protein synthesis dna transcription and translation
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Protein Synthesis
DNA Transcription and Translation
![Page 2: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is the purpose for proteins? We What is the purpose for proteins? We are made of protein!are made of protein!
• antibody: fight diseases
• Muscle contractions
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Hair, feathers, beaks, nails, horns, etc.
• Egg whites
• Transport proteins: blood(hemoglobin)
![Page 3: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Protein StructureProtein Structure
• Made up of amino acids
• Polypeptide- string of amino acids
• ONLY 20 amino acids are arranged in different orders to make a variety of proteins!!!! Amino acids are in the cytoplasm.
• Assembled on a ribosome
![Page 4: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How Does Our Body Create Proteins from DNA?? Its in the nucleus!!!!!!
![Page 6: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DNA
mRNA
Transcription
Introduction
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Cell
Polypeptide(protein)
TranslationRibosome
![Page 7: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
DOGMA?
This central dogma(process) was develop by Crick.
This was a hypothesis on how the code was read from DNA then used to make proteins. Scientists did not like this term for this hypothesis because it sounds like a problem!
![Page 8: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Central Dogma of Biology
The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA,
![Page 9: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Location????
• Prokaryotic
Cyotoplasm and ribosomes
• Eukaryotic
Nucleus and ribosomes
![Page 10: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
DNA vs. RNA(players)DNA vs. RNA(players)
• DNA • Double Helix• Deoxyribose sugar• Adenine pairs with
Thymine (A-T)• Stays in nucleus
• RNA• Single strand• Ribose sugar• Uracil replaces
Thymine!• Leaves nucleus to
do the work
![Page 11: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DNA vs. RNA
DNA RNADeoxyribose RibsoseThymine Uracil is one of the
bases in RNA. There is
thymine no thymine. This means
A goes with U and G still goes with C.
Double Strand Single Strand
![Page 12: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Steps to Protein Synthesis1. Transcription – process where
DNA message is changed into mRNA then out of nucleus to the ribosomes!!!
2. Translation – process when mRNA is translated into amino acid chains(protein) on the ribosomes.
![Page 13: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Transcription???
• Purpose?
• Creating?
• WHY WHY WHY!!!!!!
![Page 14: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How does a protein get built??
• This is where RNA becomes involved.
• DNA is too large to get out of the nuclear membrane pores.
• SO RNA has to be made to go to the ribosomes!!!
![Page 15: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SO, HOW DOES AN AMINO ACID CHAIN GET BUILT?
RNA stands for ribonucleic acid
![Page 17: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Stars of Translation and Transcription
1. mRNA
2. DNA
3. rRNA
4. tRNA
5. Ribsomes
6. RNA polymerase
![Page 18: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Three types of RNA:Three types of RNA:
• 1. mRNA• “messenger” RNA• Carries code for
proteins from DNA• Carries “codon”
• 2. tRNA• “transfer” RNA
• Attaches specific Amino Acids to the protein chain by matching the mRNA codon with the anticodon.
![Page 19: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
RNA TRANSCIPTIONThere are three (3) types RNA:1. Messanger RNA – (mRNA) carries messages from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes.
![Page 20: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
tRNA2. Transfer RNA – (tRNA) 20 different
kinds which are only able to bond with one (1) specific type of amino acid.
![Page 21: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
rRNA3. Ribosomal RNA – (rRNA) major
component (part) of the ribosomes
![Page 22: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3. 3. Ribosomal Ribosomal RNA - rRNARNA - rRNA• Where Protein
synthesis occurs
![Page 23: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How Does RNA polymerase(complex) know where to start and stop?
• Promoter site: starting and stopping point on DNA. Specific base sequences that represents a gene.
• Termination site: Place where RNA polymerase stops!!!
• REMEMBER - only a gene is being read to make mRNA not all of your DNA.
![Page 24: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Step 1: Step 1: • RNA polymerase complex attaches to DNA
at special places that serve as the start signal(promoter sites). Only one gene!!!!!
![Page 25: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Step 2: Step 2: • DNA splits at site of RNA polymerase.
• RNA polymerase attaches matching bases to form new RNA strand from DNA template.
![Page 26: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• RNA polymerase keeps adding bases making the RNA strand grow…
![Page 27: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Step 3:Step 3:• RNA polymerase leaves DNA when reaches
the termination site(stop signal).
• RNA strand is released and goes to cytoplasm.
• DNA rewinds itself into the double helix.
