭlt qaṭṭilat qṭlt qaṭṭil(a)tā qṭl qaṭṭilā

2m qṭlt qaṭṭilta qṭltm qaṭṭiltumā qṭltm qaṭṭiltum(ū)

2f qṭlt qaṭṭilti qṭltm qaṭṭiltumā qṭltn qaṭṭiltunā

1c qṭlt qaṭṭiltu (?) qṭlny qaṭṭilniyā qṭln qaṭṭilnū

Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation1111


3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭil y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū

3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭil tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna

2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭil tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū

2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilī tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna

1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭil 2 nqṭl nuqaṭṭilā nqṭl nuqaṭṭil



3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭilu y/tqṭln y/tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilūna

3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilnā

2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilūna

2f tqṭln tuqaṭṭilīna tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilnā

1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭilu nqṭln nuqaṭṭilāni nqṭl nuqaṭṭilu



3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭila y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū

3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭila tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna

2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭila tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū

2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilī tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna

1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭila nqṭl nuqaṭṭilā nqṭl nuqaṭṭila

1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative

ms qṭl qaṭṭil

fs qṭl qaṭṭilī

dual qṭl qaṭṭilā

mp qṭl qaṭṭilū

Participle

ms mqṭl muqaṭṭilu

fs mqṭlt muqaṭṭilatu

mp mqṭlm muqaṭṭilūma

fp mqṭlt muqaṭṭilātu

Infinitive5555

qṭl quṭṭalu

5 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.

Strong: Š Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m šqṭl šaqṭila šqṭl šaqṭilā šqṭl šaqṭilū

3f šqṭlt šaqṭilat šqṭlt šaqṭil(a)tā šqṭl šaqṭilā

2m šqṭlt šaqṭilta šqṭltm šaqṭiltumā šqṭltm šaqṭiltum(ū)

2f šqṭlt šaqṭilti šqṭltm šaqṭiltumā šqṭltn šaqṭiltunā

1c šqṭlt šaqṭiltu (?) šqṭlny šaqṭilniyā šqṭln šaqṭilnū



3m yšqṭl yušaqṭil y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū

3f tšqṭl tušaqṭil tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna

2m tšqṭl tušaqṭil tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū

2f tšqṭl tušaqṭilī tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna

1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭil 2 nšqṭl nušaqṭilā nšqṭl nušaqṭil



3m yšqṭl yušaqṭilu y/tšqṭln y/tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilūna

3f tšqṭl tušaqṭilu tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilnā

2m tšqṭl tušaqṭilu tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilūna

2f tšqṭln tušaqṭilīna tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilnā

1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭilu nšqṭln nušaqṭilāni nšqṭl nušaqṭilu



3m yšqṭl yušaqṭila y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū

3f tšqṭl tušaqṭila tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna

2m tšqṭl tušaqṭila tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū

2f tšqṭl tušaqṭilī tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna

1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭila nšqṭl nušaqṭilā nšqṭl nušaqṭila

1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative

ms šqṭl šaqṭil

fs šqṭl šaqṭilī

dual šqṭl šaqṭilā

mp šqṭl šaqṭilū

Participle

ms mšqṭl mušaqṭilu

fs mšqṭlt mušaqṭilatu

mp mšqṭlm mušaqṭilūma

fp mšqṭlt mušaqṭilātu

Infinitive5555

šqṭl šuqṭalu

5 The vowels are contested. If in bound relationship, then Infini-tive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.

Strong: Gp Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m qṭl quṭila 2 qṭl quṭilā qṭl quṭilū

3f qṭlt quṭilat qṭlt quṭil(a)tā qṭl quṭilā

2m qṭlt quṭilta qṭltm quṭiltumā qṭltm quṭiltum(ū)

2f qṭlt quṭilti qṭltm quṭiltumā qṭltn quṭiltunā

1c qṭlt quṭiltu (?) qṭlny quṭilniyā qṭln quṭilnū



3m yqṭl yuqṭal y/tqṭl y/tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū

3f tqṭl tuqṭal tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna

2m tqṭl tuqṭal tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū

2f tqṭl tuqṭalī tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna

1c aqṭl ʾaqṭal 3 nqṭl nuqṭalā nqṭl nuqṭal



3m yqṭl yuqṭalu y/tqṭln y/tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalūna

3f tqṭl tuqṭalu tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalnā

2m tqṭl tuqṭalu tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalūna

2f tqṭln tuqṭalīna tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalnā

1c aqṭl ʾaqṭalu nqṭln nuqṭalāni nqṭl nuqṭalu



3m yqṭl yuqṭala y/tqṭl y/tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū

3f tqṭl tuqṭala tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna

2m tqṭl tuqṭala tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū

2f tqṭl tuqṭalī tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna

1c aqṭl ʾaqṭala nqṭl nuqṭalā nqṭl nuqṭala

1 This stem may not exist at all. The forms in the text may be 3mp indefinites (they killed him = he was killed), or in the Imperfect may be N forms. (Cf. Sivan 126) 2 The stem vowel may be either i or a. 3 Presumably preformative vowel a, but no 1cs forms attested. 4 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative6666

Participle7777

ms qṭl qaṭūlu

fs qṭlt qaṭūlatu

mp qṭlm qaṭūlūma

fp qṭlt qaṭūlātu

Infinitive8888

6 None attested. 7 I.e. the G Passive Participle. 8 None attested.

Strong: Gt Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation1111


3m iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalū

3f iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalat iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭal(a)tā iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā

2m iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalta iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltumā iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltum(ū)

2f iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalti iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltumā iqtṭltn ʾiqtaṭaltunā

1c iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭaltu (?) iqtṭlny ʾiqtaṭalniyā iqtṭln ʾiqtaṭalnū



3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭal 2 y/tqtṭl y/tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū

3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭal tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna

2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭal tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū

2f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalī tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna

1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal nqtṭl niqtaṭalā nqtṭl niqtaṭal



3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭalu y/tqtṭln y/tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalūna

3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalu tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalnā

2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭalu tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalūna

2f tqtṭln tiqtaṭalīna tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalnā

1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalu nqtṭln niqtaṭalāni nqtṭl niqtaṭalu



3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭala y/tqtṭl y/tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū

3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭala tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna

2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭala tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū

2f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalī tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna

1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala nqtṭl niqtaṭalā nqtṭl niqtaṭala

1 When clause initial, the form has a prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; otherwise, the t and q

seem to undergo metathesis: tqṭl taqṭal(?) (Schniedewind 175, n17). 2 The stem vowel may be i not a (cf. Sivan 129-30). 3 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative5555

ms iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal

fs iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalī

dual iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā

mp iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalū

Participle6666

ms mqtṭl muqtaṭilu

fs mqtṭlt muqtaṭilatu

mp mqtṭlm muqtaṭilūma

fp mqtṭlt muqtaṭilātu

Infinitive7777

tqtṭl tVqtaṭilu

5 Prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; the stem vowel may be either a or i. 6 This form is speculative. 7 This form is also speculative.

