protein synthesis - quilcene school district #48 · protein synthesis transcription and...
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Protein SynthesisTranscription and Translation
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Translation• Each amino acid is added to the protein chain
• Peptides are the chain that will eventually form into a protein.
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The 20 Amino Acids of Life• All of our millions of possible proteins are made of just
20 amino acids.
• Those amino acids then wrap around each other using hydrogen bonding to form the protein structure.
Basic Structure of an Amino Acid
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Humans can only make 10 of the 20!
• We can only make 10 of the 20 necessary amino acids in our cells.
• Thus, we need to consume the other 10 from the food we eat – in the form of protein.
• Unlike fat/carbohydrates, humans can not store excess protein. Any extra protein consumed must be eliminated in our urine.
• It also means you need to eat enough every day to maintain protein synthesis.
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Healthiest and Best Sources of Protein
• Eggs
• Nuts/Seeds
• Beans
• Soy
• Oats
• Broccoli
• Chicken
• Fish
• Milk
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Worst Sources of Protein
• 1. Processed meats
• Hot dogs, bacon, sausage and other processed meats price tag for your health is high.
• “Hot dogs have very little nutrition for the amount of calories you’re consuming, and contain only a small amount of poor-quality protein,”
• 2. Grain-fed red meats
• Eating lots of red meat — meaning beef, pork and lamb — can be hazardous for your health.
• “Grain-fed red meat is my least favorite source of protein, due to its high saturated fat content and impact on the environment,”
• 3. Low-quality protein powder
• Add protein powder to your smoothie every morning? Be sure to read the ingredients. “All protein powders are not created equal,”
• 4. Dairy products
• Are you a cheese lover? Relying chiefly on dairy for your protein has pitfalls. It may be wise to cut back if you want to avoid weight gain.
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Effects of Too Much Protein
• Kidney Damage – because the kidneys have to work harder to excrete the excess amino acids. Risks of kidney stones are higher.
• Cancer – a strong correlation between high protein diets and increased risks of colon, breast, and prostate cancer.
• Heart Disease – high protein diets also contain cholesterol and other compounds that can contribute to high blood pressure and heart failure.
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But, how does tRNA know which amino acids to add to the protein chain?
• Codons- 3 letter combinations that spell out which amino acid to attach.
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How to Read a Codon Chart
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Start and Stop Codons
• RNA polymerase searches the mRNA strands for a “start codon” to begin translation to make proteins.
• When it discovers a AUG (methionine), it begins translation and starts adding amino acids.
• It will continue adding amino acids until it reaches a “stop codon” that indicates to stop.
• UAA, UAG, and UGA are all stop codons.
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Translation with Start and Stop Codons
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Let’s Try One
1) Find the start codon2) Determine the amino acids that will be added3) Find the stop codon
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DNA and RNA Overview
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DNA to RNA to Protein
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Gene- Segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein
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Introns and Exons• Exons are the segments that code for proteins
• Introns are the segments that do not code for proteins
• Spliceosomes are able to cut out the the non-coding introns and remove them from the final mRNA
• Spliceosomes recognize certain RNA sequences to know when to and when not to remove segments
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Intron Splicing
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Splicing Exons – non-coding strands of DNA