properties of matter notes © 2008 by tim f. rowbotham
TRANSCRIPT
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Properties of Matter
NOTES
© 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham
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Pure Substances A pure substance is matter that
always has exactly the same composition.
Every sample of a substance has the same properties.
An element is a substance that contains only ONE TYPE OF ATOM.
A compound contains only ONE TYPE OF MOLECULE (molecules are atoms that are chemically combined in a fixed proportion).
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Examples of Substances Examples of ELEMENTS are:
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, & gold The short way to write down an element’s
name is called a chemical symbol. (C, N, O, & Au) Examples of COMPOUNDS are:
water, carbon dioxide, salt, & sugar The short way to show the number of
elements in a compound is called a chemical formula.
(H2O, CO2, NaCl, C12H22O11)
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Learning Check Questions
Ready your remote
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Which type of substance contains only one type of atom?
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Which type of substance contains more than one type of atom but only one type of
molecule?
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0% 1.Compound2.Element3.Mixture4.Solution
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Counting Atoms in Compounds
Using the chemical formula for each compound, determine the
number of atoms in each compound.
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H2O
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C3H8
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0% 1. 3 carbon & 8 hydrogen atoms2. 3 carbon & 3 hydrogen atoms3. 8 carbon & 3 hydrogen atoms4. 11 carbon & 8 hydrogen atoms
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CO2
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CH4
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Mixtures Mixtures contain more than one substance
(not chemically combined). Mixtures retain some of the properties of
their individual substances, but can vary because the composition of a mixture is not fixed.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the parts are noticeably different.
In a homogenous mixture (or solution), the parts are so thoroughly mixed that it is hard to see the separate substances. It appears to be one substance
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Compound or Mixture?A compound is made up of more than one element chemically combined.
A mixture contains more than one substance physically mixed together.
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Raisin Bran cereal is what type of mixture?
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Pepperoni pizza is what type of mixture?
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0% 1. Homogeneous mixture2. Heterogeneous mixture
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Salt water is what type of mixture?
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0% 1. Homogeneous mixture2. Heterogeneous mixture
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Kool-aid is what type of mixture?
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0% 1. Homogeneous mixture2. Heterogeneous mixture
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Classifying Matter Summary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB0Kr8VA-74
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Classifying Matter
Return your remote COMPLETE p.13-14 “Classifying
Matter”
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Entrance questions
Ready your remotes
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Which type of substance contains only one type of atom?
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Which type of substance contains more than one type of atom but only one type of
molecule?
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0% 1.Compound2.Element3.Mixture4.Solution
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Practice questions
1.) Observe the chemical formulas for each of the following
compounds.2.) Identify the correct number of
atoms of each element.
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Al2O3
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2. 2 aluminum & 3 oxygen3. 3 aluminum & 2 oxygen4.2 aluminum & 5 oxygen
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FeO3
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0% 1. 3 iron & 3 oxygen2. 1 iron & 3 oxygen3. 1 iron & 1 oxygen4. 0 iron & 3 oxygen
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Al(NO3)3
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2. 1 aluminum & 3 nitrogen & 9 oxygen
3. 3 aluminum & 1 nitrogen & 3 oxygen
4. 1 aluminum & 1 nitrogen & 9 oxygen
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2 Ca2O
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3 Ca3(PO4)2
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2. 3 calcium & 3 phosphorus & 12 oxygen
3. 9 calcium & 3 phosphorus & 8 oxygen
4. 9 calcium & 6 phosphorus & 24 oxygen
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Properties of Matter
NOTES
© 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham
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Properties of Matter Properties are the
characteristics, traits, or behaviors that we can use to identify samples of matter and distinguish them from one another.
Water, for example, has different properties than aluminum.
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Two TYPES of Properties
Physical properties can be changed without changing the composition of the material itself.
Chemical properties, if changed, would result in the formation of a new substance.
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Physical Properties & Changes
A physical change is any change in a material that does not change the material into a new substance.
Examples:Folding paper, Ripping paper, Adding salt to water, Breaking an egg
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Physical PropertiesPhysical properties are any characteristics that could change without forming a new substance.