Strong: Dp Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m qṭl quṭṭila 2 qṭl quṭṭilā qṭl quṭṭilū

3f qṭlt quṭṭilat qṭlt quṭṭil(a)tā qṭl quṭṭilā

2m qṭlt quṭṭilta qṭltm quṭṭiltumā qṭltm quṭṭiltum(ū)

2f qṭlt quṭṭilti qṭltm quṭṭiltumā qṭltn quṭṭiltunā

1c qṭlt quṭṭiltu (?) qṭlny quṭṭilniyā qṭln quṭṭilnū



3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭal y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū

3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭal tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna

2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭal tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū

2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalī tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna

1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭal 4 nqṭl nuqaṭṭalā nqṭl nuqaṭṭal



3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭalu y/tqṭln y/tuqaṭṭalāna tqṭln tuqaṭṭalūna

3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalu tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalnā

2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭalu tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalūna

2f tqṭln tuqaṭṭalīna tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalnā

1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭalu nqṭln nuqaṭṭalāni nqṭl nuqaṭṭalu



3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭala y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū

3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭala tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna

2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭala tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū

2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalī tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna

1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭala nqṭl nuqaṭṭalā nqṭl nuqaṭṭala

1 This stem is rare, and the forms are difficult to interpret. Cf. Sivan 137-38. 2 The stem vowel may also be a: quṭṭala. 3 The preformative vowel may also be a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative

Participle7777

ms mqṭl muqaṭṭalu

fs mqṭlt muqaṭṭalatu

mp mqṭlm muqaṭṭalūma

fp mqṭlt muqaṭṭalātu

Infinitive

7 The form interpreted as a Dp participle may in fact be a noun.

Strong: tD Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭila 2 itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilā itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilū

3f itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilat itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭil(a)tā itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilā

2m itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilta itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltumā itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltum(ū)

2f itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilti itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltumā itqṭltn ʾitqaṭṭiltunā

1c itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭiltu (?) itqṭlny ʾitqaṭṭilniyā itqṭln ʾitqaṭṭilnū



3m ytqṭl yutqaṭṭil y/tqṭl y/tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū

3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭil tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna

2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭil tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū

2f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilī tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna

1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭil 4 nqṭl nutqaṭṭilā nqṭl nutqaṭṭil



3m yqṭl yutqaṭṭilu y/tqṭln y/tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilūna

3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilu tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilnā

2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭilu tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilūna

2f tqṭln tutqaṭṭilīna tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilnā

1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭilu nqṭln nutqaṭṭilāni nqṭl nutqaṭṭilu



3m yqṭl yutqaṭṭila y/tqṭl y/tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū

3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭila tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna

2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭila tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū

2f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilī tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna

1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭila nqṭl nutqaṭṭilā nqṭl nutqaṭṭila

1 This stem, too, is quite rare and debatable. 2 The stem vowel may be a: ʾitquṭṭala, there may be an a after the t: ʾitaquṭṭi/ala, and the form may not take a prosthetic ʾ at all: taquṭṭi/ala. 3 The preformative vowel may also be a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Pret form ending in C3

gets -u; long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.

6 Any Pret form ending in C3 gets -a.

Imperative7777

ms tqṭl taqaṭṭil

fs tqṭl taqaṭṭilī

dual tqṭl taqaṭṭilā

mp tqṭl taqaṭṭilū

Participle

Infinitive50

tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu

7 The form identified by Sivan as an imperative is identified by Schniedewind and Hunt as an infinitive. Thus, one or the other may be doubtful.

Strong: Šp Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m šqṭl šuqṭala 2 šqṭl šuqṭalā šqṭl šuqṭalū

3f šqṭlt šuqṭalat šqṭlt šuqṭal(a)tā šqṭl šuqṭalā

2m šqṭlt šuqṭalta šqṭltm šuqṭaltumā šqṭltm šuqṭaltum(ū)

2f šqṭlt šuqṭalti šqṭltm šuqṭaltumā šqṭltn šuqṭaltunā

1c šqṭlt šuqṭaltu (?) šqṭlny šuqṭalniyā šqṭln šuqṭalnū



3m yšqṭl yušaqṭal y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū

3f tšqṭl tušaqṭal tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna

2m tšqṭl tušaqṭal tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū

2f tšqṭl tušaqṭalī tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna

1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭal 4 nšqṭl nušaqṭalā nšqṭl nušaqṭal



3m yšqṭl yušaqṭalu y/tšqṭln y/tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalūna

3f tšqṭl tušaqṭalu tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalnā

2m tšqṭl tušaqṭalu tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalūna

2f tšqṭln tušaqṭalīna tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalnā

1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭalu nšqṭln nušaqṭalāni nšqṭl nušaqṭalu



3m yšqṭl yušaqṭala y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū

3f tšqṭl tušaqṭala tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna

2m tšqṭl tušaqṭala tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū

2f tšqṭl tušaqṭalī tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna

1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭala nšqṭl nušaqṭalā nšqṭl nušaqṭala

1 This stem is fairly rare. 2 The stem vowel may also be i. 3 The preformative vowel may be either u or a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Pret form ending in C3

gets -u; long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.

6 Any Pret form ending in C3 gets -a.

Imperative

Participle

ms mšqṭl mušaqṭalu

fs mšqṭlt mušaqṭalatu

mp mšqṭlm mušaqṭalūma

fp mšqṭlt mušaqṭalātu

Infinitive

Strong: At a Glance

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive

G Stem qṭl qaṭala yqṭl yaqṭul- qṭl quṭul (act) qṭl qāṭilu qṭl qaṭālu

(ps) qṭl qaṭūlu

N Stem nqṭl naqṭala yqṭl yiqqaṭil- nqṭl naqṭalu nqṭl naqṭalu

D Stem qṭl qaṭṭila yqṭl yuqaṭṭil-1 qṭl qaṭṭil mqṭl muqaṭṭilu qṭl quṭṭalu

Š Stem šqṭl šaqṭila yšqṭl yušaqṭil57 šqṭl šaqṭil mšqṭl mušaqṭilu šqṭl šuqṭalu

Gp Stem qṭl quṭila 2 yqṭl yuqṭal qṭl qaṭūlu3

Gt Stem iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala4 yqtṭl yiqtaṭal 5 iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal61 mqtṭl muqtaṭilu tqtṭl tVqtaṭilu

Dp Stem qṭl quṭṭila 6 yqṭl yuqaṭṭal57 mqṭl muqaṭṭalu

tD Stem itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭila 7 ytqṭl yutqaṭṭil57 tqṭl taqaṭṭil8 tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu

Šp Stem šqṭl šuqṭala61 yšqṭl yušaqṭal57 mšqṭl mušaqṭalu

1 The preformative vowel may u or a. 2 The stem vowel may be either i or a. 3 I.e. the G Passive Participle. 4 When clause initial, the form has a prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; otherwise, the t and q seem to undergo metathesis: tqtqtqtqṭṭṭṭl l l l taqṭal(?) (Schniedewind 175, n17). 5 The stem vowel may be i not a. 6 The stem vowel may also be a: quṭṭala. 7 The stem vowel may be a: ʾitquṭṭala, there may be an a after the t: ʾitaquṭṭi/ala, and the form may not take a prosthetic ʾ at all: taquṭṭi/ala. 8 The form identified by Sivan as an imperative is identified by Schniedewind and Hunt as an infinitive. Thus, one or the other may be doubtful.

