Psych Final Psych Final ReviewReview

Unit 1: Intro to PsychUnit 1: Intro to Psych Objectives:Objectives:

Define psychologyDefine psychology Study of behaviors and mental processesStudy of behaviors and mental processes

History of psychologyHistory of psychology Trephining- Elements/Humors- Phrenology- Trephining- Elements/Humors- Phrenology-

Enlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s Enlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt to …to …

Major schools of psychologyMajor schools of psychology Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic- Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic-

Cognitive- BiologicalCognitive- Biological Why psych a scienceWhy psych a science

Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. AppliedApplied

Modern Schools of Modern Schools of ThoughtThought

BehaviorismBehaviorism John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson Observable Observable

behavior/ behavior/ consequenceconsequence

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Hidden conflict Hidden conflict

drives behaviordrives behavior CognitiveCognitive

Jean PiagetJean Piaget Org, remember, Org, remember,

use knowledgeuse knowledge

HumanisticHumanistic Maslow and RogersMaslow and Rogers Hierarchy of needs Hierarchy of needs

guides behaviorguides behavior BiologicalBiological

NewNew NS, Hormones, NS, Hormones,

Genes influence Genes influence behaviorbehavior

Psych As SciencePsych As Science Basic- study to know more, Applied- use what Basic- study to know more, Applied- use what

we know to solve problemswe know to solve problems Scientific MethodScientific Method

Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze, Theory, Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze, Theory, RetestRetest

Research MethodsResearch Methods Observation, Case study, Interview, Survey, TestsObservation, Case study, Interview, Survey, Tests Experimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, BlindsExperimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, Blinds Correlational MethodCorrelational Method Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, Cross-Sequential Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, Cross-Sequential

ResearchResearch

Unit 2: Biological BasisUnit 2: Biological Basis Objectives:Objectives:

Techniques for studying the brain.Techniques for studying the brain. Phrenology- Galvanism- Infamous Patients- Phrenology- Galvanism- Infamous Patients-

Lesioning- Electrical Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, Lesioning- Electrical Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, PET, MRI)PET, MRI)

Nervous System- neuron and neural Nervous System- neuron and neural communication.communication.

Types, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction TimeTypes, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction Time Neuroanatomy Diagram- CNS, PNS (and parts)Neuroanatomy Diagram- CNS, PNS (and parts)

Function and location of parts of the brain.- Function and location of parts of the brain.- DiagramDiagram

Function and location of lobes and Function and location of lobes and hemispheres.hemispheres.

Glandular SystemGlandular System Endocrine vs. Exocrine SystemEndocrine vs. Exocrine System Function and location of major endocrine glandsFunction and location of major endocrine glands

Nervous SystemNervous System Brain CellsBrain Cells

Glial Cells/ NeuronsGlial Cells/ Neurons NeuronsNeurons

Sensory, Motor, Sensory, Motor, InterneuronInterneuron

Parts of NeuronParts of Neuron Body (soma)- Body (soma)-

Dendrites- Axon Dendrites- Axon (myelin sheath)- End (myelin sheath)- End Bulbs- SynapseBulbs- Synapse

CommunicationCommunication Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters

(excite/inhibit)(excite/inhibit) Reaction Time/ Reaction Time/

DiscriminationDiscrimination

NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Brain and Spinal CordBrain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous

SystemSystem Somatic and AutonomicSomatic and Autonomic

Sympathetic and Sympathetic and ParasympatheticParasympathetic

BrainBrain Right vs. Left Right vs. Left

HemispheresHemispheres LobesLobes

Frontal, Parietal, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital Temporal, Occipital

Fissures, Motor/Sensory Fissures, Motor/Sensory CortexCortex

The BrainThe Brain

Unit 3: States of Unit 3: States of ConsciousnessConsciousness

Objectives:Objectives: Define consciousness, id various states.Define consciousness, id various states.

Awareness of self and environmentAwareness of self and environment Conscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- AlteredConscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- Altered

Describe state of sleepDescribe state of sleep Explain theories on sleepExplain theories on sleep Explain theories on dreamingExplain theories on dreaming Describe meditation and hypnosis.Describe meditation and hypnosis.

Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible (Characteristics?) (Uses?)(Characteristics?) (Uses?)

Meditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquilityMeditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquility Identify types and effects of drugs and alcoholIdentify types and effects of drugs and alcohol

Sleep and DreamsSleep and Dreams

TheoriesTheories Evolutionary- Evolutionary-

RecuperativeRecuperative CircadianCircadian

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep CycleCycle Awake- Drowsy- I- Awake- Drowsy- I-

II- III- IV- REM (V)II- III- IV- REM (V) Different brain Different brain

waveswaves

Dream TheoryDream Theory Cultural, Cultural,

Psychoanalytic, Psychoanalytic, Activation-Synthesis, Activation-Synthesis, Problem SolvingProblem Solving

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders Insomnia, Insomnia,

Narcolepsy, Narcolepsy, Snoring/Apnea, Snoring/Apnea, Walking/Talking/ Walking/Talking/ Wetting, TerrorsWetting, Terrors

Unit 4: Learning, Memory, Unit 4: Learning, Memory, and Intelligenceand Intelligence

Objectives:Objectives: Describe components of classical Describe components of classical

conditioning.conditioning. Describe components of operant Describe components of operant

conditioning.conditioning. Describe social learning theory.Describe social learning theory. Diagram and explain the memory pathway.Diagram and explain the memory pathway. Identify types of memories.Identify types of memories. Explain why we forget.Explain why we forget.

ConditioningConditioning ClassicalClassical

Pavlov- BehaviorsPavlov- Behaviors NS- UCS- UCR- CS- NS- UCS- UCR- CS-

CRCR Principles of CCPrinciples of CC

Acqui- Gen- Discrim- Acqui- Gen- Discrim- Extinc- RecovExtinc- Recov

Watson- EmotionsWatson- Emotions Baby AlbertBaby Albert FixingFixing

Counter- Counter- Desensitization- Desensitization- FloodingFlooding

OperantOperant SkinnerSkinner Behavior/Behavior/

ConsequenceConsequence (+/-) Reinforcement (+/-) Reinforcement

–Punishment- –Punishment- Omission TrainingOmission Training

Primary/Secondary Primary/Secondary ReinforcersReinforcers

Continuous/Partial Continuous/Partial ReinforcementReinforcement

Ratio- IntervalRatio- Interval Fixed-VariableFixed-Variable

Shaping, ChainingShaping, Chaining

Learning cont…Learning cont… SeligmanSeligman

Feedback- Transfer- Feedback- Transfer- PracticePractice

Learned Learned Laziness/HelplessnessLaziness/Helplessness

Observational LearningObservational Learning BanduraBandura Modeling/Social LearnModeling/Social Learn BoBo DollBoBo Doll

Attention- Retention- Attention- Retention- Imitation- MotivationImitation- Motivation

Vicarious Living- Vicarious Living- Disinhibition- Self-EfficacyDisinhibition- Self-Efficacy

Memory & ForgettingMemory & Forgetting Information ProcessingInformation Processing

Input-Central Processing-Input-Central Processing-OutputOutput

Sensory Memory-Sensory Memory- Selective Attn- Feature Selective Attn- Feature

Extraction- Extraction- STM-STM-

Chunking- Rehearsal- Chunking- Rehearsal- EncodingEncoding

LTMLTM Implicit/Explicit MemoryImplicit/Explicit Memory Types: Episodic- Types: Episodic-

Declarative- ProceduralDeclarative- Procedural Org: Hierarchy- Schema- Org: Hierarchy- Schema-

Semantic NetworkSemantic Network Retrieval: Recognition- Retrieval: Recognition-

Recall- RelearningRecall- Relearning

ForgettingForgetting Serial-Position Effect, Decay Serial-Position Effect, Decay

Theory, Interference Theory, Interference Theory, RepressionTheory, Repression

Amnesia Amnesia Psychogenic Psychogenic

Fugue/AmnesiaFugue/Amnesia Organic: Antero/Retro-Organic: Antero/Retro-

gradegrade

Improving MemoryImproving Memory Mnemonic DevicesMnemonic Devices

Rhymes, Acronym, Imagery, Rhymes, Acronym, Imagery, Pegword Method, Method Pegword Method, Method of Lociof Loci

Mnemonists, Synesthesia, Mnemonists, Synesthesia, Eidetic memory, SavantsEidetic memory, Savants

IntelligenceIntelligence TheoriesTheories

Spearman’s 2 FactorSpearman’s 2 Factor Thurstone’s 7 AbilitiesThurstone’s 7 Abilities Cattell’s fluid/crystalCattell’s fluid/crystal Gardner’s multiple Gardner’s multiple

intellintell Sternberg’s TriarchicSternberg’s Triarchic Emotional IntellEmotional Intell

DeterminantsDeterminants Nature v NurtureNature v Nurture Gender, Race, EthnicityGender, Race, Ethnicity

MeasurementMeasurement Intelligence TestsIntelligence Tests

Stanford-Binet (MA), Stanford-Binet (MA), Wechsler Tests, NIT, Wechsler Tests, NIT, SATSAT

