Protection of evacuation routes using pressurisation systems

Oriol RaduàProject Department

P R E S S U R I S AT I O N P R I N C I P L E

S TA N D A R D S

E N 1 2 1 0 1 - 6 : 2 0 0 5

F U T U R E S TA N D A R D S

C O M P O N E N T S

INDEX

Pressurisation of evacuation routes

PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE

- Minimum overpressure at door closed condition.

- Minimum air velocity at door open condition.

- Maximum door opening force.

PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE

PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE

PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE

PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE

STANDARDS

EN 12101-6: PDS Kits CE certified components have to be tested together

EN 12101-13: PDS Design Design criteria simplifiedTwo classes of system

_________________________________________________________________________

EN 12101-11: Car Park Smoke Control

EN 12101-12: SHEVS (Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation Systems)

EN 12101-6 prEN 12101-13 NFPA 92Minimum overpressure at door closed condition.

50 Pa 30 Pa 12,5 Pa with sprinklers

25 Pa without sprinklers

Minimum overpressure at door closed contition, but with final exit door open.

10 Pa - 12,5 Pa with sprinklers

25 Pa without sprinklers

Maximum door opening force 100 N 100 N 133 N

Minimum air velocity at door open at fire level

0,75 m/s (escape)

2 m/s (fire fighting)

1 m/s Class 1

2 m/s Class 2----------

Number of doors open Acoording to class (A to F)

Fire level (doors provided with door-

closer)

Not specified. Usually final exit door plus one or more doors (different than the fire level door)

STANDARDS

System Classifications

EN 12101-6 :2005

EN12101:2005 Smoke and heat control systems -

Part 6: Specification for pressure differential systems

• 6 different systems, Classes A to F

• Depends on building use and associated risk level

EN 12101-6 :2005

Class A: For means of escape. Defend in place.

• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 0,75 m/s• Number of doors open = 1 (Fire floor)

EN 12101-6 :2005

• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 2 m/s• Number of doors open = 3 (Fire floor, Exit and one other)

Class B: For means of escape and firefighting.

EN 12101-6 :2005

• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 0,75 m/s• Number of doors open = 1 (Fire floor or Exit)

Class C: For means of escape simultaneous evacuation

EN 12101-6 :2005

Class D: For means of escape. Sleeping risk.

• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 0,75 m/s• Number of doors open = 2 (Fire floor or another and Exit)

EN 12101-6 :2005

Class E: For means of escape phased evacuation.

• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 0,75 m/s• Number of doors open = 3 (Fire floor, another and Exit or 2

others and Exit)

EN 12101-6 :2005

Class F: For firefighting and means of escape

Airflow differences between systems

Pressure difference criterion

50 Pa

Pressure difference criterion

10 Pa

Airflow criterion0,75 m/s

CLASS ADefend in place 1,24 m3/s ----------- 1,83 m3/s

CLASS CSimultaneous evacuation 1,24 m3/s 5,99 m3/s 1,83 m3/s

CLASS D Sleeping risk 1,24 m3/s 11,42 m3/s 7,51 m3/s

EN 12101-6 :2005

Spaces to be pressurised

Stairwells only Stairwells & lobby

EN 12101-6 :2005

Stairwell and lobby,:

When smoke is detected, either:

a) all pressurised stairwells andpressurised lobbies on allstories shall be pressurisedsimultaneously, or

b) all stairwells and only thelobbies on the fire incidentfloor shall be pressurised.

Spaces to be pressurised

EN 12101-6 :2005

20

Air InletFan

Supply shaft

Air release path

MAIN COMPONENTS

EN 12101-6 :2005

EN 12101-6 :2005

To control the differential pressure in the pressurised areas, one of thefollowing methods should be used:

- Dampers opening to the outside, to vent excess airflow (the airflow rateof the fan remains steady )

- Dampers in ducts, to create a by-pass.

- Inverter to control the fan speed, to maintain a setpoint of50 Pa via signal from a pressure sensor.

Situation Pressure Fan speed AirflowDoors closed 50 Pa Modulated ModulatedDoor open Resulting 50 Hz Maximum

EN 12101-6 :2005

System Classification

When standby fans are required to maintain continuity in the event of a failure, thesystem should have either two fans and/or two motors to operate as duty/standby.

The standby fans should be of the same type and capacityas the duty fans.

The switch between the duty fan and the standby fan shouldbe automatic.