![Page 28: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Results of TranscriptionResults of Transcription
• Strand of mRNA made from the DNA
![Page 29: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
FYI
RNA polymerase doesn’t check for mistakes in the code. Doesn’t cause mutations when there is a few mistakes in proteins unlike replication.
![Page 30: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: TranscriptionTranscription
![Page 31: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Making mature mRNA Original mRNA transcribed
is not mature mRNA
Exons: readable segments of mRNA that will be spliced together to make mature mRNA.
Introns: are non- readable segments of mRNA that must be removed before it leaves the nucleus
![Page 32: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Exons vs. IntronsExons vs. Introns
Once introns removed, mRNA is ready to leave the nucleus!!!!
![Page 33: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
DNA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Transcription
ExportG AAAAAA
RNA
Transcription
Nuclear pores
G AAAAAA
RNAProcessing
mRNA
![Page 34: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis
• All occurs in the cyotplasm!!!
![Page 35: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Transcription is done…what Transcription is done…what now?now?
Now we have mature mRNA transcribed from the cell’s DNA. It is leaving the nucleus through a nuclear pore. Once in the cytoplasm, it finds a ribosome so that translation can begin.
We know how mRNA is made, but how do we “read” the code?
![Page 36: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Translation
Translation is the process of decoding a mRNA molecule into a polypeptide chain or protein.
ALWAYS read mRNA!!!!!!
![Page 37: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Reading FrameReading Frame
• Every 3 DNA bases pairs with 3 mRNA bases
• Every group of 3 mRNA bases encodes a single amino acid
• Codon- coding triplet of mRNA bases
![Page 38: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Codons
• Each combination of 3 nucleotides on mRNA is called a codon or three-letter code word.
• Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that is to be placed in the polypeptide chain (protein).
![Page 39: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: Translation
![Page 40: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Start codons and Stop codonsStart codons and Stop codons
• For translation to begin, there is a START codon.
• AUG: is the 3 letter codon that starts the process.
• UAA, UGA, UAG: Stop codons.
![Page 41: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
SU
GA
R-P
HO
SP
HA
TE
BA
CK
BO
NE
B A
S E
S
H
PO
O
HO
O
O
CH2NH2N
NH
N
N
HOH
P
O
O
HO
O
O
CH2
NH2
N
N
N
N
H
P
O
OH
HO
O
O
CH2
NH2
N
N
N
N
O
A Codon
GuanineGuanine
AdenineAdenine
AdenineAdenine
Arginine
![Page 42: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: Translation
![Page 43: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Start Codon
• Start codon: codon AUG also serves as the “initiator” codon, which starts the synthesis of a protein.
![Page 44: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Stop Codon
• STOP codon: Codon that signal the end of the protein. (UAA, UAG, & UGA
• Besides selecting the amino acid methionine, the codon AUG also serves as the “initiator” codon, which starts the synthesis of a protein
![Page 45: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: Translation
•A three-letter code is used because there are 20 different amino acids that are used to make proteins.
•If a two-letter code were used there would not be enough codons to select all 20 amino acids.
•That is, there are 4 bases in RNA, so 42 (4x 4)=16; where as 43 (4x4x4)=64.
![Page 47: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Translation•Therefore, there is a total of 64 codons with mRNA, 61specify a particular amino acid.
• This means there are more than one codon for each of the 20 amino acids.
![Page 48: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: TranslationTransfer RNA (tRNA)
•Each tRNA molecule has 2 important sites of attachment.
•One site, called the anticodon, binds to the codon on the mRNA molecule.
•The other site attaches to a particular amino acid.
•During protein synthesis, the anticodon of a tRNA molecule base pairs with the appropriate mRNA codon.
![Page 49: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
tRNAtRNA
• Transfer RNA• Bound to one amino
acid on one end• Anticodon on the
other end complements mRNA codon
![Page 50: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
MethionineMet-tRNA
U*
9
262223Pu
16
12Py 10
25
20:1
G*
17:1
Pu
A20:2
1713
20G
A5051
656463
G
62
52
CPu
59
A*
C
Py
T49
39
4142
31
2928
Pu*
43127
U35
38
36
Py*
34
403047:1
47:15
46
Py47:16
4544
47
73CCA
707172
66676869
321
7654
A CU
Anticodon
![Page 51: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: Translation
![Page 52: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Parts of a RibosomesParts of a Ribosomes
• For translation to begin, 2 subunits of ribsosomes must unite, separate in cytoplasm – Large– Small
• Contain 3 binding sites – helps tRNA align to codon.– E– P– A
![Page 53: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: Translation
![Page 54: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
RNA TRANSLATIONProtein Synthesis: the formation of a protein using information coded on DNA and carried out by RNA in the assembly of amino acids.
