Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic Theory It’s a big word….kind of like antidisestablishmentarianism, but it’s

simple… Would I lie to you? Would I year 12?

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis : An : An overview overview

Developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers in 1890’s Developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers in 1890’s Psychoanalysis is : Psychoanalysis is : A set of philosophical descriptions of human nature. A set of philosophical descriptions of human nature. A method of psychotherapy development that focus on A method of psychotherapy development that focus on

unconscious factors that motivate behavior and encourages the unconscious factors that motivate behavior and encourages the use of transference as a way for therapists to gain information and use of transference as a way for therapists to gain information and create connections between clients and themselves. create connections between clients and themselves.

A theory of personality which is developed through different A theory of personality which is developed through different stages in life. stages in life.

Psychoanalysis asserts that the impact of early childhood Psychoanalysis asserts that the impact of early childhood

sexuality and experiences, stored in the sexuality and experiences, stored in the unconscious,unconscious, can can lead to the development of adult emotional problemlead to the development of adult emotional problems.s.

Sigmund Freud ( 1856-1939)Sigmund Freud ( 1856-1939) Born in Vienna, Austria to a family of Born in Vienna, Austria to a family of three boys. three boys.

Enrolled in medical school in 1873, Enrolled in medical school in 1873, earning a degree a medical degree at earning a degree a medical degree at the age of twenty-four. the age of twenty-four.

While doing his residency in a While doing his residency in a psychiatric hospital in Vienna, he psychiatric hospital in Vienna, he became interested in the study of the became interested in the study of the behavior and the mind. behavior and the mind.

Freud furthered his studies at a Freud furthered his studies at a neurological clinic in France. Here , neurological clinic in France. Here , Freud became interested in hysteria.Freud became interested in hysteria.

Together with Breuer he published Together with Breuer he published Studies on HysteriaStudies on Hysteria (1895). At the age (1895). At the age of thirty-nine Freud first used the term of thirty-nine Freud first used the term "psychoanalysis," (a way to treat certain "psychoanalysis," (a way to treat certain mental illnesses by exposing and mental illnesses by exposing and discussing a patient's unconscious discussing a patient's unconscious thoughts and feelings) and his major thoughts and feelings) and his major lifework was well under way.lifework was well under way.

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis: : The nature The nature of man of man Human nature is viewed as deterministic.Human nature is viewed as deterministic.Life is about gaining pleasure and Life is about gaining pleasure and

avoiding pain.avoiding pain.Behavior is guided by irrational forces , Behavior is guided by irrational forces ,

unconscious motivations , and biological unconscious motivations , and biological and instinctual drives .and instinctual drives .

These forces evolve through key psycho-These forces evolve through key psycho-sexual stages in the first 6 years of life. sexual stages in the first 6 years of life.

Psychoanalysis:Psychoanalysis: Consciousness Consciousness and the Unconsciousand the Unconscious

Unconsciousness Unconsciousness Part of the mind that stores repressed Part of the mind that stores repressed

memories.memories. Freud believed that the majority of what we Freud believed that the majority of what we

experience in our lives, the underlying experience in our lives, the underlying emotions, beliefs, feelings, and impulses are emotions, beliefs, feelings, and impulses are not available to us at a conscious level.  He not available to us at a conscious level.  He believed that most of what drives us is buried in believed that most of what drives us is buried in our our unconscious.unconscious.

While buried there, however, they continue to While buried there, however, they continue to impact us dramatically According to Freud. impact us dramatically According to Freud.

According to Freud, unconscious impulses leak According to Freud, unconscious impulses leak out in everyday life in forms of parapraxes: out in everyday life in forms of parapraxes: forgetting, slips of the tongue,  accidents. ,wit: a forgetting, slips of the tongue,  accidents. ,wit: a “leak” occurring in a controlled manner and “leak” occurring in a controlled manner and dreams: “the royal road to the unconscious” dreams: “the royal road to the unconscious” containing latent contentcontaining latent content. . Freud's famous couch, in his London

clinic (after he moved in 1938 to Maresfield Gardens to flee the Nazis).

