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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz Vazgav

_z`b`|gkd Iahzkgkd hkl Gklqv|zghiQpdzhlgkd gk HVAHK F`qk|zgav

Tgiiab \n`zjafca) Bhzg`

Ihbjaz|a) hkl Dgkhiwk

C`b`|`

K`+ :1?Vap|abjaz :?8?

Hvghk Lauai`pbak| Jhkc Gkv|g|q|a

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\na T`zcgkd _hpaz vazgav gv h f`k|gkqh|g`k `e |na e`zbaziw khbal Lgvfqvvg`k _hpaz vazgav3|na kqbjazgkd `e |na phpazv f`k|gkqal tg|n`q| gk|azzqp|g`k `z fnhkda+ HLJGv t`zcgkd

phpazv zaeiaf| gkg|ghi glahv `k h |`pgf hkl hza p`v|al `kigka e`z lgvfqvvg`k+ HLJG akf`qzhdavzahlazv |` p`v| |nagz f`bbak|v `k |na bhgk phda e`z ahfn t`zcgkd phpaz .dguak gk |nafg|h|g`k jai`t'+ V`ba t`zcgkd phpazv bhw lauai`p gk|` `|naz e`zbv `e pqjigfh|g`k+

Vqddav|al fg|h|g`k=

\n`zjafca) T+) B+ Ihbjaz|a) hkl D+ C`b`|`+ :?8?+ _z`b`|gkd Iahzkgkd hkl Gklqv|zghiQpdzhlgkd gk HVAHK F`qk|zgav+ HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1?+ \`cw`= Hvghk Lauai`pbak| JhkcGkv|g|q|a+ Huhgihjia= n||p=//ttt+hljg+`zd/t`zcgkd"

phpaz/:?8?/?7/:>/

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) hkl C`b`|`

Hjv|zhf|

\ngv phpaz |zhfav |na aeeaf|v `e |na Ahv| Hvghk Bgzhfia) |na 8774877> Hvghk Fzgvgv) |nazaf`uazw) hkl |na :??>:??7 di`jhi egkhkfghi fzgvgv `k HVAHK f`qk|zgav+ G| hiv` f`kvglazvn`t HVAHK f`qk|zgav fhk vqv|hgk dz`t|n jw iauazhdgkd pz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv |` ehfgig|h|a|afnk`i`dw |zhkveaz+ \` hfngaua |ngv) HVAHK f`qk|zgav kaal |` bhgk|hgk hk akugz`kbak|ezgakliw |` e`zagdk gkuav|bak| jw zavgv|gkd f`zzqp|g`k) pz`uglgkd f`kvgv|ak| hkl f`nazak|ake`zfabak| `e ihtv hkl zadqih|g`kv h| hii d`uazkbak|hi iauaiv) hkl bhgk|hgkgkd v|hjiabhfz`af`k`bgf eqklhbak|hiv+ \ngv phpaz |nak abpnhvg}av |nh| HVAHK f`qk|zgav vn`qile`fqv `k figbjgkd |na uhiqa fnhgk jw gkuav|gkd gk nqbhk fhpg|hi+ \naw fhk l` |ngv jwpz`uglgkd fngilzak tg|n hlaxqh|a kq|zg|g`k) nahi|nfhza) hkl pzgbhzw alqfh|g`k) pz`uglgkd ngdnvfn``i v|qlak|v tg|n h ngdn xqhig|w alqfh|g`k gk vfgakfa hkl bh|n) hkl pz`uglgkd qkguazvg|wv|qlak|v tg|n vfgak|gegf hkl akdgkaazgkd |zhgkgkd+ \na alqfh|g`khi vwv|ab vn`qil hiv` jafhzaeqi |` pz`ugla v|qlak|v tg|n bhzca|hjia vcgiiv |nh| jqvgkavvav kaal+ Egkhiiw) |na phpazhzdqav |nh| HVAHK vn`qil pz`b`|a zadg`khi egkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k |` naip fnhkkai vhugkdv |`ngdn"wgailgkd gkuav|bak|v gk |na zadg`k+

MAI Fihvvgegfh|g`k= M:

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

F`k|ak|v

8+ Gk|z`lqf|g k ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8:+ \na Bgzhfia) |na Hvghk Fzgvgv) |na Di`jhi Egkhkfghi Fzgvgv hkl |na Zaf`uazw ++++++++++++++ :6+ Ahv| Hvghk _z`lqf|g`k Ka|t`zcv ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 885+ F`kfiqvg k +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ :

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) hkl C`b`|`

8+ GK\Z@LQF\G@K

Babjaz f`qk|zgav `e |na Hvv`fgh|g`k `e V`q|nahv| Hvghk Kh|g`kv .HVAHK' nhua a~pazgakfalbhkw |tgv|v hkl |qzkv `k |na ph|n |`thzlv af`k`bgf lauai`pbak|+8 Jiavval tg|n kh|qzhizav`qzfav) h nhzl t`zcgkd ihj`z e`zfa) hkl pzhdbh|gf p`igfwbhcazv) |nagz af`k`bgav dzat h|bgzhfqi`qv zh|av jae`za |na 87747> Hvgh Fzgvgv+ He|az zaf`uazgkd) |nagz af`k`bgav hdhgkdzat xqgfciw qk|gi |na di`jhi egkhkfghi fzgvgv `e :??>7+ \na vi`tl`tk gk lauai`pal f`qk|zgavp`val vauaza fnhiiakdav |` f`qk|zgav vqfn hv Bhihwvgh hkl \nhgihkl |nh| a~p`z|v`pngv|gfh|al d``lv+ F`qk|zgav vqfn hv Gkl`kavgh |nh| hza iavv lapaklak| `k a~p`z|v `zf`qk|zgav vqfn hv Uga| Khb |nh| a~p`z| i`taz uhiqa"hllal d``lv ehzal ja||az+ Tg|n vgdkv|nh| |na t`zil af`k`bw gv zaf`uazgkd) |na `q|i``c e`z hii HVAHK f`qk|zgav gv gbpz`ugkd+ :

Lqzgkd |na Ahv| Hvghk Bgzhfia pnhva) iahzkgkd hkl |afnk`i`dw hvvgbgih|g`k pihwalgbp`z|hk| z`iav+ HVAHK f`qk|zgav zaigal `k e`zagdk lgzaf| gkuav|bak| .ELG' |` pz`lqfa hkla~p`z| ihj`z"gk|akvgua d``lv+ ELG |nak ial |` h vqzda `e fhpg|hi d``lv gbp`z|v gk tngfn kat

|afnk`i`dgav taza abj`lgal+ \na bqi|gkh|g`khi f`bphkgav .BKF' a~p`z|gkd |nava d``lvgkg|ghiiw pz`uglal i`fhi egzbv tg|n la|hgial akdgkaazgkd hkl bhkhdazghi gkv|zqf|g`kv hklvpafgegfh|g`kv) ehfgig|h|gkd iahzkgkd+ \na hvvgbgih|g`k `e |na kat |afnk`i`dgav |nak f`k|gkqalhv i`fhi akdgkaazv akdhdal gk h pz`favv `e zauazva akdgkaazgkd) |hcgkd fhpg|hi d``lv hphz|hkl zahvvabjigkd |nab+ Gbp`z|gkd |afnk`i`dgfhiiw"v`pngv|gfh|al fhpg|hi d``lv hkl a~p`z|gkdihj`z"gk|akvgua bhkqehf|qzgkd d``lv |nqv vazual hv h iahzkgkd uangfia e`z HVAHK f`qk|zgav+

\ngvphpaz f`kvglazv n`t dz`t|n hkl lauai`pbak| gk HVAHK f`qk|zgav fhk ja kqz|qzal hklvqv|hgkal+

B`za zafak|iw) |zhla"ELG"|afnk`i`dw igkchdav nhua ial |` hddi`bazh|g`k hkl |afnk`i`dw|zhkveaz gk f`qk|zgav vqfn hv \nhgihkl+ Hv ELG egzbv gkfzahva |nagz |akqza gk n`v| f`qk|zgav)|naw gkfzahva |nagz pz`fqzabak| ez`b i`fhi egzbv+ \ngv iahlv |` |na e`zbh|g`k `e gklqv|zghifiqv|azv) hkl i`fhi akdgkaazv hkl vcgiial t`zcazv jadgk bgdzh|gkd hb`kd egzbv hkl vaf|`zv gk|na fiqv|az+ \naw jzgkd |nagz hffqbqih|al nqbhk fhpg|hi tg|n |nab hkl lgvpazva g| hfz`vv |na

af`k`bw+ \na zavqi|gkd iahzkgkd"jw"l`gkd pz`favv f`k|zgjq|av |` h ugz|q`qv fwfia `e dz`t|nhkl lauai`pbak|+