Size, shape, color, taste, odor, magnetism, and temperature are all physical properties.
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Chemical Properties & Changes
A chemical change is any change in a material that changes the material into a new substance.
Examples:Burning paper, Cooking an egg, Fireworks exploding, Iron rusting
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Chemical Properties Chemical properties are
characteristics that can be observed when a material changes into a new substance.
Chemical changes are often accompanied by the release or absorption of energy in the form of heat, light, or sound.
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Physical or Chemical Change?
A physical change DOES NOT form a new substance.
A chemical change DOES form at least one new substance.
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Learning Checks
Ready your remotes
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A change resulting in a new substance is called a
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A change resulting in no new substance at all is called a
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Creating a mixture would involve what type of change?
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Creating a compound would involve what type of change?
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Classifying Matter
PACKET p.13 - 14
© 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham
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Properties of Matter
Return your remote Complete PROPERTIES PACKET
p.15-16 “Mixtures & Compounds”
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Review questions
Ready your remotes
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3 SiO2
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A change resulting in a new substance is called a
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Videos
Physical & Chemical Change Song
Physical Changes Song
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Creating a mixture would involve what type of change?
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2 Al(OH)3
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2. 2 aluminum & 2 oxygen & 3 hydrogen
3. 2 aluminum & 6 oxygen & 6 hydrogen
4. 2 aluminum & 3 oxygen & 3 hydrogen
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Physical or Chemical Change?
JOURNAL # 1 Demonstration
Record in your journal EVERY physical & chemical change
you see!!!
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Review questions
Return your remotesMake sure you have pages 15 – 16 done.
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Videos
Hindenburg 1Hindenburg 2
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Entrance Questions
Ready your Remote
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Creating a mixture would involve what type of change?
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0% 1.Physical change2.Chemical change3.Nuclear change4.Atomic change
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2 Li2O
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0% 1. 1 lithium & 2 oxygen2. 2 lithium & 1 oxygen3. 4 lithium & 2 oxygen4. 4 lithium & 4 oxygen
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Properties
PAGE 3
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Physical Properties Mass is the amount of matter
that makes up an object. Volume is the amount of space
an object takes up Weight is the force of gravity on
an object. MASS video clip 1 MASS v. WEIGHT video clip 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 VOLUME video clip 1 , 2 , 3
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Physical Properties Density is the amount of matter
packed into a given volume Melting point is the temperature at
which a substance changes from solid to liquid.
Boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas.
Density Clip 1 , 2 , 3 Distillation Videos 1 , 2 , 3
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Physical Properties
State (or phase) of matter describes whether a substance is a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
Luster is how well a substance reflects light.
Texture is how rough or smooth a substance is.
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Physical Properties
Electrical conductivity is how easily a substance allows electricity to flow through it.
Thermal conductivity is how easily a substance allows heat to flow through it.
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Physical Properties Malleability is the ability of a
substance to be hammered without shattering
Ductility is the ability of a substance to be stretched into a wire.
Malleability video clip 1 Ductility video clip 1
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This property is a measurement of how well a material allows heat to move through it.
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Physical Properties Hardness is a measure of a
substance’s resistance to scratching Tenacity is a substance’s strength
against being pulled apart. Elasticity is the ability of a
substance to return to its original shape after being stretched.
Tensile strength (tenacity) test video clip 1 , 2 , 3Elasticity video clip 1 , 2
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Physical Properties Porosity is the ability of a solid to
allow fluids to pass through it. Solubility is the ability of a
substance to dissolve in another substance.
Viscosity is the tendency of a liquid to resist flowing.
Porosity video clip 1 , 2 , 3 Solubility video clip 1 , 2 Viscosity video clip 1 , 2 , 3, 4
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This property describes a fluids tendency to resist flowing. It is often described as its
“stickiness” or “thickness.”
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List of Physical Properties
Size, shape, color, taste, odor, magnetism, temperature, mass,
volume, weight, density, melting point, boiling point,
state or phase, luster, texture, electrical conductivity, thermal
conductivity, malleability, ductility, hardness, tenacity, elasticity, porosity, solubility,
viscosity
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VIDEO Practice
Matter: Form & Substance in the Universe
(Look for Properties)Physical & Chemical
Properties & Changes WS
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Properties Notes
Ready your remote
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Which of the following properties describes a substances ability to be hammered into a
new shape ?