i-Stative: KBD

G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation1111


3m kbd kabida kbd kabidā kbd kabidū

3f kbdt kabidat kbdt kabid(a)tā kbd kabidā

2m kbdt kabidta kbdtm kabidtumā kbdtm kabidtum(ū)

2f kbdt kabidti kbdtm kabidtumā kbdtn kabidtunā

1c kbdt kabidtu (?) kbdny kabidniyā kbdn kabidnū



3m ykbd yikbad y/tkbd y/tikbadā tkbd tikbadū

3f tkbd tikbad tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna

2m tkbd tikbad tkbd tikbadā tkbd tikbadū

2f tkbd tikbadī tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna

1c ikbd ʾikbad nkbd nikbadā nkbd nikbad



3m ykbd yikbadu y/tkbdn y/tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadūna

3f tkbd tikbadu tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadnā

2m tkbd tikbadu tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadūna

2f tkbdn tikbadīna tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadnā

1c ikbd ʾikbadu nkbdn nikbadāni nkbd nikbadu



3m ykbd yikbada y/tkbd y/tikbadā tkbd tikbadū

3f tkbd tikbada tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna

2m tkbd tikbada tkbd tikbadā tkbd tikbadū

2f tkbd tikbadī tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna

1c ikbd ʾikbada nkbd nikbadā nkbd nikbada

1 Cf. יכבד/כבד The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative4444

ms kbd kabad/ kabda

fs kbd kabadī

duad kbd kabadā

mp kbd kabadū

Active Participle

ms kbd kābidu

fs kbdt kābidatu

mp kbdm kābidūma

fp kbdt kābidātu


ms kbd kabūdu

fs kbdt kabūdatu

mp kbdm kabūdūma

fp kbdt kabūdātu

Infinitive6666

kbd kabādu


u-Stative: QṬN

G Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m qṭn qaṭuna qṭn qaṭunā qṭn qaṭunū

3f qṭnt qaṭunat qṭnt qaṭun(a)tā qṭn qaṭunā

2m qṭnt qaṭunta qṭntm qaṭuntumā qṭntm qaṭuntum(ū)

2f qṭnt qaṭunti qṭntm qaṭuntumā qṭntn qaṭuntunā

1c qṭnt qaṭuntu (?) qṭnny qaṭunniyā qṭnn qaṭunnū



3m yqṭn yaqṭan y/tqṭn y/taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū

3f tqṭn taqṭan tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna

2m tqṭn taqṭan tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū

2f tqṭn taqṭanī tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna

1c iqṭn ʾiqṭan nqṭn naqṭanā nqṭn naqṭan



3m yqṭn yaqṭanu y/tqṭnn y/taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭanūna

3f tqṭn taqṭanu tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭannā

2m tqṭn taqṭanu tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭanūna

2f tqṭnn taqṭanīna tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭannā

1c iqṭn ʾiqṭanu nqṭnn naqṭanāni nqṭn naqṭanu



3m yqṭn yaqṭana y/tqṭn y/taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū

3f tqṭn taqṭana tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna

2m tqṭn taqṭana tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū

2f tqṭn taqṭanī tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna

1c iqṭn ʾiqṭana nqṭn naqṭanā nqṭn naqṭana

1 Cf. יקטן/קטן The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative4444

ms qṭn qaṭan/ qaṭna

fs qṭn qaṭanī

Dual qṭn qaṭanā

mp qṭn qaṭanū

Active Participle

ms qṭn qāṭinu

fs qṭnt qāṭinatu

mp qṭnm qāṭinūma

fp qṭnt qāṭinātu


ms qṭn qaṭūnu

fs qṭnt qaṭūnatu

mp qṭnm qaṭūnūma

fp qṭnt qaṭūnātu

Infinitive6666

qṭn qaṭānu


II-Guttural: MḪṢ



3m mḫṣ maḫaṣa mḫṣ maḫaṣā mḫṣ maḫaṣū

3f mḫṣt maḫaṣat mḫṣt maḫaṣ(a)tā mḫṣ maḫaṣā

2m mḫṣt maḫaṣta mḫṣtm maḫaṣtumā mḫṣtm maḫaṣtum(ū)

2f mḫṣt maḫaṣti mḫṣtm maḫaṣtumā mḫṣtn maḫaṣtunā

1c mḫṣt maḫaṣtu (?) mḫṣny maḫaṣniyā mḫṣn maḫaṣnū



3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣ y/tmḫṣ y/timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū

3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣ tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna

2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣ tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū

2f tmḫṣ timḫaṣī tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna

1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣ nmḫṣ nimḫaṣā nmḫṣ nimḫaṣ



3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣu y/tmḫṣn y/timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣūna

3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣu tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣnā

2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣu tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣūna

2f tmḫṣn timḫaṣīna tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣnā

1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣu nmḫṣn nimḫaṣāni nmḫṣ nimḫaṣu



3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣa y/tmḫṣ y/timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū

3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣa tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna

2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣa tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū

2f tmḫṣ timḫaṣī tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna

1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣa nmḫṣ nimḫaṣā nmḫṣ nimḫaṣa

1 Cf ימחץ/מחץ The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative4444

ms mḫṣ maḫaṣ/ maḫṣa

fs mḫṣ maḫaṣī

Dual mḫṣ maḫaṣā

mp mḫṣ maḫaṣū

Active Participle

ms mḫṣ māḫiṣu

fs mḫṣt māḫiṣatu

mp mḫṣm māḫiṣūma

fp mḫṣt māḫiṣātu


ms mḫṣ maḫūṣu

fs mḫṣt maḫūṣatu

mp mḫṣm maḫūṣūma

fp mḫṣt maḫūṣātu

Infinitive6666

mḫṣ maḫāṣu


III-Guttural: ŠLḤ



3m šlḥ šalaḥa šlḥ šalaḥā šlḥ šalaḥū

3f šlḥt šalaḥat šlḥt šalaḥ(a)tā šlḥ šalaḥā

2m šlḥt šalaḥta šlḥtm šalaḥtumā šlḥtm šalaḥtum(ū)

2f šlḥt šalaḥti šlḥtm šalaḥtumā šlḥtn šalaḥtunā

1c šlḥt šalaḥtu (?) šlḥny šalaḥniyā šlḥn šalaḥnū



3m yšlḥ yišlaḥ y/tšlḥ y/tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū

3f tšlḥ tišlaḥ tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna

2m tšlḥ tišlaḥ tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū

2f tšlḥ tišlaḥī tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna

1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥ nšlḥ nišlaḥā nšlḥ nišlaḥ



3m yšlḥ yišlaḥu y/tšlḥn y/tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥūna

3f tšlḥ tišlaḥu tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥnā

2m tšlḥ tišlaḥu tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥūna

2f tšlḥn tišlaḥīna tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥnā

1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥu nšlḥn nišlaḥāni nšlḥ nišlaḥu



3m yšlḥ yišlaḥa y/tšlḥ y/tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū

3f tšlḥ tišlaḥa tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna

2m tšlḥ tišlaḥa tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū

2f tšlḥ tišlaḥī tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna

1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥa nšlḥ nišlaḥā nšlḥ nišlaḥa