Proteins are:a. Amino acids in chains – 20 kindsb. Made of 10’s or 100’s or 1000’s of amino acidsc. Must be arranged in a specific sequence for each
type of proteind. Function & type of protein is determined by amino
acid sequencee. DNA makes RNAf. RNA constructs amino acids
![Page 55: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Steps of TranslationSteps of Translation• 1. INITIATION:
A.The initiator(start) codon AUG binds to the first anticodon of tRNA, signaling the start of a protein.
B. Two parts of the ribosome join around the tRNA and mRNA.
• The amino acid methionine, the codon AUG also serves as the “initiator” codon, which starts the synthesis of a protein
![Page 56: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
TranslationTranslation• 2. ELONGATION: The anticodon of
another tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon, bringing the 2nd amino acid to be placed in the protein. This will continue until stop codon.
• As each anticodon & codon bind together a peptide bond forms between the two amino acids.
![Page 58: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: TranslationProtein Synthesis: Translation
3. Termination: The protein chain continues to grow until a stop codon reaches the ribosome, which results in the release of the new protein and mRNA, completing the process of translation. The amino acids are bonded with a peptide bond to form a protein.
•Release factor causes the release of tRNA and mRNA.
![Page 59: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Summary of Translation• Ribosome 2 parts come together.• mRNA attaches to ribosome.• AUG – start codon. • tRNA brings in making anticodon with
amino acid.• rRNA continues to read mRNA and bring
in making tRNA.*Stop codon will stop process. Peptide
bonds will form to make a protein.
![Page 61: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
tRNA FunctiontRNA Function
• Amino acids must be in the correct order for the protein to function correctly
• tRNA lines up amino acids using mRNA code
![Page 63: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: TranslationProtein Synthesis: TranslationTransfer RNA (tRNA)
•Each tRNA molecule has 2 important sites of attachment.
•One site, called the anticodon, binds to the codon on the mRNA molecule.
•The other site attaches to a particular amino acid.
•During protein synthesis, the anticodon of a tRNA molecule base pairs with the appropriate mRNA codon.
![Page 64: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
MethionineMet-tRNAMet-tRNA
U*
9
262223Pu
16
12Py 10
25
20:1
G*
17:1
Pu
A20:2
1713
20G
A5051
656463
G
62
52
CPu
59
A*
C
Py
T49
39
4142
31
2928
Pu*
43127
U35
38
36
Py*
34
403047:1
47:15
46
Py47:16
4544
47
73CCA
707172
66676869
321
7654
A CU
Anticodon
![Page 65: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
AE
Large subunit
P
Small subunit
Translation - InitiationTranslation - Initiation
fMet
UACGAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA5’mRNA
3’
![Page 66: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
AE
Ribosome P
CCA
Arg
UCU
PheLeu
Met
SerGly
Polypeptide
Translation - ElongationTranslation - Elongation
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA5’mRNA
3’
![Page 67: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
AE
Ribosome P
PheLeu
Met
SerGly
Polypeptide
Arg
Aminoacyl tRNA
UCUCCA
Translation - ElongationTranslation - Elongation
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA5’mRNA
3’
![Page 68: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
AE
Ribosome P
Translation - ElongationTranslation - Elongation
Aminoacyl tRNA
CGA
Ala
CCA
Arg
UCU
PheLeu
Met
SerGly
Polypeptide
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA5’mRNA
3’
![Page 69: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
AE
Ribosome P
Translation - ElongationTranslation - Elongation
CCA
Arg
UCU
PheLeu
Met
SerGly
Polypeptide
CGA
Ala
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA5’mRNA
3’
![Page 70: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Protein Synthesis: TranslationProtein Synthesis: Translation
![Page 71: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The Genetic CodeThe Genetic Code
![Page 72: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
ACGATACCCTGACGAGCGTTAGCTATCGUGCUAUGGG ACUGProtein Synthesis: TranslationProtein Synthesis: Translation
![Page 73: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
ANYTHING
ACIDAMINE
Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis
C
O
OHCN
H
HH
C
HO H
C
H
O
CN
H
HH
C
H H
C
H
O
OHCN
H
HH
C
HO H
Serine
C
H
O
OHCN
H
HH
C
H H
AlanineH
C
O
OHC
R
N
H
H
Amino Acid
H2O
![Page 74: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
3’
5’
5’
3’
Transcription And Translation Transcription And Translation In ProkaryotesIn Prokaryotes
Ribosome
Ribosome5’
mRNA
RNAPol.