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List of Physical Properties
Size, shape, color, taste, odor, magnetism, temperature, mass,
volume, weight, density, melting point, boiling point,
state or phase, luster, texture, electrical conductivity, thermal
conductivity, malleability, ductility, hardness, tenacity, elasticity, porosity, solubility,
viscosity
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JOURNAL #2
Pick any object in your house. Do not share it with anyone.
Describe it with at least 7 different physical properties
(Be sure to be specific… i.e. blue color, high melting point, large volume, etc.)
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Properties Notes
PAGE 3
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
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Chemical Properties Reactivity is how well a
substance combines chemically with other substances. VIDEO 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Acidic substances behave like acids. VIDEO 1 , 2 , 3
Basic substances behave like bases. VIDEO 1 , 2 , 3
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Chemical Properties
Flammability is a material’s ability to burn when exposed to oxygen. VIDEO 1 , 2
Combustible materials tend to burn more rapidly in the presence of oxygen. VIDEO 1 , 2
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Chemical Properties
Corrosive substances “eat away” other substances VIDEO 1 , 2
Tarnishable substances may have their luster reduced by chemical reactions. VIDEO 1 , 2
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Chemical Properties Explosive substances react
violently when in contact with other substances. VIDEO 1 , 2
Photosynthetic substances are able to undergo photosynthesis.
VIDEO 1, 2
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Which of the following is a chemical property?
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Properties
Return your Remote Complete p.17 Knowing the
Properties of Matter
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Entrance Questions
Ready your Remote
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Which of the following is a chemical property?
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Which of the following is a chemical change?
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Properties
PAGE 4
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More Focus on a PHYSICAL PROPERTY:
Conductivity Conductivity describes a material’s ability to allow energy to be transferred through it.
Conductors have high conductivity.
Insulators have low conductivity.
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Electrical Conductivity
An electrical conductor is a material that allows the easy flow of electricity through it.
Copper, silver, gold, and most other metals are good electrical conductors.
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Electrical Conductivity An electrical insulator is a material that DOES NOT allow the easy flow of electricity through it.
Rubber, plastic, wood, and many non-metals are electrical insulators.
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Thermal Conductivity
A thermal conductor is a material that allows the easy flow of heat through it.
Copper, silver, gold, and most other metals are also good thermal conductors.
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Thermal Conductivity An thermal insulator is a
material that DOES NOT allow the easy flow of heat through it. (Thermal insulators hold the heat in.)
Rubber, Styrofoam, insulation, air, and many non-metals are good thermal insulators.
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Learning Checks
Ready your Remote
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Which of the following is an electrical insulator?
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Which of the following is a thermal conductor?
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Which of the following is a thermal insulator?
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Conductivity Video Clip
Notice the action of the atoms!!!
(7:00 min – 10:00 min)
..\U2 - Properties of Matter\Conductivity.asf
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Learning check
Ready your Remote
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A material that allows electricity to flow through it easily would be called a(n)
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A material that is an efficient blocker of heat would be called a(n)
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A material that is touching a hot plate & feels extremely hot would be an example of a(n)
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A material that is touching an ice cube & feels cold would be an example of a(n)
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A material that is touching an ice cube & does not feel cold would be an example of a(n)
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Conductivity Mini-lab
Create a table with 6 columns 1.) Electrical conductor 2.) Thermal conductor
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JOURNAL # 3Conductivity Mini-lab
MATERIAL Electrical Conductor?
Thermal Conductor?
MATERIAL Electrical Conductor?
Thermal Conductor?
Iron (Steel)
Oak
Aluminum Poplar
Copper PVC
Brass Acrylic
Pine Nylon
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Conductivity Mini-lab
Answers
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Conductivity Mini-labMATERIAL Electrical Conductor? Thermal Conductor?