1 Cf. ישלח/שלח The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative4444

ms šlḥ šalaḥ/ šalḥa

fs šlḥ šalaḥī

Dual šlḥ šalaḥā

mp šlḥ šalaḥū

Active Participle

ms šlḥ māḫiṣu

fs šlḥt māḫiṣatu

mp šlḥm māḫiṣūma

fp šlḥt māḫiṣātu


ms šlḥ maḫūṣu

fs šlḥt maḫūṣatu

mp šlḥm maḫūṣūma

fp šlḥt maḫūṣātu

Infinitive6666

šlḥ maḫāṣu


I-N:1111 NPL



3m npl napala npl napalā npl napalū

3f nplt napalat nplt napal(a)tā npl napalā

2m nplt napalta npltm napaltumā npltm napaltum(ū)

2f nplt napalti npltm napaltumā npltn napaltunā

1c nplt napaltu (?) nplny napalniyā npln napalnū



3m ypl yappul y/tpl y/tappulā tpl tappulū

3f tpl tappul tpl tappulā tpln tappulna

2m tpl tappul tpl tappulā tpl tappulū

2f tpl tappulī tpl tappulā tpln tappulna

1c apl ʾappul npl nappulā npl nappul



3m ypl yappulu y/tpln y/tappulāni tpln tappulūna

3f tpl tappulu tpln tappulāni tpln tappulnā

2m tpl tappulu tpln tappulāni tpln tappulūna

2f tpln tappulīna tpln tappulāni tpln tappulnā

1c apl ʾappulu npln nappulāni npl nappulu



3m ypl yappula y/tpl y/tappulā tpl tappulū

3f tpl tappula tpl tappulā tpln tappulna

2m tpl tappula tpl tappulā tpl tappulū

2f tpl tappulī tpl tappulā tpln tappulna

1c apl ʾappula npl nappulā npl nappula

1 And LQḤ 2 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative4444

ms pl pul/ pula

fs pl pulī

dual pl pulā

mp pl pulū

Active Participle

ms npl nāpilu

fs nplt nāpilatu

mp nplm nāpilūma

fp nplt nāpilātu


ms npl napūlu

fs nplt napūlatu

mp nplm napūlūma

fp nplt napūlātu

Infinitive6666

npl napālu


I-N: N Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation1111


3m npl nappala npl nappalā npl nappalū

3f nplt nappalat nplt nappal(a)tā npl nappalā

2m nplt nappalta npltm nappaltumā npltm nappaltum(ū)

2f nplt nappalti npltm nappaltumā npltn nappaltunā

1c nplt nappaltu (?) nplny nappalniyā npln nappalnū



3m ynpl yinnapil y/tnpl y/tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū

3f tnpl tinnapil tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna

2m tnpl tinnapil tnpl tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū

2f tnpl tinnapilī tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna

1c inpl ʾinnapil nnpl ninnapilā nnpl ninnapil



3m ynpl yinnapilu y/tnpln y/tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilūna

3f tnpl tinnapilu tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilnā

2m tnpl tinnapilu tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilūna

2f tnpln tinnapilīna tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilnā

1c inpl ʾinnapilu nnpln ninnapilāni nnpl ninnapilu



3m ynpl yinnapila y/tnpl y/tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū

3f tnpl tinnapila tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna

2m tnpl tinnapila tnpl tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū

2f tnpl tinnapilī tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna

1c inpl ʾinnapila nnpl ninnapilā nnpl ninnapila

1 Presumably C1 assimilates to C2, though there is the form nlqḥt nalqaḥt, where this

apparently does not happen—unless LQḤ behaves regularly in the N, as HLQ does in the Š. 2 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative4444

Participle5555

Infinitive6666

4 There are no attestations for the Imperative; the Jussive is used instead. The pattern would

presumably be nqṭl naqṭil, but the last vowel is questionable. 5 Unattested in I-N 6 Unattested in I-N

I-N: At a Glance with D, Š, and Minor Stems


G Stem npl napala ypl yappul- pl pul npl nāpilu npl napālu

npl napūlu

N Stem npl nappala ynpl yinnapil-

D Stem npl nappila ynpl yunappil [ npl nappil mnpl munappilu npl nuppalu ]

Š Stem1111 špl šappila [ yšpl yušappil- špl šappil mšpl mušappilu špl šuppalu ]

Gp Stem [ npl nupila ] ypl yuppal- [ npl napūlu ]

Gt Stem [ itpl ʾittapala ] ytpl yittapil- [ itpl ʾittapal ] mtpl muttapilu [ ttpl tVttapilu ]

Šp Stem [ špl šuppala yšpl yušappal- ] mšpl mušappalu

1 Only one I-N form is found in the Š Stem: šsʿn šassiʿanī “he brought [the silver] to me” from NSʿ

I-Y:1111 YRD



3m yrd yarada yrd yaradā yrd yaradū

3f yrdt yaradat yrdt yarad(a)tā yrd yaradā

2m yrdt yaradta yrdtm yaradtumā yrdtm yaradtum(ū)

2f yrdt yaradti yrdtm yaradtumā yrdtn yaradtunā

1c yrdt yaradtu (?) yrdny yaradniyā yrdn yaradnū



3m yrd yarid y/trd y/taridā trd taridū

3f trd tarid trd taridā trdn taridna

2m trd tarid trd taridā trd taridū

2f trd taridī trd taridā trdn taridna

1c ard ʾarid nrd naridā nrd narid



3m yrd yaridu y/trdn y/taridāni trdn taridūna

3f trd taridu trdn taridāni trdn taridnā

2m trd taridu trdn taridāni trdn taridūna

2f trdn taridīna trdn taridāni trdn taridnā

1c ard ʾaridu nrdn naridāni nrd naridu



3m yrd yarida y/trd y/taridā trd taridū

3f trd tarida trd taridā trdn taridna

2m trd tarida trd taridā trd taridū

2f trd taridī trd taridā trdn taridna

1c ard ʾarida nrd naridā nrd narida

1 And HLK 2 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative4444

ms rd rid/ rida

fs rd ridī

dual rd ridā

mp rd ridū

Active Participle

ms yrd yāridu

fs yrdt yāridatu

mp yrdm yāridūma

fp yrdt yāridātu


ms mrd môrūdu

fs mrdt môrūdatu

mp mrdm môrūdūma

fp mrdt môrūdātu

Infinitive6666

yrd yarādu

OR rdt ridatu

4 The y y y y is lost. 5 The yyyy contracts, based on whe-ther the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw; unless the extant forms are actually nouns. Cf. Sivan 149-50. 6 As in BH, there seem to be two Infinitive forms: one preserving the yyyy, and the other adding a t t t t to the end.

