psycho social report

8/4/2019 Psycho Social Report

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4/21/12

Ø Koopmeiners investigated behaviors

of healthprofessionals that influencepatient’s hope.Ø Areas of communication thatpromotes hope:

ü Taking time to talkü Giving informationü Demonstrating caring

behaviorsü Being friendly, respectful and

honest



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Ø

We communicate our supportto others both verbally andnon-verbally, and there mustbe consistency between thesetwo forms if we are to be

perceived as GENUINE.Ø Try to relate to dying people on

a personal as well as aprofessional level.

Ø Benjamin (1981) emphasizedthe necessity of congruencebetween verbal and non-verbalcommunication in effective

counseling.



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NON-VERBALCOMMUNICATION

Ø “We can judge for ourselvesthe extent to which our wordsmatch our actions – We can

see ourselves as theinterviewee may see us – Mostof all, do we only soundgenuine or do we look genuine

as well?”



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Ø In a video programme (videointeractive guidance) used toimprove communication skills

in children and families, non-verbal communication such as

joint gaze and the use of gesture have been found

important in the constructionof meaning.

Ø Non-verbal communication andturn-talking must be in placebefore verbal communication

becomes effective.




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Ø For example, three majorthemes emerged from Perry’s(1996) study of exemplary

oncology nurses.Ø Two of these concerned the

importance of non-verbalcommunication, i.e. dialogue in

silence and mutual touch, inproviding support.

Ø Silence emerged repeatedlyfrom the study as an approachthat was used by excellentnurses in the study.



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Ø SILENCE was important forlistening and hearing themessage and Perry

recommends listening withopenness.

Ø Sometimes silent messageswere “encoded in actions” of

the nurses.Ø The second non-verbal theme

identified by Perry wasMUTUAL TOUCH.

Ø Sometimes eye contact wascombined with touch to




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Ø Perry’s third themeencompassing non-verbal andverbal behavior was the use of

HUMOR.Ø This was described as a light-

hearted attitude, commonamong the skilled nurses in the

study.Ø Benjamin ( 1981) also

advocates the use of humor asa means of support. He iscareful to point out that hedoes not mean sarcasm,




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PROMOTING HOPEØ Nurses can help patients cope

with these anxieties, not withfalse reassurance but byencouraging them to talk

about their fears and byproviding appropriate medicalinformation.

Ø It is important that, in theearlier stages of advanced

disease, patients are able toput their illness intoperspective, so that they canparticipate in other aspects of life.

Ø Nurses can help patients to



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PROMOTING HOPEØ Maintenance of the

individual’s perception of control over loss is essentialto preserving hope.

Ø In a study of what dignitymeans to those who areterminally ill, McClementidentified factors that supportand undermine dignity in

these patients.Ø One aspect of the patient’s

dignity-conserving list is“continuity of self”.

Ø The implication for staff isthat they should view



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HELPING PEOPLE WITH COMMUNICATIONDIFFICULTIES

Ø People with verbalcommunication difficultiescan experience emotionaldistress caused by loneliness,

lack of self-esteem ordepression.

Ø These people may includethose who have had a strokeor who suffer from learning

difficulties.Ø Kopp noted that language

impairments or problemswith hearing could oftenoccur in settings where

elderly people were nursed.



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HELPING PEOPLE WITH COMMUNICATIONDIFFICULTIES

Ø Ham (1991) suggested that,if people with dementia arenot aware of their conditionat an early stage, they

cannot make choices abouttheir future care.

Ø Time to come to terms withthe diagnosis may enablethem to make any financial,

spiritual and medicaldecisions while they are stillable to do so.

Ø Viewing dementia as adisability rather than a

disease allows us to view the



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COMMUNICATION WITHCHILDREN

Ø Staff often depend onfamilies tocommunicate withchildren when a familymember is seriously ill.

Ø Sheldon (1994) foundthat parents mayunderestimate theirchildren’s needs, partlyin the belief that theyare protecting them andpartly because theythemselves are

exhausted anddistressed by preparing



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Ø The family’s ability tosupport children willdepend on pre-existingcommunication and

coping styles.Ø The Clinical Standards

Board for Scotlandoutlined the need forchildren to be given

information to help themunderstand the likelyoutcome of the patient’sillness.

Ø Sheldon noted that

greater emphasis is nowbein laced on includin



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Ø Macpherson and Cookeintroduced a workbook forfamilies of hospice patientsto help parents betterunderstand their children’sknowledge of the patient’sillness and to begin toexplore their children’sthoughts and feelings.

Ø It provided opportunities to

interact and buildrelationships with the staff.However, the authors notedthat it was important to fullyinform parents about theworkbook as it raised issues

about death and dying thatmight be unacceptable to

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