Iron yes yes
Aluminum yes yes
Copper yes yes
Brass yes yes
Pine no no
Oak no no
Poplar no no
PVC no no
Acrylic no no
Nylon no no
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List of Physical Properties
Size, shape, color, taste, odor, magnetism, temperature, mass,
volume, weight, density, melting point, boiling point,
state or phase, luster, texture, electrical conductivity, thermal
conductivity, malleability, ductility, hardness, tenacity, elasticity, porosity, solubility,
viscosity
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JOURNAL #4
Describe the balloon with at least 10 different properties (BOTH PHYSICAL &
CHEMICAL) (Be sure to be specific… i.e. blue color,
high melting point, large volume, etc.)
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Entrance Questions
Ready your Remote
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This property describes a fluids tendency to resist flowing. It is often described as its
“stickiness” or “thickness.”
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This property is a measurement of how well a material allows heat to move through it.
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This property is a measurement of the amount of matter that makes up an object.
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This property is a measurement of the amount of space that an object takes up.
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Notes
P. 4 Density
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Physical Property: Density Density is a ratio of an object’s
mass to its volume. Density = Mass D = m Volume V
Density is basically a measure of how crowded a material’s atoms are.
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Density is very useful!! Every pure substance has its
own unique, exact density. This density can be used to
determine its identity or its purity.
For example, all samples of pure gold have densities of 19.3 g/mL.
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Calculating Density
1.) Mass = 400 gVolume = 40 mLDensity = Mass / VolumeDensity = 400g / 40mL
Density = 10 g/mL
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Density
2.) Mass = 400 gVolume = 20 mLD = m/VD = 400 g / 20 mL
D = 20 g/mL
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Density
3.) Mass = 800 g
Volume = 20 mL
D = m/V
D = 800 g / 20 mL
D = 40 g/mL
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Calculating Mass
4.) Mass = V x DVolume = 40 mLDensity = 5 g/mLm = 40mL x 5 g/mL
m = 200 g
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Calculating Volume
5.) Volume = m / DMass = 100 gDensity = 5 g/mLV = 100g / (5 g/mL)
V = 20 mL
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Learning Check
Ready your Remote
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If an object has a mass of 500g & a volume of100mL, what is its density?
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If an object has a mass of 50g & a volume of100mL, what is its density?
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If an object has a mass of 120g & a volume of 40mL, what is its density?
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Nice Work!!!
You may return your remotes now
INDEPENDENT SEATWORK:
Complete pages 18 – 20 of your Properties Packet
Don’t forget your textbook & calculator tomorrow!!!!
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Properties Quiz
Ready your remotes
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Nice Work!!! You may return your remotes now Pick up a “Density Cube Set” paper Pick up a “Chapter 2 Reading
Organizer” paper Homework/Classwork is page 21.
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Density Cube Set Lab 1.) Find the mass of each cube 2.) Find the volume of each cube
(1 cm3 = 1 mL) 3.) Calculate density
D = m / V
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Density Cube Set LabMaterial MASS VOLUME Calculat
ed Density
Actual Density
Sink or Float?
Copper
Brass
Steel
Aluminum
Acrylic
Oak
Nylon
Pine
Poplar
PVC
PP
Ironwood
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Entrance Questions
Ready your Remote
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If an object has a mass of 200g & a volume of 20mL, what is its density? (D = m/V)
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0% 1.) 10 g/mL2.) 20 g/mL3.) 200 g/mL4.) 4,000 g/mL
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If an object has a mass of 600g & a volume of 20mL, what is its density? (D = m/V)
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Density Cube Set Lab
1.) Take out your worksheet 2.) Record the actual
density in the final column 3.) See how close you got to
the correct answers
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Density Cube Set LabMaterial MASS VOLUME Calculat
ed Density
Actual Density
Sink or Float?
Copper
Brass
Steel
Aluminum
Acrylic
Oak
Nylon
Pine
Poplar
PVC
PP
Ironwood
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Density Cube Set LabMaterial Actual Density
Copper 8.9 g/mL
Brass 8.0 g/mL
Steel 7.6 g/mL
Aluminum 2.7 g/mL
Acrylic 1.2 g/mL
Oak 0.7 g/mL
Nylon 1.1 g/mL
Pine 0.4 g/mL
Poplar 0.4 g/mL
PVC 1.4 g/mL
Polypropylene 0.9 g/mL
Ironwood 1.3 g/mL
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Density Cube Set LabMaterial Actual Density Sink or Float?