EN 12101-6 :2005

Standby fans

KIT DAMPER

- Maintains the air inlet closed when theunit is at stand by to maintain theheating/cooling inside the building.

- Avoid the smoke entering inside theBuilding in case of fire.

In case of roof installation EN 12101-6 ask for 2 inletat opposite points with smoke detection in order toclose the damper affected by the smoke.

In other cases, smoke detection should be installed inorder to close the inlet damper and switch-off the unit.

EN 12101-6 :2005

Air intake

Smoke DetectorSmoke

Detector

Air Supply

Air Supply

Damper open

Damper open

Damper open

Damper closed

Intake to be 5m from discharge

and 1m lower

Roof mounted air intake requirements

EN 12101-6 :2005

Fire brigade control panel withdisplay for overpresure, unit state,alarms , and manual activation ofthe system.

Automatic / manual switch.

Green ligth: Supply OKYellow ligth: Failure Unit AlarmRed ligth: Fire Alarm activatedBlue: Run

EN 12101-6 :2005

Fire brigade control panel

EN 12101-6 :2005

Calculation

EN 12101-6 :2005

Calculation

EN 12101-6 :2005

Calculation

EN 12101-6 :2005

Calculation

EN 12101-6 :2005

Calculation

2/183,05,115,1 PeASDOQ

Both criteria (differential pressure criterion and airflow criterion) should be considered

Airflow through leakagesIn order to determinate the total airflow rate through leakages:

EN 12101-6 :2005

Calculation

for equations and methodology refer to EN12101-6 Annex A

Effective Flow areas (leakage paths)

EN 12101-6 :2005

CalculationAirflow through closed doors

Calculate door leakage areas

Suggested leakage rates for guidance

Refer to EN12101-6 Annex A

EN 12101-6 :2005

Calculation

EN 12101-6 :2005

CalculationAirflow through closed windows

Calculate windows leakage areas

Suggested leakage rates for guidance

Refer to EN12101-6 Annex A

EN 12101-6 :2005

CalculationAirflow through walls and floors

Calculate walls and floors leakage areas

Suggested leakage rates for guidance

Refer to EN12101-6 Annex A

EN 12101-6 :2005

CalculationAirflow criteria

Airflow through the open door in the fire floor:

DAvDQ 5,2DQ

AVA2

83,0

VAADOQ

USp2

83,0

doorADOQ

USpSTp

212

1

21

2183,0 STp

doorAVAAremASTQ

STQSDOQ 15,1

Parameter Class 1 Class 2

Door opening force ≤ 100 NPressure differential ≥ 30 Pa

Airflow velocity ≥ 1 m/s ≥ 2 m/s

Initiation time ≤ 60 s

Operation time ≤ 120 s

Response time ≤ 5 s

DESIGN: EN 12101-6:2005 pr EN 12101-13:2022

FUTURE STANDARDS

TESTIG AND CERTIFICATION OF PRESSURE DIFERENTIAL KITS

PRODUCTS: EN 12101-6:2005 ? pr EN 12101-6:2022

FUTURE STANDARDS

SODECA has developed the controlbased on the future requirements atthe standards in Europe.

Fast response to the chaotic situationsand the changes in the situation of thedoors (open/closed)

Functionality test

FUTURE STANDARDS

FUTURE STANDARDS

NFPA 92: 2015

2015 NFPA 92: Standard on Smoke Control Systems

2012 International Fire Code®

NFPA 92A deals with the design of pressurization systems

NFPA 92: 2015

NFPA 92: 2015

A.4.11 For a stairwell pressurisation system that has not been designed to accommodate theopening of doors, pressurisation will drop when any doors open, and smoke can theninfiltrate the stairwell. For a building of low occupant density, the opening and closingof a few doors during evacuation has little effect on the system. For a building with ahigh occupant density and total building evacuation, it can be expected that most ofthe doors will be open at some time during evacuation. The methods provided inASHRAE/ICC/NFPA/SFPE Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering can be used todesign systems to accommodate anywhere from a few open doors to almost all thedoors being open.During the time that occupants of the smoke zone are exiting the area, the conditionsin the smoke zone are still tenable. Although opening the stairwell door on the fire floorduring this time might release some smoke into the stairwell, it will not createuntenable conditions there. Once conditions in the smoke zone become untenable, itis unlikely that the door to the fire floor would be opened by occupants of that floor.

