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Protection of evacuation routes using pressurisation systems
Oriol RaduàProject Department
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P R E S S U R I S AT I O N P R I N C I P L E
S TA N D A R D S
E N 1 2 1 0 1 - 6 : 2 0 0 5
F U T U R E S TA N D A R D S
C O M P O N E N T S
INDEX
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Pressurisation of evacuation routes
PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE
- Minimum overpressure at door closed condition.
- Minimum air velocity at door open condition.
- Maximum door opening force.
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PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE
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PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE
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PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE
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PRESSURISATION PRINCIPLE
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STANDARDS
EN 12101-6: PDS Kits CE certified components have to be tested together
EN 12101-13: PDS Design Design criteria simplifiedTwo classes of system
_________________________________________________________________________
EN 12101-11: Car Park Smoke Control
EN 12101-12: SHEVS (Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation Systems)
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EN 12101-6 prEN 12101-13 NFPA 92Minimum overpressure at door closed condition.
50 Pa 30 Pa 12,5 Pa with sprinklers
25 Pa without sprinklers
Minimum overpressure at door closed contition, but with final exit door open.
10 Pa - 12,5 Pa with sprinklers
25 Pa without sprinklers
Maximum door opening force 100 N 100 N 133 N
Minimum air velocity at door open at fire level
0,75 m/s (escape)
2 m/s (fire fighting)
1 m/s Class 1
2 m/s Class 2----------
Number of doors open Acoording to class (A to F)
Fire level (doors provided with door-
closer)
Not specified. Usually final exit door plus one or more doors (different than the fire level door)
STANDARDS
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System Classifications
EN 12101-6 :2005
EN12101:2005 Smoke and heat control systems -
Part 6: Specification for pressure differential systems
• 6 different systems, Classes A to F
• Depends on building use and associated risk level
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Class A: For means of escape. Defend in place.
• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 0,75 m/s• Number of doors open = 1 (Fire floor)
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EN 12101-6 :2005
• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 2 m/s• Number of doors open = 3 (Fire floor, Exit and one other)
Class B: For means of escape and firefighting.
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EN 12101-6 :2005
• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 0,75 m/s• Number of doors open = 1 (Fire floor or Exit)
Class C: For means of escape simultaneous evacuation
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Class D: For means of escape. Sleeping risk.
• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 0,75 m/s• Number of doors open = 2 (Fire floor or another and Exit)
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Class E: For means of escape phased evacuation.
• Pressure with doors closed = 50Pa• Face velocity on Fire Floor = 0,75 m/s• Number of doors open = 3 (Fire floor, another and Exit or 2
others and Exit)
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Class F: For firefighting and means of escape
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Airflow differences between systems
Pressure difference criterion
50 Pa
Pressure difference criterion
10 Pa
Airflow criterion0,75 m/s
CLASS ADefend in place 1,24 m3/s ----------- 1,83 m3/s
CLASS CSimultaneous evacuation 1,24 m3/s 5,99 m3/s 1,83 m3/s
CLASS D Sleeping risk 1,24 m3/s 11,42 m3/s 7,51 m3/s
EN 12101-6 :2005
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Spaces to be pressurised
Stairwells only Stairwells & lobby
EN 12101-6 :2005
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Stairwell and lobby,:
When smoke is detected, either:
a) all pressurised stairwells andpressurised lobbies on allstories shall be pressurisedsimultaneously, or
b) all stairwells and only thelobbies on the fire incidentfloor shall be pressurised.
Spaces to be pressurised
EN 12101-6 :2005
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20
Air InletFan
Supply shaft
Air release path
MAIN COMPONENTS
EN 12101-6 :2005
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EN 12101-6 :2005
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To control the differential pressure in the pressurised areas, one of thefollowing methods should be used:
- Dampers opening to the outside, to vent excess airflow (the airflow rateof the fan remains steady )
- Dampers in ducts, to create a by-pass.
- Inverter to control the fan speed, to maintain a setpoint of50 Pa via signal from a pressure sensor.
Situation Pressure Fan speed AirflowDoors closed 50 Pa Modulated ModulatedDoor open Resulting 50 Hz Maximum
EN 12101-6 :2005
System Classification
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When standby fans are required to maintain continuity in the event of a failure, thesystem should have either two fans and/or two motors to operate as duty/standby.
The standby fans should be of the same type and capacityas the duty fans.