Copper 8.9 g/mL
Brass 8.0 g/mL
Steel 7.6 g/mL
Aluminum 2.7 g/mL
Acrylic 1.2 g/mL
Oak 0.7 g/mL
Nylon 1.1 g/mL
Pine 0.4 g/mL
Poplar 0.4 g/mL
PVC 1.4 g/mL
Polypropylene 0.9 g/mL
Ironwood 1.3 g/mL
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Density of Water = 1.0 g/mL
Material Actual Density Sink or Float?
Copper 8.9 g/mL SINK
Brass 8.0 g/mL SINK
Steel 7.6 g/mL SINK
Aluminum 2.7 g/mL SINK
Acrylic 1.2 g/mL SINK
Oak 0.7 g/mL FLOAT
Nylon 1.1 g/mL SINK
Pine 0.4 g/mL FLOAT
Poplar 0.4 g/mL FLOAT
PVC 1.4 g/mL SINK
Polypropylene 0.9 g/mL FLOAT
Ironwood 1.3 g/mL SINK
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Notes
Turn to page 6 IDENTIFICATION BY
DENSITY!!
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Density TableSubstance Density
Water 1.0 g/mLSulfur 2.1 g/mL
Titanium 4.4 g/mLSilver 10.5 g/mL
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Identification by Density
A substance has a mass of 105 grams and a volume of 50 milliliters. What is this substance?
D = m/V = 105 g / 50mLD = 2.1 g/mL SULFUR
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Identification by Density
A substance has a mass of 315 grams and a volume of 30 milliliters. What is this substance?
D = m/V = 315 g / 30mLD = 10.5 g/mL SILVER
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Identification by Density
A substance has a mass of 500 grams and a volume of 500 milliliters. What is this substance?
D = m/V = 500 g / 500 mLD = 1.0 g/mL WATER
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Calculating Volume
A sample of sulfur has a mass of 1260 grams. Calculate its volume.
V = m/D = 1260 g / 2.1 g/mL
V = 600 mL
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Calculating Mass
A sample of titanium has a volume of 500mL. What is its mass?
m = V x D = 500mL x 4.4 g/mL
m = 2200 grams
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Which of the following pure substances could have a mass of 220g & a volume of 50mL?
(D = m/V)
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0%
0% 1.) water2.) sulfur3.) titanium4.) silver
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Which of the following pure substances could have a mass of 157.5g & a volume of 75mL?
(D = m/V)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1.) water2.) sulfur3.) titanium4.) silver
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Which of the following pure substances could have a mass of 330g & a volume of 75mL?
(D = m/V)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1.) water2.) sulfur3.) titanium4.) silver
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Density Problems
Turn in remotes Turn in Density Cube Set WS
ASSIGNMENTS: Properties Packet p. 22
Chapter 2 Reading Organizer
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Entrance Questions
Ready your Remote
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The measurement of the amount of matter packed into a certain amount of space is
25%
25%
25%
25% 1.volume2.melting point3.weight4.density
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Which of the following is NOT a property of stainless steel (like that used in
“silverware”) ?1.High tarnishability2.High melting point3.High hardness4.Silver color
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Properties of Matter COMPLETE CHAPTER 2
READING ORGANIZER!!! Identification by Density
1.)Find Mass of Substance & Container using balance
2.)Subtract mass of container to find mass of substance only
3.)Determine Density of Substance (D=m/V)
4.)Identify Substance based on its density
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Properties of Matter JOURNAL#5
Why does diet coke float & coke sink?
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Properties of Matter
TURN TO PAGE 23 of your Properties Packet
What determines if an object will sink or float in a fluid?
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Density Cube Set LabMaterial Actual Density Sink or Float?