![Page 75: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Transcription vs. Translation ReviewTranscription vs. Translation Review
Transcription• Process by which
genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA
• Occurs in the nucleus• DNA mRNA
Translation• Process by which
information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome
• Occurs on a Ribosome• mRNA protein
![Page 76: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
ANYTHING
ACIDAMINE
Protein Synthesis
C
O
OHCN
H
HH
C
HO H
C
H
O
CN
H
HH
C
H H
C
H
O
OHCN
H
HH
C
HO H
Serine
C
H
O
OHCN
H
HH
C
H H
AlanineH
C
O
OHC
R
N
H
H
Amino Acid
H2O
![Page 77: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
AE
Ribosome P
CCA
Arg
UCU
PheLeu
Met
SerGly
Polypeptide
Translation - Elongation
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA5’mRNA
3’
![Page 78: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Prokaryotic - Protein synthesis
• Location – cytoplasm
• At the same time.
• Eukaryotic – Protein synthesis
![Page 79: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
3’
5’
5’
3’
Transcription And Translation In Prokaryotes
Ribosome
Ribosome5’
mRNA
RNAPol.
![Page 80: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
(1961)(1961) Watson & Crick proposed… Watson & Crick proposed…• ……DNA controlled cell function by DNA controlled cell function by
serving as a template for serving as a template for PROTEINPROTEIN structure.structure.
• 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODONCODON(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)
See p.303See p.303
• AMINO ACIDSAMINO ACIDS are the building blocks are the building blocks of proteins.of proteins.
![Page 81: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
MUTATIONSChanges in DNA that affect genetic
information
![Page 82: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Gene Mutations
• Point Mutations – changes in one nucleotides
1. Substitution – base is replaced• THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT• THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
![Page 83: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Gene Mutations2. Insertion – a base is added
• THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
• THE FAT HCA TAT ETH ERA T
H
Point Mutations that cause Frameshift Mutations – shifts the reading frame of the genetic message so that the protein may not be able to perform its function.
3. Deletion – delete a base THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT TEF ATC ATA TET GER AT
![Page 84: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Effects of Mutations
• Silent – When a base pair is substituted but the change still codes for the same amino acid in sequence. NO CHANGE!!!
![Page 85: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Effects 0f Mutations
• Missense –Mutation that causes a changed amino acid. Usually harmful!!!
• EX: sickle cell amenia
![Page 86: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Effects of Mutations
• Nonsense – Mutation that does not allow protein to form because of early stop codon
![Page 87: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
• XYY Syndrome– Normal male traits– Often tall and thin– Associated with antisocial and behavioral
problems
![Page 88: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Chromosome Mutations• Changes in number and structure of entire
chromosomes
• Original Chromosome ABC * DEF
• Deletion AC * DEF
• Duplication ABBC * DEF
• Inversion AED * CBF
• Translocation ABC * JKL
GHI * DEF
![Page 89: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Significance of Mutations• Most are neutral
• Eye color• Birth marks
• Some are harmful• Sickle Cell Anemia• Down Syndrome
• Some are beneficial• Sickle Cell Anemia to Malaria• Immunity to HIV
![Page 90: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
What Causes Mutations?
• There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated:– Mutations can be inherited.
• Parent to child
– Mutations can be acquired.• Environmental damage• Mistakes when DNA is copied
![Page 91: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Chromosome Mutations
• Down Syndrome– Chromosome 21 does
not separate correctly.– They have 47
chromosomes in stead of 46.
– Children with Down Syndrome develop slower, may have heart and stomach illnesses and vary greatly in their degree of inteligence.
![Page 92: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Chromosome Mutations
• Cri-du-chat– Deletion of material on 5th
chromosome– Characterized by the cat-like
cry made by cri-du-chat babies
– Varied levels of metal handicaps
![Page 93: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities• Klinefelter’s Syndrome
–XXY, XXYY, XXXY
–Male
–Sterility
–Small testicles
–Breast enlargement
![Page 94: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities• XYY Syndrome
–Normal male traits–Often tall and thin–Associated with antisocial and
behavioral problems
![Page 95: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Sex Chromosome Mutations
• Turner’s Syndrome– X– Female– sex organs don't
mature at adolescence– sterility– short stature
![Page 96: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Sex Chromosome Mutations
• XXX
–Trisomy X
–Female
–Little or no visible differences
–tall stature
–learning disabilities
–limited fertility
![Page 97: Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Translation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f4e5503460f94c6ffd0/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)