What the %$@#!What the %$@#!

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Psychoanalysis:Psychoanalysis: Consciousness and Consciousness and the Unconscious ( cont.)the Unconscious ( cont.)

Consciousness Consciousness Freud believed that everything we Freud believed that everything we

are aware of is stored in our are aware of is stored in our conscious. Our conscious makes conscious. Our conscious makes up a very small part of who we up a very small part of who we are. are.

This is the aspect of our mental This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this talk about rationally. A part of this includes our memory, which is not includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness.and brought into our awareness.

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis: Elements : Elements of Personality of Personality

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. These three personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality--known as the id, the ego and the elements of personality--known as the id, the ego and the superego--work together to create complex human behaviors. superego--work together to create complex human behaviors. All 3 components need to be well-balanced in order to have All 3 components need to be well-balanced in order to have good amount of psychological energy available and to have good amount of psychological energy available and to have reasonable mental health.reasonable mental health.

The dynamics of personality consist of the ways in which The dynamics of personality consist of the ways in which psychic energy is distributed to the id, ego and superego. psychic energy is distributed to the id, ego and superego. Because the amount of energy is limited, one system gains Because the amount of energy is limited, one system gains control over the available energy at the expense of the other control over the available energy at the expense of the other two system. Behavior is control by this energy.two system. Behavior is control by this energy.

Psychological StructuresPsychological Structures• The Id The Id

Biological componentBiological componentPrimary source of energy and seat Primary source of energy and seat

of instincts.of instincts.

• The Ego The Ego The executive that governs, The executive that governs,

controls and regulates the controls and regulates the personality.personality.

• The SuperegoThe SuperegoThe judicial branch of personality.The judicial branch of personality.

It includes a person’s moral codes , It includes a person’s moral codes , right or wrong. right or wrong.

Ego Defense Mechanisms Ego Defense Mechanisms The ego has a difficult The ego has a difficult

time satisfying both the id time satisfying both the id and the superego. The and the superego. The ego has some tools it can ego has some tools it can use in its job as the use in its job as the mediator. When the ego mediator. When the ego has a difficult time making has a difficult time making both the id and the both the id and the superego happy, it will superego happy, it will employ a mechanism of employ a mechanism of defense.   defense.  

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis: Structure of : Structure of Personality Personality

Freud believed that personality develops through a series Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the libido, the of childhood stages during which the libido, the psychosexual energy, is the driving force behind behavior.psychosexual energy, is the driving force behind behavior.

Early experiences play a large role in personality Early experiences play a large role in personality development and continue to influence behavior later in development and continue to influence behavior later in life. At particular points in the developmental process, he life. At particular points in the developmental process, he claimed, a single body part is particularly sensitive to claimed, a single body part is particularly sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation. These body parts are the mouth, sexual, erotic stimulation. These body parts are the mouth, the anus, and the genital region. If the stages are the anus, and the genital region. If the stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality. completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation can occur. fixation can occur.

Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis: Stages of Stages of Personality Development Personality Development

Period of life Period of life

Oral Stage Oral Stage First year of First year of life life

Infants need to get basic nurturing, or later Infants need to get basic nurturing, or later feeling of greediness and acquisitiveness may feeling of greediness and acquisitiveness may develop. The mouth is the sexual gratifying develop. The mouth is the sexual gratifying organ. Fixation on this stage will result in organ. Fixation on this stage will result in personality issues such as mistrust of others, personality issues such as mistrust of others, love and fear of or inability to form intimate love and fear of or inability to form intimate relationships.relationships.