Standardization- Standardization- Reliability- Validity- Reliability- Validity- BiasBias

Achievement vs. Achievement vs. AptitudeAptitude

Distribution of ScoresDistribution of Scores Mental Retardation Mental Retardation

(70(70)) Giftedness (130Giftedness (130))

Unit 5: Developmental Unit 5: Developmental PsychPsych

Objectives:Objectives: Explain how study developmentExplain how study development Describe Piaget’s stages of intellectual growthDescribe Piaget’s stages of intellectual growth Explain Freud’s theory on social dvptExplain Freud’s theory on social dvpt Describe Erikson’s theory on identity formationDescribe Erikson’s theory on identity formation Evaluate Kohlberg’s theory on moral dvptEvaluate Kohlberg’s theory on moral dvpt Define and explain adolescenceDefine and explain adolescence Explain identity according to James MarciaExplain identity according to James Marcia Differentiate between three stages of adulthoodDifferentiate between three stages of adulthood

Lifespan DevelopmentLifespan Development Physical- Cognitive-Physical- Cognitive-

Social changes that Social changes that take place birth to take place birth to deathdeath

Stage Theory- Stage Theory- MilestonesMilestones Pds of Human Life Pds of Human Life

SpanSpan Prenatal dvptPrenatal dvpt Neonatal equipmentNeonatal equipment EtcEtc

Critical PeriodsCritical Periods Language, Motor Language, Motor

(Genie)(Genie)

Cognitive DvptCognitive Dvpt PiagetPiaget

Schemas: Schemas: assimilate/accommodateassimilate/accommodate

SensorimotorSensorimotor Object permanence, Object permanence,

stranger anxietystranger anxiety PreoperationalPreoperational

Egocentric, no Egocentric, no conservationconservation

Concrete OperationalConcrete Operational Conservation, Conservation,

reversible thought, reversible thought, perspectiveperspective

Formal OperationalFormal Operational Abstract, Consequence, Abstract, Consequence,

morality, problem morality, problem solve, hypothesissolve, hypothesis

Lifespan DevelopmentLifespan Development Moral DvptMoral Dvpt

Kohlberg’s Moral Kohlberg’s Moral DilemmasDilemmas

Preconventional- Preconventional- ConventionalConventional PostconventionalPostconventional

Social DvptSocial Dvpt Freud- PsychosexualFreud- Psychosexual

Oral-Anal-Phallic-Oral-Anal-Phallic-Latency-Genital Latency-Genital (libido, fixation)(libido, fixation)

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

Social DvptSocial Dvpt Erikson- Erikson-

Psychosocial CrisesPsychosocial Crises Trust/MistrustTrust/Mistrust Autonomy/Shame-Autonomy/Shame-

DoubtDoubt Initiative/GuiltInitiative/Guilt Industry/InferiorityIndustry/Inferiority Identity/ConfusionIdentity/Confusion Intimacy/IsolationIntimacy/Isolation Generativity/Generativity/

StagnationStagnation Integrity/DespairIntegrity/Despair

Lifespan DvptLifespan Dvpt AdolescenceAdolescence

Transition PdTransition Pd Biological, CognitiveBiological, Cognitive

EriksonErikson G. Stanley Hall G. Stanley Hall

(storm/stress)(storm/stress) HavighurstHavighurst MarciaMarcia

Diffusion, Foreclosure, Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, AchievedMoratorium, Achieved

BaumrindBaumrind Authoritarian, Authoritarian,

Authoritative, Authoritative, Permissive Indulgent, Permissive Indulgent, Permissive Neglectful Permissive Neglectful ParentsParents

Peer GroupsPeer Groups Clique, CrowdClique, Crowd Sex role, identitySex role, identity

AdulthoodAdulthood LevinsonLevinson

Young-Middle-LateYoung-Middle-Late Decremental Model of Decremental Model of

AgingAging Physical, Mental Physical, Mental

changeschanges AgeismAgeism

Death and DyingDeath and Dying Kubler-Ross- Kubler-Ross-

ThanatologistThanatologist Awareness: Closed, Awareness: Closed,

Suspected, OpenSuspected, Open Stages: Denial, Anger, Stages: Denial, Anger,

Bargaining, Depression, Bargaining, Depression, AcceptanceAcceptance

Unit 6: Sensation and Unit 6: Sensation and PerceptionPerception

Objectives:Objectives: Differentiate between the twoDifferentiate between the two

Sensation is sensory info from environment, Sensation is sensory info from environment, Perception is how our brain interprets this Perception is how our brain interprets this infoinfo

Explain thresholds.Explain thresholds. List and describe the workings of the List and describe the workings of the

five basic senses.five basic senses. Examine factors which play a role in Examine factors which play a role in

perception.perception.