For this reason, designing for an open stairwell door on the fire floor is normally not required. 

NFPA 92: 2015

A.4.6.1

This number depends largely on the building occupancy and the type of

smoke control system. In some systems, doors most likely are open for only

short periods of time and smoke leakage is negligible. In other systems,

frequent egress from the smoke zone could cause at least one door to be open

most of the time.

Where the building egress strategy anticipates multiple floors to be evacuated

simultaneously or the design for the stairwell pressurization system assumes

the exit door is open, the stairwell pressurization system should be designed to

accommodate more than one door open, at least one of which should be the

discharge door from the stairwell.

NFPA 92: 2015

The maximum pressure differential across a door opening into a pressurised space should be determined as a function of the door configuration, using the following equation:

• F Maximum allowed force for the door opening (100 N / 133N)• Fdc Force needed to be applied at the door handle to overcome the inherent resistance of

the door to opening without a pressure differential applied to the door (N)• Wd Door width (m)• DA Door area (m2)• P Differential pressure between both sides of the door (Pa)• d Distance from the door handle centre to the nearest vertical edge of the door (m)

Chapter 7.2.1.4.5 of NFPA 101, ”Human safety code” requires that the force to puton movement the door should not exceed 30 lb (133 N).

NFPA 92: 2015

(SI) (US)

NFPA 92:2015

Previous equation takes to the values shown in the table for the maximum designpressure difference, according to different values of doors width (considering a totaldoor opening force of 133 N (30 lb), a high of the door of 7 ft (~2,1 m) and a distancefrom the handle of 3 in (~8 cm)

COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS

KIT BOXPDS

FAN BOXPDS PANEL KIT DAMPER MANUAL CONTROL

FanSODECA CJHCH

Includes electroniccontrol, pressuresensor, inverter and power suply230/24VDCwith batteries according toEN-12101-10

Version BOXPDS II forduty/stand-by fan automatic operation

Motorized damper ( 2,5 secons opening / closingtime) and smoke sensor.

External control panel withoverpresuredisplay, state of the unit, alarms, and manual activation of thesystem.

COMPONENTS

KIT HATCH PDS

FAN BOXPDS PANNEL MANUAL CONTROL

FanSODECA HATCH FAN

Thermally isoleted unitincluding axial fan, isolated casing, isoletedmotorized hatch and smoke sensor.

Includes electroniccontrol, pressuresensor, inverter and power suply230/24VDCwith batteries according toEN-12101-10

Version BOXPDS II for duty/stand-by fan automatic operation

External control panel with overpresure display, state of the unit, alarms, and manual activation of the system.

COMPONENTS

KIT BOXSMART

FAN BOXSMART PANNEL MANUAL CONTROL

FanSODECA CJHCHOr others.

Includes electronic control, pressure sensor, and inverter

Indication ligths, test switch, reset switch and manual activation of the system

Version BOXSMART II forduty/stand-by fan automaticoperation

External control panel withindication ligths and manual activation of thesystem.

COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS

KIT BOXSMART FLAP

FAN BOXSMART FLAP PANNEL

MANUAL CONTROL

FanSODECA WALL/FREE WALL/DUCT WALL/AXIAL.

Possibility of installingTHT/WALL F400 or F300 and operate for smokeextraction after the fire.

Includes electroniccontrol, pressuresensor, and inverter

Indication ligths, test switch, reset switc, manual activation ofthe system, and manual extractionmode activationswitch.

External control panel with indication ligths and manual activation of thesystem.

COMPONENTS

FAN BOXSMART PANNEL KIT DAMPER MANUAL CONTROL

FanSODECA CJHCH

Includes electroniccontrol, pressuresensor, and inverter

Indication ligths, test switch, reset switc, manual activation ofthe system, and manual extactionmode activationswitch.

Motorized damper ( 2,5 secons opening / closingtime) and smoke sensor.

External control panel withindication ligthsand manual activation of thesystem.

COMPONENTS

(1) Optional for WALL type units / Included on KIT DAMPER

(2) Requires smoke extraction fan F400 / F300.

Communications

• All SODECA units are provided with a connection to the BMS (BuildingManagement Systems)

• The Status of the System can be check from a centralized station together withthe rest of systems of the building.

BMSSCADA

Modbus RTU

rs485

COMPONENTS

Thank you for your attention