Anal StageAnal StageAges 1-3Ages 1-3

The anal zone becomes of major significance in The anal zone becomes of major significance in form of personality. A child is learning form of personality. A child is learning independence , accepting personal power and independence , accepting personal power and learning to express negative feeling such as learning to express negative feeling such as rage. Parental attitudes and discipline patterns rage. Parental attitudes and discipline patterns have a significance impact on later personality have a significance impact on later personality development. development.

Period of Life Period of Life

Phallic Stage Phallic Stage Ages 3-6Ages 3-6

This stage differs in boys and girls. The male This stage differs in boys and girls. The male phallic stage is known as Oedipus complex, phallic stage is known as Oedipus complex, mother as love object. The female phallic mother as love object. The female phallic stage is known as Electra complex, girl’s stage is known as Electra complex, girl’s striving for father’s love and approval. striving for father’s love and approval.

Latency Stage Latency Stage Ages 6-12Ages 6-12

Sexual interests are replaced by interest in Sexual interests are replaced by interest in school, sport, and a range of new activities. school, sport, and a range of new activities. This is the time for socialization as a child This is the time for socialization as a child begins to form relationships with others. begins to form relationships with others.

Genital Stage Genital Stage Ages 12-18Ages 12-18

Sexual urges are once again awakened. Sexual urges are once again awakened. Through the lessons learned during the Through the lessons learned during the previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers, with the primary urges onto opposite sex peers, with the primary focus of pleasure is the genitals.focus of pleasure is the genitals.

Psychoanalysis:Psychoanalysis: Primary Primary techniques techniques

The primary goal of psychotherapy is to bring out unconscious material The primary goal of psychotherapy is to bring out unconscious material and make it conscious. This is accomplish by a well structure setting and and make it conscious. This is accomplish by a well structure setting and an effective client – therapist relationship. an effective client – therapist relationship.

The client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind; This is referred The client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind; This is referred as free association.as free association.

There is a clear commitment from the client to be part of an intensive and There is a clear commitment from the client to be part of an intensive and long therapeutic process. The client agreed to talk ; these verbal long therapeutic process. The client agreed to talk ; these verbal expressions might be signs of unconscious behavior. expressions might be signs of unconscious behavior.

On the other hand, the counselor assumed an anonymous and blank On the other hand, the counselor assumed an anonymous and blank stance. Therapist engage in very little self disclosure and maintain a stance. Therapist engage in very little self disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality to encourage a transference relationship. sense of neutrality to encourage a transference relationship.

Transference is the unaware repetition of events or actions from the past Transference is the unaware repetition of events or actions from the past into the present. into the present.

Psychoanalysis:Psychoanalysis: The role of The role of the Counselorthe Counselor

The role of the counselor is to help clients acquire the The role of the counselor is to help clients acquire the following skills: following skills:

- the freedom to love, work and play- the freedom to love, work and play

- achieve self -awareness - achieve self -awareness

- gain control over irrational behavior - gain control over irrational behavior

- deal with anxiety in a realistic way - deal with anxiety in a realistic way These are accomplished by a series of well structure These are accomplished by a series of well structure

techniques and a strongtechniques and a strong client-therapist relationship. client-therapist relationship.

Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis: Conclusion Conclusion

The essence of psychoanalytic theory is that we The essence of psychoanalytic theory is that we should look into our past to understand behavior. should look into our past to understand behavior. Events from the past fall into the unconscious and Events from the past fall into the unconscious and they shape our behavior as they surface to conscious. they shape our behavior as they surface to conscious. Psychoanalysis also presents three elements of Psychoanalysis also presents three elements of personality that work together to create complex personality that work together to create complex behavior, the id (desire),ego(logic)and the behavior, the id (desire),ego(logic)and the superego( rightness). Personality is shaped by these superego( rightness). Personality is shaped by these elements as humans go through a series of stages elements as humans go through a series of stages driven by sexual energy. Our goal is avoiding pain and driven by sexual energy. Our goal is avoiding pain and seeking pleasure. seeking pleasure.