The switch between the duty fan and the standby fan shouldbe automatic.
EN 12101-6 :2005
Standby fans
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KIT DAMPER
- Maintains the air inlet closed when theunit is at stand by to maintain theheating/cooling inside the building.
- Avoid the smoke entering inside theBuilding in case of fire.
In case of roof installation EN 12101-6 ask for 2 inletat opposite points with smoke detection in order toclose the damper affected by the smoke.
In other cases, smoke detection should be installed inorder to close the inlet damper and switch-off the unit.
EN 12101-6 :2005
Air intake
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Smoke DetectorSmoke
Detector
Air Supply
Air Supply
Damper open
Damper open
Damper open
Damper closed
Intake to be 5m from discharge
and 1m lower
Roof mounted air intake requirements
EN 12101-6 :2005
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Fire brigade control panel withdisplay for overpresure, unit state,alarms , and manual activation ofthe system.
Automatic / manual switch.
Green ligth: Supply OKYellow ligth: Failure Unit AlarmRed ligth: Fire Alarm activatedBlue: Run
EN 12101-6 :2005
Fire brigade control panel
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Calculation
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Calculation
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Calculation
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Calculation
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Calculation
2/183,05,115,1 PeASDOQ
Both criteria (differential pressure criterion and airflow criterion) should be considered
Airflow through leakagesIn order to determinate the total airflow rate through leakages:
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Calculation
for equations and methodology refer to EN12101-6 Annex A
Effective Flow areas (leakage paths)
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EN 12101-6 :2005
CalculationAirflow through closed doors
Calculate door leakage areas
Suggested leakage rates for guidance
Refer to EN12101-6 Annex A
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EN 12101-6 :2005
Calculation
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EN 12101-6 :2005
CalculationAirflow through closed windows
Calculate windows leakage areas
Suggested leakage rates for guidance
Refer to EN12101-6 Annex A
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EN 12101-6 :2005
CalculationAirflow through walls and floors
Calculate walls and floors leakage areas
Suggested leakage rates for guidance
Refer to EN12101-6 Annex A
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EN 12101-6 :2005
CalculationAirflow criteria
Airflow through the open door in the fire floor:
DAvDQ 5,2DQ
AVA2
83,0
VAADOQ
USp2
83,0
doorADOQ
USpSTp
212
1
21
2183,0 STp
doorAVAAremASTQ
STQSDOQ 15,1
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Parameter Class 1 Class 2
Door opening force ≤ 100 NPressure differential ≥ 30 Pa
Airflow velocity ≥ 1 m/s ≥ 2 m/s
Initiation time ≤ 60 s
Operation time ≤ 120 s
Response time ≤ 5 s
DESIGN: EN 12101-6:2005 pr EN 12101-13:2022
FUTURE STANDARDS
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TESTIG AND CERTIFICATION OF PRESSURE DIFERENTIAL KITS
PRODUCTS: EN 12101-6:2005 ? pr EN 12101-6:2022
FUTURE STANDARDS
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SODECA has developed the controlbased on the future requirements atthe standards in Europe.
Fast response to the chaotic situationsand the changes in the situation of thedoors (open/closed)
Functionality test
FUTURE STANDARDS
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FUTURE STANDARDS
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NFPA 92: 2015
2015 NFPA 92: Standard on Smoke Control Systems
2012 International Fire Code®
NFPA 92A deals with the design of pressurization systems
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NFPA 92: 2015
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NFPA 92: 2015
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A.4.11 For a stairwell pressurisation system that has not been designed to accommodate theopening of doors, pressurisation will drop when any doors open, and smoke can theninfiltrate the stairwell. For a building of low occupant density, the opening and closingof a few doors during evacuation has little effect on the system. For a building with ahigh occupant density and total building evacuation, it can be expected that most ofthe doors will be open at some time during evacuation. The methods provided inASHRAE/ICC/NFPA/SFPE Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering can be used todesign systems to accommodate anywhere from a few open doors to almost all thedoors being open.During the time that occupants of the smoke zone are exiting the area, the conditionsin the smoke zone are still tenable. Although opening the stairwell door on the fire floorduring this time might release some smoke into the stairwell, it will not createuntenable conditions there. Once conditions in the smoke zone become untenable, itis unlikely that the door to the fire floor would be opened by occupants of that floor.
For this reason, designing for an open stairwell door on the fire floor is normally not required.