Copper 8.9 g/mL SINK
Brass 8.0 g/mL SINK
Steel 7.6 g/mL SINK
Aluminum 2.7 g/mL SINK
Acrylic 1.2 g/mL SINK
Oak 0.7 g/mL FLOAT
Nylon 1.1 g/mL SINK
Pine 0.4 g/mL FLOAT
Poplar 0.4 g/mL FLOAT
PVC 1.4 g/mL SINK
Polypropylene 0.9 g/mL FLOAT
Ironwood 1.3 g/mL SINK
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Density & Floating If a substance is MORE DENSE than
the fluid, it will SINK. Dsubstance > Dfluid SINK
If a substance is LESS DENSE than the fluid, it will FLOAT.
Dsubstance < Dfluid FLOAT
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Density of Water = 1.0 g/mL
Material Actual Density Sink or Float?
Copper 8.9 g/mL SINK
Brass 8.0 g/mL SINK
Steel 7.6 g/mL SINK
Aluminum 2.7 g/mL SINK
Acrylic 1.2 g/mL SINK
Oak 0.7 g/mL FLOAT
Nylon 1.1 g/mL SINK
Pine 0.4 g/mL FLOAT
Poplar 0.4 g/mL FLOAT
PVC 1.4 g/mL SINK
Polypropylene 0.9 g/mL FLOAT
Ironwood 1.3 g/mL SINK
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1.) Chicken noodle soup is an example of a(n)
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0%
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0% 1.Element2.Compound3.Homogeneous mixture4.Heterogeneous mixture
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2.) A diamond allows heat to flow through it really well, so it is a(n)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1.Electrical conductor2.Electrical insulator3.Thermal conductor4.Thermal insulator
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3.) A substance composed of more than one type of atom, but only one type of molecule is
called a(n)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1.Element2.Compound3.Homogeneous mixture4.Heterogeneous mixture
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4.) What would be the mass of an object with a density of 4.4g/mL and a volume of 100mL? (m
= V x D)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 440 g2. 22.7 g3. 440 mL4. 0.044 g
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5.) Would polypropylene (D = 0.9 g/mL) float on water (D = 1.0 g/mL)?
0%
0%
0% 1.Yes, it would float2.No, it would sink to the bottom3.It would sink half way to the bottom
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6.) Which of the following is a chemical property?
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0%
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0% 1.Boiling point2.Luster3.Corrosive4.Solubility
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7.) The measurement of how much mass is contained in a given volume is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1.Weight2.Melting point3.Solubility4.Density
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8.) Aluminum has a density of 2.7g/mL. If a material has a mass of 300g and a
volume of 100mL, can it be pure aluminum?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1.Yes2.No3.Maybe – it depends on its weight4.Maybe – it depends on its
temperature
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Which of the following is NOT a property of gold?
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0%
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0% 1.High malleability2.High melting point3.Low hardness4.High reactivity
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JOURNAL # 6 Using your scientific knowledge, try
to explain in detail how the Cartesian diver works.
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States of Matter Notes
Created in 2006/2010 by Tim F. Rowbotham
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Important DefinitionsMatter – anything that has mass and volumeEnergy – ability to do work or cause changeKinetic Energy – the energy an object has due to its motion
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State of MatterMaterials are classified in different states (or phases) of matter based on composition and temperature.
There are currently 5 accepted states of matter:
solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensates.
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Kinetic TheoryThe kinetic theory states that all matter is made of tiny particles that are in constant motion.
