psy 405 vestibular and exotic senses
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Psy 405
The Vestibular System
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Vestibular system:
1. Perception of balance, orientationand motion
2. very primitive sensory system
3. Differs from other senses because
sensations not consciously perceived
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For all animals…
Stimulus for orientation: gravitysensory mechanism for detecting gravity:
Statocyst:Fluid filled sack lined with hairs
Statolith:Particles heavier than the fluid
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUIokQ36rbA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9XtK6R1QAk&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUIokQ36rbAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9XtK6R1QAk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9XtK6R1QAk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUIokQ36rbA
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statocyst
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Mammalian vestibular system:
Part of inner ear
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3 main organs:
Saccule
UtricleSemicircular Canals
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Utricle and Saccule: linear acceleration
Utricle: horizontal motion
Saccule: vertical motion
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Semicircular Canals: circular movements
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3 canals oriented along
3 dimensions of space
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Vestibular system responds
only to acceleration
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vision and vestibular interactions
Effects of vestibular signals on vision:
Eye reflexes to compensate for head motion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_R0LcPnZ_w
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3KHgkZHuzc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiASZpZzT88
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_R0LcPnZ_whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3KHgkZHuzchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiASZpZzT88http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiASZpZzT88http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3KHgkZHuzchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_R0LcPnZ_w
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Patient JC’s perception after complete loss of
his vestibular system
“By bracing my head between the bars of the bed I could minimize
the pulse beat that made the letters of the page jump and blur”
“When walking in a corridor I had the peculiar sensation that I was inside
a flexible tube, fixed at the end nearest me but swaying free at the far end”
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Effects of vestibular signals on vision:
Vestibular adaptation induces visual
Motion aftereffects
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Effects of vision on vestibular signals:
self vection:
If visual field moves you feel like you
are moving
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Effects of vision on vestibular signals:
self vection:
If visual field moves you feel like you
are moving
e.g. IMAX theater
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visual frames of reference
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Effects of vision on vestibular signals:
Sense of balance
e.g. try balancing on one foot
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Usually visual and vestibular signals agree
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Disagreements can lead to motion sickness
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Motion sickness most common for
Passive movement involving acceleration
Static visual fields(e.g. reading in car or sitting in ship cabin)
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Theory:
Mismatched signals typical of poisoning
Vomiting is therefore an adaptive response
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Psy 405
Still More Exotic Sensory Systems
What flowers might look like to bees?
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What flowers might look like to bees?
Visible UV
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Mantis Shrimp: The King of Color!
8 pigments for color + 2 for polarization!
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The 5 senses in plants
Vision: plants orient to the direction of the sunCan detect different wavelengths to respond to shade
Can set their circadian rhythms by light
Hearing: some roots may emit sound pulses
Touch: insect eating plants respond to very specific patterns
of movement
Smell: fruits and leaves emit odors that are detected tosynchronize ripening
Taste: roots may communicate with each other to signal
drought or disease
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Bat echolocation
2 types of bats:
Megachiroptera:Fruit eating, no echolocation
Microchiroptera:Insect eating , echolocating
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Bat sonar, though clearly a form of perception,
is not similar in its operation to any sense that
we possess, and there is no reason to suppose that it issubjectively like anything we can experience or imagine
What is it like to be a bat?
Thomas Nagel
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Echolocation not confirmed until 1940’s!
prior theory:
“felt” the air with their wings
(Maxim, Scientific Am 1912)
Solved only after invention of
high-freq sound recorders
Bat calls
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Bat calls
1.High frequency(20-40k fundamental)
2.Extremely loud(dB level of rock band or jet landing!)
3.Both constant and varying frequencycomponents
4.Changes at different phases of hunting
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human range:
20-20,000 Hz
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Dolphin and whale calls
http://killerwhale.org/fieldnotes/pics/sounds/N4.wav
Changes in call features from search, approach, to final attack
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Why such high frequencies?
Small objects (Bugs!) reflect highfrequencies better than low
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Why change the call?
As prey is approachedneed to sample more rapidly and
over wider frequency range
(feeding buzz)
Cues in the echo:
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/OLDsitedata/bats/feedingbuzz.htmlhttp://www.werc.usgs.gov/OLDsitedata/bats/feedingbuzz.html
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Cues in the echo:
1.distance:
time delay between call and returning echo
2. direction:
which ear echo is louder in
3. identity:
Frequency spectrum of the echo
4. Relative motion:
Doppler shift
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Are these cues good?
Yes!
Bats can catch ~5-10 insects / minute!
Bugs battle back!!!
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Bugs battle back!!!
Defenses:
1. AvoidanceRandom flight with moderate sound
Drop to ground with intense sound
2. Advertising
Some moths emit high frequencies
3. Stealth?
Why aren’t bats confused by other bats?
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Why aren t bats confused by other bats?
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Middle ear reflex blocks soundtransmission except at critical time
Bats can recognize their own “voices”
S
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Sonar
Common to most marine mammals
Sonar characteristics
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Sonar characteristics
Very high frequency (peak ~100 kHz)
Very intense depending onbackground noise
(e.g. “snapping” shrimp)
Very accurate
Dolphins can detect 3 in ball 120 m away!
(equal to visual stimulus falling on 4 cones)Whale sounds
http://whalesounds.com/home/index.html
http://asa.aip.org/sound.htmlhttp://whalesounds.com/home/index.htmlhttp://whalesounds.com/home/index.htmlhttp://asa.aip.org/sound.html
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Sonar problem: impedance matching
How transfer sound from air to water?
Solution: resonator (the melon)
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Other systems for detecting
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Other systems for detecting
self-generated stimuli:
electroreception
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Among mammals only monotremes
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Among mammals only monotremes
are known to have electroreception
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Bird Navigation
Visual cues:Solar
Requires circadian clock to interpret
Can bias direction by shifting clock
Bird Navigation
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Bird Navigation
Visual cues:
Celestial
Stars rotate around fixed point (north star)
Pigeons and ducks can use pattern of
rotation as a cue
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Non-visual cues:
Magnetic field:
Birds in cage without visual cues will
tend to hop toward south in fall
and north in spring
If block field hop in random directions
M i fi ld
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Magnetic field
2 cues direction and inclination
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2 cues – direction and inclination
Birds may use inclination
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Birds may use inclination
Why?
The direction keeps changing!
The magnetic field has reversed 24 times
in last 5 million years!
Many other species are sensitive
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Many other species are sensitive
to magnetic fields