I-Y: Š Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m šrd šôrida šrd šôridā šrd šôridū

3f šrdt šôridat šrdt šôrid(a)tā šrd šôridā

2m šrdt šôridta šrdtm šôridtumā šrdtm šôridtum(ū)

2f šrdt šôridti šrdtm šôridtumā šrdtn šôridtunā

1c šrdt šôridtu (?) šrdny šôridniyā šrdn šôridnū



3m yšrd yušôrid y/tšrd y/tušôridā tšrd tušôridū

3f tšrd tušôrid tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna

2m tšrd tušôrid tšrd tušôridā tšrd tušôridū

2f tšrd tušôridī tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna

1c ašrd ʾašôrid nšrd nušôridā nšrd nušôrid



3m yšrd yušôridu y/tšrdn y/tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridūna

3f tšrd tušôridu tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridnā

2m tšrd tušôridu tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridūna

2f tšrdn tušôridīna tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridnā

1c ašrd ʾašôridu nšrdn nušôridāni nšrd nušôridu



3m yšrd yušôrida y/tšrd y/tušôridā tšrd tušôridū

3f tšrd tušôrida tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna

2m tšrd tušôrida tšrd tušôridā tšrd tušôridū

2f tšrd tušôridī tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna

1c ašrd ʾašôrida nšrd nušôridā nšrd nušôrida

1 In this stem, the verb HLQ behaves like a strong verb in attested forms. The yyyy contracts in all forms in this stem, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Any Short form in C3



Imperative

ms šrd šôrid

fs šrd šôridī

dual šrd šôridā

mp šrd šôridū

Participle

ms mšrd mušôridu

fs mšrdt mušôridatu

mp mšrdm mušôridūma

fp mšrdt mušôridātu

Infinitive5555

šrd šûradu

5 Vocalization based on the D Infinitive; û < *uw or *uy

I-Y: At a Glance with N, D, and Minor Stems


G Stem yrd yarada yrd yarid- rd rid yrd yāridu yrd yarādu

mrd môrūdu rdt ridatu

N Stem nrd nôrada1

D Stem2222 wrd warrida ywrd yuwarrid-

Š Stem šrd šôrida yšrd yušôrid- šrd šôrid mšrd mušôridu šrd šûradu

Gp Stem yrd yûrad-3

Gt Stem4444 ytrd yi(t)tarad- itrd ʾi(t)tarad5

Šp Stem6666 yšrd yušôrad-

1 Only one form is attested: ntn ntn ntn ntn nêtana/nôtana. The yyyy contracts, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 2 The D Stem of I-Y verbs acts normally—as if the verb were a I-W—when it occurs. 3 yûrad- < *yuyrad- 4 The yyyy may or may not assimilate to the infixed tttt, hence the parenthesis. 5 Then again, the only Gt Imperative form attested has elided the prosthetic ʾ and may not actually be Gt but G from TQǴ. 6 Only YṮB is attested in the Šp, and in this case, the šššš partially assimilates to the ṯṯṯṯ: yuṯôṯab- < yušôṯab- < yušawṯab-.

II-Y/W: QWM, ŠYR, BWṮ

G Stem, QWM Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m qm qâma1 qm qâmā qm qâmū

3f qmt qâmat qmt qâm(a)tā qm qâmā

2m qmt qâmta qmtm qâmtumā qmtm qâmtum(ū)

2f qmt qâmti qmtm qâmtumā qmtn qâmtunā

1c qmt qâmtu (?) qmny qâmniyā qmn qâmnū



3m yqm yaqūm2 y/tqm y/taqūmā tqm taqūmū

3f tqm taqūm tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna

2m tqm taqūm tqm taqūmā tqm taqūmū

2f tqm taqūmī tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna

1c aqm ʾaqūm nqm naqūmā nqm naqūm



3m yqm yaqūmu y/tqmn y/taqūmāni tqmn taqūmūna

3f tqm taqūmu tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmnā

2m tqm taqūmu tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmūna

2f tqmn taqūmīna tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmnā

1c aqm ʾaqūmu nqmn naqūmāni nqm naqūmu



3m yqm yaqūma y/tqm y/taqūmā tqm taqūmū

3f tqm taqūma tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna

2m tqm taqūma tqm taqūmā tqm taqūmū

2f tqm taqūmī tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna

1c aqm ʾaqūma nqm naqūmā nqm naqūma

1 Contracted from a presumed *qayama/qawama. 2 ū lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have u: yaqum instead of yaqūm. 3 Any Short form in C3



Imperative5555

ms qm qum

fs qm qūmī6

dual qm qūmā

mp qm qūmū

Active Participle

ms qm qâmu7

fs qmt qâmatu

mp qmm qâmūma

fp qmt qâmātu


Infinitive

qm qûmu

5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *qāwimu? 8 Unattested in II-W.

II-Y: G Stem, ŠYR Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m šr šâra1 šr šârā šr šârū

3f šrt šârat šrt šâr(a)tā šr šârā

2m šrt šârta šrtm šârtumā šrtm šârtum(ū)

2f šrt šârti šrtm šârtumā šrtn šârtunā

1c šrt šârtu (?) šrny šârniyā šrn šârnū



3m yšr yašīr2 y/tšr y/tašīrā tšr tašīrū

3f tšr tašīr tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna

2m tšr tašīr tšr tašīrā tšr tašīrū

2f tšr tašīrī tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna

1c ašr ʾašīr nšr našīrā nšr našīr



3m yšr yašīru y/tšrn y/tašīrāni tšrn tašīrūna

3f tšr tašīru tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrnā

2m tšr tašīru tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrūna

2f tšrn tašīrīna tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrnā

1c ašr ʾašīru nšrn našīrāni nšr našīru



3m yšr yašīra y/tšr y/tašīrā tšr tašīrū

3f tšr tašīra tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna

2m tšr tašīra tšr tašīrā tšr tašīrū

2f tšr tašīrī tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna

1c ašr ʾašīra nšr našīrā nšr našīra

1 Contracted from a presumed *šayara. 2 ī lengthened to compensate for the loss of y; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have i: yašir instead of yašīr. 3 Any Short form in C3



Imperative5555

ms šr šir

fs šr šīrī6

dual šr šīrā

mp šr šīrū

Active Participle

ms šr šâru7

fs šrt šâratu

mp šrm šârūma

fp šrt šârātu


Infinitive

šr šîru

5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *šāwiru? 8 Unattested in II-Y.

II-W: G Stem, BWṮ Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m bṯ bâṯa1 bṯ bâṯā bṯ bâṯū

3f bṯt bâṯat bṯt bâṯ(a)tā bṯ bâṯā

2m bṯt bâṯta bṯtm bâṯtumā bṯtm bâṯtum(ū)

2f bṯt bâṯti bṯtm bâṯtumā bṯtn bâṯtunā

1c bṯt bâṯtu (?) bṯny bâṯniyā bṯn bâṯnū



3m ybṯ yabāṯ2 y/tbṯ y/tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū

3f tbṯ tabāṯ tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna

2m tbṯ tabāṯ tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū

2f tbṯ tabāṯī tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna

1c abṯ ʾabāṯ nbṯ nabāṯā nbṯ nabāṯ



3m ybṯ yabāṯu y/tbṯn y/tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯūna

3f tbṯ tabāṯu tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯnā

2m tbṯ tabāṯu tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯūna

2f tbṯn tabāṯīna tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯnā

1c abṯ ʾabāṯu nbṯn nabāṯāni nbṯ nabāṯu



3m ybṯ yabāṯa y/tbṯ y/tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū

3f tbṯ tabāṯa tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna

2m tbṯ tabāṯa tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū

2f tbṯ tabāṯī tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna

1c abṯ ʾabāṯa nbṯ nabāṯā nbṯ nabāṯa

1 Contracted from a presumed *bawaṯa. 2 ā lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have a: yabaṯ instead of yabāṯ. 3 Any Short form in C3



Imperative5555

ms bṯ baṯ

fs bṯ bāṯī6

dual bṯ bāṯā

mp bṯ bāṯū

Active Participle

ms bṯ bâṯu7

fs bṯt bâṯatu

mp bṯm bâṯūma

fp bṯt bâṯātu


Infinitive

bṯ bâṯu

5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *bāwiṯu? 8 Unattested in II-W.