It explains the characteristics (or properties) of matter in terms of the energy of these particles
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Kinetic Theory & Solids The atoms in a solid are held
close together by strong forces of attraction
The atoms have very low kinetic energy
The atoms seem to vibrate, but do not move around
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Solids
Solids have a definite shape
Solids have a definite volume
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Learning Checks
READY YOUR REMOTE
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“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The theory of relativity
4. The kinetic theory
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Atoms in a solid are
0%
0%
0% 1. Close to one another
2. Far away from other atoms
3. Always the same distance apart
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Atoms in a solid move
0%
0%
0% 1. A lot
2. Very little
3. According to the theory of relativity
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Crystalline Solids
Atoms are arranged in repeating geometric patterns
Considered “true” solids & tend to hold their shape
Examples: salt, ice, diamonds, sugar, aluminum, graphite
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Draw atoms of a Crystalline Solid
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Draw atoms of a Crystalline Solid
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Amorphous Solids
Atoms have no repeating pattern Amorphous means “without form”
Same properties as crystalline solids, but have no distinct melting point Examples: glass, wax, plastic,
styrofoam, coal, rubber
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Draw atoms of an Amorphous Solid
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Entrance Questions
READY YOUR REMOTE
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A crystalline solid has atoms that
0%
0%
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0% 1. Move a lot
2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern
3. Are randomly arranged
4. Do not move
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“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The kinetic theory
4. The theory of relativity
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Draw atoms of an Amorphous Solid
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Examples of Crystalline & Amorphous Solids
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Examples of Crystalline & Amorphous Solids
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Examples of Crystalline Solids
Carbon nanotube
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Examples of Crystalline Solids
Table Salt
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Examples of Crystalline Solids
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Examples of Crystalline Solids
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Examples of Crystalline Solids
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Learning Checks
READY YOUR REMOTE
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An amorphous solid has
25%
25%
25%
25% 1. Atoms that move a lot
2. atoms arranged in a repeating pattern
3. atoms that are randomly arranged
4. atoms that do not move
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Kinetic Theory & Liquids
The forces of attraction between atoms in a liquid are not strong enough to hold them together
Atoms in a liquid are close, but have enough kinetic energy to roll over
and around each other
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Liquids Because its atoms move over and around each other, a liquid has the
ability to flow. Liquids do not have definite shape;
liquids take the shape of their container
Liquids have a definite volume.
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Draw Atoms in a Liquid
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Liquids
Liquids
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Kinetic Theory & Gases
Atoms in a gas have high enough kinetic energy that they are not held
by the attractive forces of other atoms
Atoms in a gas may be spread far apart and may collide with each
other with great force
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Gases
Because atoms in a gas move around a lot, gases have no definite
shape or volume Gases take the shape of their
container but also can be compressed
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Draw Atoms in a Gas
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Learning Checks
READY YOUR REMOTE
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“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The kinetic theory
4. The theory of relativity
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Which of the following has atoms that are still close together but have enough energy to roll
over and around each other?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gases
4. Plasma
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Which of the following has atoms that are far apart and move rapidly?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Solids
2. Liquids
3. Gases
4. Bose-Einstein condensates
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Which of the following has atoms that are close together and vibrate in place?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gases
4. Plasma
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States of Matter
States of Matter Video ClipStates of Matter Song
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Kinetic Theory & Plasmas
Atoms in a plasma have extremely high kinetic energy
Atoms in a plasma collide with such great force that the electrons
are knocked out of the atoms
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Plasmas
Plasmas have the same properties as gases, except that they are electrically charged
Plasma makes up 90% of the matter in the universe
Plasma is found in stars, neon & fluorescent lights, & lightning
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Plasmas
Plasma the Fourth State Plasma video clip 1 Plasma video clip 2 Plasma video clip 3
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Bose-Einstein Condensates
Scientists in 1995 decided to classify matter into a fifth state -
Bose-Einstein Condensates. This state of matter only exists at
very low temperatures (near absolute zero).
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Bose-Einstein Condensates
BEC Video clip 1 BEC Video clip 2
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States of Matter
State Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Shape
Volume
Particle Spacing
Particle Motion
Kinetic Energy
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States of Matter
State Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Shape Definite Varies Varies Varies
Volume Definite Definite Varies Varies
Particle Spacing
Packed tight Close Spread out Spread
out
Particle Motion
Vibrate in place
Roll over each other
Bounce off each other
Violent collisions
Kinetic Energy Very low Low High Very high
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States of Matter
Return your RemotesComplete page 26 – 28 of your
Packetp.26 Venn Diagram
p.27-28 Solids, Liquids, & Gases
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Learning Checks
READY YOUR REMOTE
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“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The kinetic theory
4. The theory of relativity
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How is a plasma different from a gas?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Plasma atoms are moving slower
2. A plasma has free electrons
3. Atoms of a plasma are larger
4. Atoms of a plasma are smaller
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Properties of Matter Notes
Turn to page 10
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Bose-Einstein Condensates
Scientists in 1995 decided to classify matter into a fifth state -
Bose-Einstein Condensates. This state of matter only exists at
very low temperatures (near absolute zero).