SensationSensation SensesSenses

Sight, smell, taste, Sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing, touch, hearing, kinesthetic, vestibularkinesthetic, vestibular

Transduction- EnergyTransduction- Energy

PsychophysicsPsychophysics Thresholds: Absolute, Thresholds: Absolute,

Difference (JND- Difference (JND- Weber’s Law)Weber’s Law)

Signal Detection Signal Detection TheoryTheory

Sensory AdaptationSensory Adaptation

WavelengthsWavelengths Frequency, AmplitudeFrequency, Amplitude

Vision, HearingVision, Hearing

Parts of Eye, Ear…Parts of Eye, Ear…How they function in How they function in vision, hearingvision, hearing

Remaining senses- Remaining senses- why have them, how why have them, how work, damaged?work, damaged?

PerceptionPerception

VisualVisual AfterimagesAfterimages Perceptual Organization- Gestalt LawsPerceptual Organization- Gestalt Laws Perceptual Constancy- Size, Color, Perceptual Constancy- Size, Color,

ShapeShape Perceptual Illusions- Perceptual Illusions- Depth Perception- Binocular, Depth Perception- Binocular,

Monocular, Motion CuesMonocular, Motion Cues

Unit 7: Motivation and Unit 7: Motivation and EmotionEmotion

Objectives:Objectives: Define motivation.Define motivation.

Internal and external factors that guide Internal and external factors that guide behavior toward goal.behavior toward goal.

Compare various theories of motivation.Compare various theories of motivation. Explain Maslow’s hierarchy and self-Explain Maslow’s hierarchy and self-

actualization.actualization. Describe various theories of emotion.Describe various theories of emotion.

MotivationMotivation MotiveMotive

Need, Drive, IncentiveNeed, Drive, Incentive

Theories- Motivated to act b/c…Theories- Motivated to act b/c… Instinct- born toInstinct- born to Drive Reduction- need toDrive Reduction- need to Psychoanalytic (Freud)- to survivePsychoanalytic (Freud)- to survive Incentive (Extrinsic)- outside Incentive (Extrinsic)- outside

rewardreward Cognitive (Intrinsic)- personal Cognitive (Intrinsic)- personal

satisfactionsatisfaction Humanistic (Maslow)- reach Humanistic (Maslow)- reach

potentialpotential

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds Physiological-Safety-Physiological-Safety-

Love and Belong-Love and Belong-Esteem-Self Esteem-Self Actualization NeedsActualization Needs

Fundamental/SocialFundamental/Social Deficiency/GrowthDeficiency/Growth

EmotionEmotion Linked to motives- Linked to motives-

feelings associated feelings associated withwith

Biology of EmotionBiology of Emotion Limbic System Limbic System

(Amygdala, (Amygdala, Hypothalamus)Hypothalamus)

Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe

Full body experienceFull body experience

Physiological TheoriesPhysiological Theories James-LangeJames-Lange

Event, Response, EmotionEvent, Response, Emotion Cannon-BardCannon-Bard

Event, Response & EmotionEvent, Response & Emotion Facial FeedbackFacial Feedback

Event, Face, EmotionEvent, Face, Emotion

Cognitive TheoriesCognitive Theories Schachter-SingerSchachter-Singer

Event, Response, Event, Response, Interpretation, EmotionInterpretation, Emotion

Opponent-ProcessOpponent-Process Event, Response, Event, Response,

Interpretation, Counter Interpretation, Counter EmotionEmotion

Unit 8: Abnormal Unit 8: Abnormal PsychologyPsychology

Objectives:Objectives: Define abnormalDefine abnormal Explain medical model and DSMExplain medical model and DSM Differentiate between the 15 major Differentiate between the 15 major

DSM disordersDSM disorders Explain possible treatments and types Explain possible treatments and types

of therapyof therapy

Mental IllnessMental Illness AbnormalAbnormal

Deviation, Deviation, Maladjustment, Maladjustment, DistressDistress

Impairs daily Impairs daily functioningfunctioning

Medical ModelMedical Model Diagnose symptoms- Diagnose symptoms-

TreatTreat DSM-IVDSM-IV

Mental IllnessMental Illness MoodMood AnxietyAnxiety SomatoformSomatoform DissociativeDissociative SchizophreniaSchizophrenia PersonalityPersonality Impulse ControlImpulse Control Others…Others…

TreatmentTreatment Medical, Therapy, Medical, Therapy,

ComboCombo