II-Y/W: L Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m qmm qāmima qmm qāmimā qmm qāmimū

3f qmmt qāmimat qmmt qāmim(a)tā qmm qāmimā

2m qmmt qāmimta qmmtm qāmimtumā qmmtm qāmimtum(ū)

2f qmmt qāmimti qmmtm qāmimtumā qmmtn qāmimtunā

1c qmmt qāmimtu (?) qmmny qāmimniyā qmmn qāmimnū



3m yqmm yuqāmim y/tqmm y/tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū

3f tqmm tuqāmim tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna

2m tqmm tuqāmim tqmm tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū

2f tqmm tuqāmimī tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna

1c aqmm ʾaqāmim 3 nqmm nuqāmimā nqmm nuqāmim



3m yqmm yuqāmimu y/tqmmn y/tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimūna

3f tqmm tuqāmimu tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimnā

2m tqmm tuqāmimu tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimūna

2f tqmmn tuqāmimīna tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimnā

1c aqmm ʾaqāmimu nqmmn nuqāmimāni nqmm nuqāmimu



3m yqmm yuqāmima y/tqmm y/tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū

3f tqmm tuqāmima tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna

2m tqmm tuqāmima tqmm tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū

2f tqmm tuqāmimī tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna

1c aqmm ʾaqāmima nqmm nuqāmimā nqmm nuqāmima

1 The L stem replaces the D stem for II-Y/W verbs. 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 4 Any Short form ending in C3



Imperative

ms qmm qāmim

fs qmm qāmimī

dual qmm qāmimā

mp qmm qāmimū

Participle

Infinitive

II-Y/W: Š Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m šqm šaqīma šqm šaqīmā šqm šaqīmū

3f šqmt šaqīmat šqmt šaqīm(a)tā šqm šaqīmā

2m šqmt šaqīmta šqmtm šaqīmtumā šqmtm šaqīmtum(ū)

2f šqmt šaqīmti šqmtm šaqīmtumā šqmtn šaqīmtunā

1c šqmt šaqīmtu (?) šqmny šaqīmniyā šqmn šaqīmnū



3m yšqm yušaqīm y/tšqm y/tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū

3f tšqm tušaqīm tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna

2m tšqm tušaqīm tšqm tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū

2f tšqm tušaqīmī tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna

1c ašqm ʾašaqīm 3 nšqm nušaqīmā nšqm nušaqīm



3m yšqm yušaqīmu y/tšqmn y/tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmūna

3f tšqm tušaqīmu tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmnā

2m tšqm tušaqīmu tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmūna

2f tšqmn tušaqīmīna tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmnā

1c ašqm ʾašaqīmu nšqmn nušaqīmāni nšqm nušaqīmu



3m yšqm yušaqīma y/tšqm y/tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū

3f tšqm tušaqīma tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna

2m tšqm tušaqīma tšqm tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū

2f tšqm tušaqīmī tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna

1c ašqm ʾašaqīma nšqm nušaqīmā nšqm nušaqīma

1 Note, in this stem for the common verb ṮṮṮṮWBWBWBWB, the š of the stem assimilates to the ṯ, thus ṯṯṯṯṯṯṯṯbbbb ṯaṯība < *šaṯība < *šaṯwiba (?) 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 4 Any Short form in C3



Imperative

ms šqm šaqim6

fs šqm šaqimī

dual šqm šaqimā

mp šqm šaqimū

Participle

Infinitive

šqm šuqāmu

6 Perhaps this vowel should be long.

II-Y/W: At a Glance with Minor Stems


G Stem qm qâma yqm yaqūm- qm qum qm qâmu qm qûmu

šr šâra yšr yašīr- šr šir šr šâru šr šîru

bṯ bâṯa ybṯ yabāṯ- bṯ baṯ bṯ bâṯu bṯ bâṯu

L Stem1111 qmm qāmima yqmm yuqāmim- qmm qāmim

Š Stem šqm šaqīma yšqm yušaqīm- šqm šaqim

Gp Stem yqm yuqām-

Gt Stem yqtmyqtmyqtmyqtm yiqtân-/yiqtîn-2

Šp Stem3333 yšqm yušaqām- (?)

1 The L Stem replaces the D Stem for II-Y/W verbs. 2 From *yiqtawin-/yiqtawan-. 3 Only YṮB is attested in the Šp, and in this case, the šššš partially assimilates to the ṯṯṯṯ: yuṯôṯab- < yušôṯab- < yušawṯab-.

III-Y: BNY



3m bny banaya1 bny banayā bny banayū

3f bnyt banayat bnyt banay(a)tā bny banayā

2m bnt banêta2 bntm banêtumā bntm banêtum(ū)

2f bnt banêti bntm banêtumā bntn banêtunā

1c bnt banêtu (?) bnny banêniyā bnn banênū



3m ybn yabnî y/tbny y/tabniyā tbny tabniyū

3f tbn tabnî tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna

2m tbn tabnî tbny tabniyā tbny tabniyū

2f tbny tabniyī tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna

1c abn ʾabnî nbny nabniyā nbn nabnî



3m ybny yabniyu y/tbnyn y/tabniyāni tbnyn tabniyūna

3f tbny tabniyu tbnyn tabniyāni tbnn tabnînā

2m tbny tabniyu tbnyn tabniyāni tbnyn tabniyūna

2f tbnyn tabniyīna tbnyn tabniyāni tbnn tabnînā

1c abny ʾabniyu nbnyn nabniyāni nbny nabniyu



3m ybny yabniya y/tbny y/tabniyā tbny tabniyū

3f tbny tabniya tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna

2m tbny tabniya tbny tabniyā tbny tabniyū

2f tbny tabniyī tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna

1c abny ʾabniya nbny nabniyā nbny nabniya

1 The forms with y may also contract: banaya > banâ; banayū > banû. 2 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית) 3 The y is usually preserved in the forms with a vowel after it; otherwise it contracts: *yabniy > yabnî. Sometimes, even a triphthong will contract: yabniyu > yabnû. 4 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.

5 Any endingless Short form gets -a.

Imperative6666

ms bn(y) banî/baniya

fs bn(y) banî/baniyī

dual bny baniyā

mp bn(y) banû/baniyū

Active Participle

ms bny bāniyu

fs bnyt bāniyatu

mp bnym bāniyūma

fp bnyt bāniyātu

Passive Participle

ms bny banūyu

fs bnyt banūyatu

mp bnym banūyūma

fp bnyt banūyātu7

Infinitive

bny banāyu

bn banâ

6 These appear both with and without the y; the forms are not certain. 7 This form is also written bnwtbnwtbnwtbnwt banūwātu, with the w as a glide?