NFPA 92: 2015
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A.4.6.1
This number depends largely on the building occupancy and the type of
smoke control system. In some systems, doors most likely are open for only
short periods of time and smoke leakage is negligible. In other systems,
frequent egress from the smoke zone could cause at least one door to be open
most of the time.
Where the building egress strategy anticipates multiple floors to be evacuated
simultaneously or the design for the stairwell pressurization system assumes
the exit door is open, the stairwell pressurization system should be designed to
accommodate more than one door open, at least one of which should be the
discharge door from the stairwell.
NFPA 92: 2015
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The maximum pressure differential across a door opening into a pressurised space should be determined as a function of the door configuration, using the following equation:
• F Maximum allowed force for the door opening (100 N / 133N)• Fdc Force needed to be applied at the door handle to overcome the inherent resistance of
the door to opening without a pressure differential applied to the door (N)• Wd Door width (m)• DA Door area (m2)• P Differential pressure between both sides of the door (Pa)• d Distance from the door handle centre to the nearest vertical edge of the door (m)
Chapter 7.2.1.4.5 of NFPA 101, ”Human safety code” requires that the force to puton movement the door should not exceed 30 lb (133 N).
NFPA 92: 2015
(SI) (US)
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NFPA 92:2015
Previous equation takes to the values shown in the table for the maximum designpressure difference, according to different values of doors width (considering a totaldoor opening force of 133 N (30 lb), a high of the door of 7 ft (~2,1 m) and a distancefrom the handle of 3 in (~8 cm)
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COMPONENTS
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COMPONENTS
KIT BOXPDS
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FAN BOXPDS PANEL KIT DAMPER MANUAL CONTROL
FanSODECA CJHCH
Includes electroniccontrol, pressuresensor, inverter and power suply230/24VDCwith batteries according toEN-12101-10
Version BOXPDS II forduty/stand-by fan automatic operation
Motorized damper ( 2,5 secons opening / closingtime) and smoke sensor.
External control panel withoverpresuredisplay, state of the unit, alarms, and manual activation of thesystem.
COMPONENTS
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KIT HATCH PDS
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FAN BOXPDS PANNEL MANUAL CONTROL
FanSODECA HATCH FAN
Thermally isoleted unitincluding axial fan, isolated casing, isoletedmotorized hatch and smoke sensor.
Includes electroniccontrol, pressuresensor, inverter and power suply230/24VDCwith batteries according toEN-12101-10
Version BOXPDS II for duty/stand-by fan automatic operation
External control panel with overpresure display, state of the unit, alarms, and manual activation of the system.
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COMPONENTS
KIT BOXSMART
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FAN BOXSMART PANNEL MANUAL CONTROL
FanSODECA CJHCHOr others.
Includes electronic control, pressure sensor, and inverter
Indication ligths, test switch, reset switch and manual activation of the system
Version BOXSMART II forduty/stand-by fan automaticoperation
External control panel withindication ligths and manual activation of thesystem.
COMPONENTS
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COMPONENTS
KIT BOXSMART FLAP
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FAN BOXSMART FLAP PANNEL
MANUAL CONTROL
FanSODECA WALL/FREE WALL/DUCT WALL/AXIAL.
Possibility of installingTHT/WALL F400 or F300 and operate for smokeextraction after the fire.
Includes electroniccontrol, pressuresensor, and inverter
Indication ligths, test switch, reset switc, manual activation ofthe system, and manual extractionmode activationswitch.
External control panel with indication ligths and manual activation of thesystem.
COMPONENTS
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FAN BOXSMART PANNEL KIT DAMPER MANUAL CONTROL
FanSODECA CJHCH
Includes electroniccontrol, pressuresensor, and inverter
Indication ligths, test switch, reset switc, manual activation ofthe system, and manual extactionmode activationswitch.
Motorized damper ( 2,5 secons opening / closingtime) and smoke sensor.
External control panel withindication ligthsand manual activation of thesystem.
COMPONENTS
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(1) Optional for WALL type units / Included on KIT DAMPER
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(2) Requires smoke extraction fan F400 / F300.
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Communications
• All SODECA units are provided with a connection to the BMS (BuildingManagement Systems)
• The Status of the System can be check from a centralized station together withthe rest of systems of the building.
BMSSCADA
Modbus RTU
rs485
COMPONENTS
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Thank you for your attention