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Bose-Einstein Condensates
BEC Video clip 1 BEC Video clip 2
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An amorphous solid has atoms that
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Move a lot
2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern
3. Are randomly arranged
4. Do not move
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A substance at a higher temperature means that
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster
2. Its atoms are moving slower
3. Its atoms are larger
4. Its atoms are smaller
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A substance contracts at a lower temperature because
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster
2. Its atoms are moving slower
3. Its atoms are larger
4. Its atoms are smaller
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Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit oF
Celsius oC
Kelvin K
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Temperature Scales
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Temperature Scales
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Temperature
Measuring Temperature - Eureka Temperature Scales video clip Eureka - Temperature vs. Heat
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Learning Checks
Ready your remote
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What temperature scale begins at the freezing point of water?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Fahrenheit
2. Celsius
3. Kelvin
4. Newton’s
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What do scientists think would happen at the theoretical temperature of absolute
zero?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Atoms stop moving
2. Nuclear fusion
3. Atoms explode
4. Atoms change into antimatter
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Changes in State
If the atoms that make up a substance gain enough kinetic energy, they can overcome the
forces of attraction and change to a new state. This usually occurs at a
specific temperature.
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Changes in State
If the atoms that make up a substance lose enough kinetic
energy, they will be attracted to other atoms and change state. This
also usually occurs at a specific temperature.
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Names for State Changes
Melting – change from a solid to a liquid; occurs at a substance’s
melting point (m.p.) Freezing – change from liquid to a
solid; occurs at a substance’s freezing point (f.p.)
(Melting Point = Freezing Point)
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Names for State Changes
Condensation – change from a gas to a liquid
Vaporization – all types of changes from liquid to a gas
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Types of Vaporization
Boiling – a change from liquid to gas due to heating
Occurs at the boiling point Evaporation – a change from liquid to gas due to escape of surface atoms
of a liquid Occurs at any temperature (that it
remains a liquid)
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Names for State Changes
Sublimation – change from a solid straight to a gas
Deposition – change from a gas to a solid without first becoming
a liquid
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Phase Changes Video Clips
Sublimation of Iodine Change in State Phase Changes
Bangalore Iron Pour
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JOURNAL #7
USE THE KINETIC THEORY to explain what happens to
the T1000. Terminator 2 Video Clip
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Exit Questions
Ready your remote
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A change in state from gas to liquid is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Melting
2. Freezing
3. Vaporizing
4. Condensing
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A change in state from liquid to gas that only occurs at the surface of a liquid is
called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Melting
2. Freezing
3. Boiling
4. Evaporation
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Classwork Assignments
RETURN REMOTES
Turn to page 29 “Changes in State”
Complete p. 30-31 “Thermal Energy & Changes in State”
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JOURNAL #8
USE THE KINETIC THEORY to explain what happens to
the popcorn & balloon.
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Entrance Questions
Ready your remote
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A substance contracts at a lower temperature because
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster
2. Its atoms are moving slower
3. Its atoms are larger
4. Its atoms are smaller
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A change in state from liquid to solid is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Melting
2. Freezing
3. Vaporizing
4. Condensing
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A change in state from gas to solid is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Sublimation
2. Deposition
3. Vaporization
4. Condensation
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Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?
A substance remains a solid until its temperature reaches its m.p.
WATER’s m.p. = 0°CBelow 0°C WATER is a
SOLID
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Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?
A substance is a liquid so long as its temperature is between its m.p. and
its b.p.
WATER’s m.p. = 0°CAbove 0°C WATER has melted and
become liquid
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Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?
A substance will be a gas as long as its temperature is above its b.p.
WATER’s b.p. = 100°C
Above 100°C WATER has boiled and
become a gas
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Classwork Assignments
RETURN REMOTES Turn to page 32 “States of Matter”
Complete p. 33 “Substances & Their States”
Complete p.34 “Reading a Table of Properties”
The Properties packet should now be completed & include 8 journals!!