III-Y: D Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m bny banniya bny banniyā bny banniyū

3f bnyt banniyat bnyt banniy(a)tā bny banniyā

2m bnt bannîta bntm bannîtumā bntm bannîtum(ū)

2f bnt bannîti bntm bannîtumā bntn bannîtunā

1c bnt bannîtu (?) bnny bannîniyā bnn bannînū



3m ybn yubannî y/tbny y/tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū

3f tbn tubannî tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna

2m tbn tubannî tbny tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū

2f tbny tubanniyī tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna

1c abn ʾabannî 2 nbny nubanniyā nbn nubannî



3m ybny yubanniyu y/tbnyn y/tubanniyāni tbnyn tubanniyūna

3f tbny tubanniyu tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnn tubannînā

2m tbny tubanniyu tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnyn tubanniyūna

2f tbnyn tubanniyīna tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnn tubannînā

1c abny ʾabanniyu nbnyn nubanniyāni nbny nubanniyu



3m ybny yubanniya y/tbny y/tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū

3f tbny tubanniya tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna

2m tbny tubanniya tbny tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū

2f tbny tubanniyī tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna

1c abny ʾabanniya nbny nubanniyā nbny nubanniya

1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.


Imperative

Participle

ms mbny mubanniyu

fs mbnyt mubanniyatu

mp mbnym mubanniyūma

fp mbnyt mubanniyātu

Infinitive5555

bn bunnû

5 From the syllabic texts, not the alphabetic: ḫu-wu-ú ḥuwwû < *ḥuwwayu.

III-Y: Š Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation


3m šbny šabniya šbny šabniyā šbny šabniyū

3f šbnyt šabniyat šbnyt šabniy (a)tā šbny šabniyā

2m šbnt šabnîta šbntm šabnîtumā šbntm šabnîtum(ū)

2f šbnt šabnîti šbntm šabnîtumā šbntn šabnîtunā

1c šbnt šabnîtu (?) šbnny šabnîniyā šbnn šabnînū



3m yšbn yušabnî y/tšbny y/tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū

3f tšbn tušabnî tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna

2m tšbn tušabnî tšbny tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū

2f tšbny tušabniyī tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna

1c ašbn ʾašabnî 2 nšbny nušabniyā nšbn nušabnî



3m yšbny yušabniyu y/tšbnyn y/tušabniyānitšbnyn tušabniyūna

3f tšbny tušabniyu tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnn tušabnînā

2m tšbny tušabniyu tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnyn tušabniyūna

2f tšbnyn tušabniyīna tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnn tušabnînā

1c ašbny ʾašabniyu nšbnyn nušabniyāni nšbny nušabniyu



3m yšbny yušabniya y/tšbny y/tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū

3f tšbny tušabniya tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna

2m tšbny tušabniya tšbny tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū

2f tšbny tušabniyī tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna

1c ašbny ʾašabniya nšbny nušabniyā nšbny nušabniya

1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.


Imperative5555

ms šbn(y) šabnî (-iy?)

fs šbny šabniyī

dual šbny šabniyā

mp šbny šabniyū

Participle

Infinitive

5 Only the fs is attested.

III-Y: At a Glance with Minor Stems


G Stem bny banaya ybn yabnî bn banî (act) bny bāniyu bny banāyu

bnt banêta1 ybny yabniyu bny baniya (ps) bny banūyu bn banâ

N Stem nbny nabnaya2 ynbny yinbaniyu3

D Stem bny banniya ybn yubannî mbny mubanniyu bn bunnû

bnt bannîta ybny yubanniyu

Š Stem šbny šabniya yšbn yušabnî (fs) šbny šabniyī

šbnt šabnîta yšbny yušabniyu

Gp Stem bny bunaya ybn yubnê4

Gt Stem ibtnibtnibtnibtn ʾibtanê5

Dp Stem ybn yabannê6

Št Stem7777 yštḥw yištaḥwî8

1 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית) 2 The 2ms would presumably be nbnt nbnt nbnt nbnt nabnêta (cf. BH נבנית). 3 In the only occurrence of an N prefixed form (ynphy ynphy ynphy ynphy yinpahiyu) the n does not assimilate, unexpectedly. 4 < *yubnay. 5 < *ʾibtanay, but perhaps the form should be ʾibtanî < *ʾibtaniy. 6 < *yabannay. 7 As in BH, the Št Stem only occurs with the root ḤWY. 8 < *yištaḥwiy-.

II=III: RBB1111

G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation2222


3m rb rabba [ rb rabbā rb rabbū ]

3f [ rbt rabbat rbt rabb(a)tā rb rabbā ]

2m rbt rabbata [ rbtm rabbatumā rbtm rabbatum(ū) ]

2f [ rbt rabbati rbtm rabbatumā rbtn rabbatunā ]

1c [ rbt rabbatu (?) rbny rabbaniyā rbn rabbanū ]



3m yrb yarub y/trb y/tarubbā trb tarubbū

3f trb tarub trb tarubbā trbn tarubna

2m trb tarub trb tarubbā trb tarubbū

2f trb tarubbī trb tarubbā trbn tarubna

1c arb ʾarub nrb narubbā nrb narub



3m yrb yarubbu y/trbn y/tarubbāni trbn tarubbūna

3f trb tarubbu trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubnā

2m trb tarubbu trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubbūna

2f trbn tarubbīna trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubnā

1c arb ʾarubbu nrbn narubbāni nrb narubbu



3m yrb yarubba y/trb y/tarubbā trb tarubbū

3f trb tarubba trb tarubbā trbn tarubna

2m trb tarubba trb tarubbā trb tarubbū

2f trb tarubbī trb tarubbā trbn tarubna

1c arb ʾarubba nrb narubbā nrb narubba

1 Not infrequently, this class of verbs is treated like the strong verb, with both radicals written in the text; this paradigm will only treat the “irregular” forms. 2 Only 3ms and 2ms are attested in weak forms; 3fs is attested once in a strong form. 3 The form is yaCzuC2C3- if followed by a vowel, otherwise yaCzuCc. 4 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.


Imperative

ms rb rub

fs rb rubblī

dual rb rubbā

mp rb rubbū

Active Participle6666

ms rb rabbu

fs rbt rabbatu

mp [ rbbm rābibūma ]

fp [ rbbt rābibātu ]


ms rbb rabūbu

fs rbbt rabūbatu

mp rbbm rabūbūma

fp rbbt rabūbātu

Infinitive8888

rbt ribbatu

6 The plurals aretreated as strong. 7 Treated as strong throughout. 8 The attested form is ḥḥḥḥnth nth nth nth ḥinnatihu (with 3ms suffix).

Cf. BH חנות (Ps 77:10).

II=III: D Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation2222



3m yrbb yurabbib y/trbb y/turabbibā trbb turabbibū

3f trbb turabbib trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna

2m trbb turabbib trbb turabbibā trbb turabbibū

2f trbb turabbibī trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna

1c arbb ʾarabbib 4 nrbb nurabbibā nrbb nurabbib



3m yrbb yurabbibu y/trbbn y/turabbibāni trbbn turabbibūna

3f trbb turabbibu trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibnā

2m trbb turabbibu trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibūna

2f trbbn turabbibīna trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibnā

1c arbb ʾarabbibu nrbbn nurabbibāni nrbb nurabbibu



3m yrbb yurabbiba y/trbb y/turabbibā trbb turabbibū

3f trbb turabbiba trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna

2m trbb turabbiba trbb turabbibā trbb turabbibū

2f trbb turabbibī trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna

1c arbb ʾarabbiba nrbb nurabbibā nrbb nurabbiba

1 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1. 2 The suffix conjugation is not attested in this stem. 3 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 4 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.


