propaganda and news · 2018-02-27 · coursera.org . declining print media. rising social media. in...
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Propaganda and new s: Im p lica t io n s fo r t h e U.S. a n d a b ro a d
Credit: Sarah Fite & Kate Newton, Episcopal H.S, Alexandria, VA
Burton St. John III, Ph.D, APR Interim Chair, Communication and Theatre Arts Old Dominion University
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Vocabu lary Misinformation: Information that is incorrect or misleading, but not intentionally
Hoax: A fictional story designed to sound like the truth, may or may not be malicious in intent
News Satire AKA “fake news”: A story that is created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on a true news story.
Propaganda: Information - often biased or misleading - used to promote a political cause or point of view.
Disinformation AKA “fake news”: Intentionally false or misleading information spread in a way to deceive target audiences
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Propag anda
Definition: systematically-constructed messages designed to move mass audiences toward acceptance of attitudes, predispositions, and behaviors that will benefit a privileged group
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Propag anda Pre-modern: Propagation of the faith
Modern era: WWI efforts to mobilize crowds
Not necessarily fake news: Appeals to values, known as “integration propaganda”
Narrow understanding: Normally linked to war & politics, where outcome is to “win”
Broader understanding: Emerging & traditional media forms are readily vulnerable to propaganda.
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The Hallm ark s of Trad it ional Jou rnalism
Objectivity: Limit bias
Practices: Official Sources Data & Facts Balance
Predispositions: Drama Conflict Novelty
Propagandists have developed approaches to meet these practices and predispositions
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Tim ely in form at ion of som e pub lic in t erest t hat is shared and sub ject t o a jou rnalist ic p rocess of ver if ica t ion , and for w h ich an independen t ind iv idual or org an izat ion is d irect ly accoun t ab le.
Steven Reiner. ‘Making Sense of the News: News Literacy Lessons for Digital Citizens.’’ Coursera.org
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Dec
linin
g
Pri
nt
Med
ia
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Ris
ing
So
cial
Med
ia
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In t he f inal t h ree m on t hs of t he US Presiden t ial cam paig n , t he t op -perform ing fak e elect ion new s st or ies on Facebook g enerat ed m ore eng ag em en t t han t he t op st or ies f rom m ajor new s ou t let s.
Craig Silverman, Buzzfeed
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8,711,000
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7,367,000
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On line Con t en t Creat ors
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Mac
edon
ia
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At n ig h t I w ou ld m ak e fou r or f ive post s t o share t he next day. W hen I w ok e up , I shared t hem . I w en t t o d r ink cof fee, cam e back hom e, found new art icles, post ed t hese art icles on t he w ebsit e, and shared t hem . Then I w en t ou t w it h f r iends, cam e back hom e, found art icles, and shared t hem t o Facebook .
“Boris”
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$16,000 The monthly income from two pro-Trump fake news sites owned by
“Boris.”
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Aud ience
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“ The idea t hat w e t end t o accep t in form at ion unquest ionab ly w hen it rein forces som e p red isposit ion w e have or som e exist ing belief or at t it ude.” -Brendan Nyhan , Am erican Polit ical Scien t ist and Assist an t Professor, Dart m ou t h
Con f irm at ion Bias
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88% of young adults age 18 and over say Facebook is their primary source for
news
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82% of middle-schoolers cannot distinguish between an ad labeled “sponsored
content” and a real news story on a website
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3 middle-schoolers see no valid reason to distrust articles written by a biased
source
4
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75% of high-schoolers cannot distinguish between a verified and an unverified
Facebook account
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30% of high-schoolers believe that a fake news site with graphics is more
trustworthy than a legitimate news site with no graphics
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Implications for U.S. and abroad
Weaponized propaganda ∎ Info wars not new – will continue ∎ Propaganda sophistication will improve ∎ Pressure to regulate FB, Google ∎ New models for U.S. journalism? ∎ Possibility of propaganda trigger of event ∎ Reality cynicism & authoritarianism