Imperative

ms rbb rabbib

fs rbb rabbibī

dual rbb rabbibā

mp rbb rabbibū

Participle

ms mrbb murabbibu

fs mrbbt murabbibatu

mp mrbbm murabbibūma

fp mrbbt murabbibātu

Infinitive

II=III: L Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation2222



3m yrbb yurābib y/trbb y/turābibā trbb turābibū

3f trbb turābib trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna

2m trbb turābib trbb turābibā trbb turābibū

2f trbb turābibī trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna

1c arbb ʾarābib 4 nrbb nurābibā nrbb nurābib



3m yrbb yurābibu y/trbbn y/turābibāni trbbn turābibūna

3f trbb turābibu trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibnā

2m trbb turābibu trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibūna

2f trbbn turābibīna trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibnā

1c arbb ʾarābibu nrbbn nurābibāni nrbb nurābibu



3m yrbb yurābiba y/trbb y/turābibā trbb turābibū

3f trbb turābiba trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna

2m trbb turābiba trbb turābibā trbb turābibū

2f trbb turābibī trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna

1c arbb ʾarābiba nrbb nurābibā nrbb nurābiba

1 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1. 2 The suffix conjugation is not attested in this stem. 3 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 4 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.


Imperative

ms rbb rābib

fs rbb rābibī

dual rbb rābibā

mp rbb rābibū

Participle

ms mrbb murābibu

fs mrbbt murābibatu

mp mrbbm murābibūma

fp mrbbt murābibātu

Infinitive

II=III: At a Glance with N, Š, and Minor Stems1111


G Stem rb rabba yrb yarub rb rub (act) rb rabbu rbt ribbatu

yrb yarubbu (ps) rbb rabūbu

N Stem nrb narabba

D Stem2222 yrbb yurabbib- rbb rabbib mrbb murabbibu

OR: L Stem yurābib- rābib murābibu

Š Stem šrb šaribba yšrbb yašarbib-

Gp Stem yrb yurabb-

Dp Stem yrbb yarabbab- mrbb murabbabu

OR: Lp Stem yarābab- murābabu

tD Stem ytrbb yatarabbib-

OR: tL Stem yatarābib-

Quadrilateral Verbs

Prefix Conj

R Stem ykrkr yakarkiru/yukarkiru

1 Not infrequently, this class of verbs is treated like the strong verb, with both radicals written in the text; this paradigm will only treat the “irregular” forms. 2 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1.

G Stem: At a Glance

Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Act Participle Ps Participle Infinitive

Strong1111 qṭl qaṭala yqṭl yaqṭul- qṭl quṭul qṭl qāṭilu qṭl qaṭūlu qṭl qaṭālu

i-Stative kbd kabida ykbd yikbad- kbd kabad kbd kābidu kbd kabūdu kbd kabādu

u-Stative qṭn qaṭuna yqṭn yaqṭan- qṭn qaṭan qṭn qāṭinu qṭn qaṭūnu qṭn qaṭānu

II-Gutt mḫṣ maḫaṣa ymḫṣ yimḫaṣ- mḫṣ maḫaṣ mḫṣ māḫiṣu mḫṣ maḫūṣu mḫṣ maḫāṣu

III-Gutt šlḥ šalaḥa yšlḥ yišlaḥ- šlḥ šalaḥ šlḥ māḫiṣu šlḥ maḫūṣu šlḥ maḫāṣu

I-N npl napala ypl yappul- pl pul npl nāpilu npl napūlu npl napālu

I-Y yrd yarada yrd yarid- rd rid yrd yāridu mrd môrūdu yrd yarādu

or rdt ridatu

II-WQWM qm qâma2 yqm yaqūm-3 qm qum qm qâmu4 qm qûmu

II-YSYR šr šâra yšr yašīr- šr šir šr šâru šr šîru

II-WBWT bṯ bâṯa ybṯ yabāṯ- bṯ baṯ bṯ bâṯu bṯ bâṯu

III-Y bny banaya ybn yabnî bn banî bny bāniyu bny banūyu bny banāyu

bnt banêta5 ybny yabniyu bny baniya bn banâ

II=III rb rabba yrb yarub- rb rub rb rabbu rbb rabūbu rbt ribbatu

1 This includes I-Guttural verbs, which are fully strong in Ugaritic. 2 Contracted from a presumed *qayama/qawama. 3 ū lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have u: yaqum instead of yaqūm. 4 Perhaps contracted from *qāwimu? 5 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית)

N Stem: At a Glance


Strong1111 nqṭl naqṭala yqṭl yiqqaṭil- nqṭl naqṭalu nqṭl naqṭalu

I-N npl nappala ynpl yinnapil-

I-Y nrd nôrada2

II-Y/W

III-Y nbny nabnaya3 ynbny yinbaniyu4

II=III nrb narabba

1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural verbs and statives, which are fully strong in the N Stem. 2 Only one form is attested: ntn ntn ntn ntn nêtana/nôtana. The yyyy contracts, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 3 The 2ms would presumably be nbnt nbnt nbnt nbnt nabnêta (cf. BH נבנית). 4 In the only occurrence of an N prefixed form (ynphy ynphy ynphy ynphy yinpahiyu) the n does not assimilate, unexpectedly.

D/L/R Stems: At a Glance


Strong:1111 D qṭl qaṭṭila yqṭl yuqaṭṭil-2 qṭl qaṭṭil mqṭl muqaṭṭilu qṭl quṭṭalu

I-Y: D wrd warrida ywrd yuwarrid-214

II-Y: L qmm qāmima yqmm yuqāmim-214qmm qāmim

III-Y: D bny banniya ybn yubannî 214 mbny mubanniyu bn bunnû

bnt bannîta ybny yubanniyu 214

II=III: D yrbb yurabbib-214 rbb rabbib mrbb murabbibu

OR: L yurābib-214 rābib murābibu

Quad: R ykrkr yakarkir-214

1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural, I-N verbs and statives, which are fully strong in the D Stem. 2 The preformative vowel can be either u or a.

Š Stem: At a Glance


Strong1111 šqṭl šaqṭila yšqṭl yušaqṭil-2 šqṭl šaqṭil mšqṭl mušaqṭilu šqṭl šuqṭalu

I-N špl šappila

I-Y šrd šôrida yšrd yušôrid-214 šrd šôrid mšrd mušôridu šrd šûradu

II-Y/W šqm šaqīma yšqm yušaqīm-214 šqm šaqim

III-Y šbny šabniya yšbn yušabnî 214(fs) šbny šabniyī

šbnt šabnîta yšbny yušabniyu 214

II=III šrb šaribba yšrbb yašarbib-214

1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural verbs, statives, and HLQHLQHLQHLQ which are fully strong in the Š Stem. 2 The preformative vowel can be either u or a.

ugaritic paradigms -

Documents