\` ehfgig|h|a |nava vpgii`uaz aeeaf|v HVAHK f`qk|zgav vn`qil vqv|hgk ELG"ezgakliwakugz`kbak|v+ Hv Igb hkl Cgbqzh .:??7' lgvfqvv) `kfa |na vaal `e gklqv|zghi hddi`bazh|g`k|hcav z``|) i`fhi egzbv zafagua hjqklhk| `pp`z|qkg|gav |` m`gk pz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv+ \` h||zhf|ELG) HVAHK f`qk|zgav kaal |` zavgv| f`zzqp|g`k) pz`ugla f`kvgv|ak| hkl f`nazak|ake`zfabak| `e ihtv hkl zadqih|g`kv h| hii d`uazkbak|hi iauaiv hkl bhgk|hgk v|hjiabhfz`af`k`bgf eqklhbak|hiv+

D`gkd e`zthzl) HVAHK f`qk|zgav vn`qil f`k|gkqa |` e`fqv `k iahzkgkd hkl e`v|azgkd |nalauai`pbak| `e fzah|gua) ck`tialda"gk|akvgua gklqv|zgav+ HVAHK f`qk|zgav `|naz |nhk Uga|Khb tgii egkl g| nhzl |` f`bpa|a tg|n i`t"thda f`qk|zgav vqfn hv |na _a`piav Zapqjigf `e

Fngkh ._ZF' gk i`t"vcgiial pz`lqf|g`k hf|gug|gav+ \naw |nqv kaal |` figbj |na uhiqa fnhgk hklakdhda gk ck`tialda"gk|akvgua hf|gug|gav+

Gkuav|gkd gk nqbhk fhpg|hi vn`qil pz`faal h| vauazhi iauaiv+ G| gv avvak|ghi |nh| fngilzak gkHVAHK f`qk|zgav nhua hlaxqh|a kq|zg|g`k) nahi|nfhza) hkl pzgbhzw alqfh|g`k+ G| gv hiv`lavgzhjia |nh| ngdn vfn``i v|qlak|v zafagua h ngdn xqhig|w alqfh|g`k gk vfgakfa hkl bh|n hklhiv` |nh| qkguazvg|w v|qlak|v zafagua vfgak|gegf hkl akdgkaazgkd |zhgkgkd+ \na alqfh|g`khivwv|ab vn`qil hiv` ja fhzaeqi |` pz`ugla v|qlak|v tg|n bhzca|hjia vcgiiv |nh| jqvgkavvavkaal+ HVAHK d`uazkbak|v fhk paznhpv pihw h f``zlgkh|gkd z`ia gk |ngv pz`favv+

8 HVAHK babjaz f`qk|zgav gkfiqla= Jzqkag Lhzqvvhihb) Fhbj`lgh) Gkl`kavgh) Ih` _a`piav Lab`fzh|gfZapqjigf) Bhihwvgh) Bwhkbhz) _ngigppgkav) Vgkdhp`za) \nhgihkl hkl Uga| Khb+

: Gk |ngv phpaz ta qva |na |azb HVAHK |` zaeaz |` Gkl`kavgh) Bhihwvgh) |na _ngigppgkav) \nhgihkl) hkl Uga| Khb+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

:

\` naip egkhkfa |nava a~paklg|qzav) eqklv |nh| |na d`uazkbak| fqzzak|iw vpaklv `kpz`b`|gkd a~p`z|v f`qil ja zalgzaf|al |`thzlv nqbhk fhpg|hi e`zbh|g`k .Khbjghz :??7'+ Hv_hzc .:??7' hzdqal) g| gv pz`jhjiw lavgzhjia e`z HVAHK f`qk|zgav |` aigbgkh|a jghvav |nh|ehu`z a~p`z|v+ Gk v`ba HVAHK f`qk|zgav a~p`z| pz`favvgkd }`kav hkl vqjvglgav zaxqgzavqjv|hk|ghi d`uazkbak| a~paklg|qzav+ \nava eqklv t`qil ja ja||az vpak| gbpz`ugkd nahi|n)alqfh|g`k) hkl kq|zg|g`k v` |nh| af`k`bgav gk |na zadg`k fhk hluhkfa ez`b vgbpia |`f`bpia~ pz`lqf|g`k hf|gug|gav hkl ez`b hvvabjigkd gbp`z|al phz|v hkl f`bp`kak|v |`phz|gfgph|gkd gk |na akdgkaazgkd hkl lavgdk hvpaf|v `e pz`lqf|g`k+

\na ka~| vaf|g`k lgvfqvvav n`t HVAHK af`k`bgav taza gbphf|al jw |na Ahv| HvghkBgzhfia) |na Hvghk Fzgvgv) hkl |na Di`jhi Egkhkfghi Fzgvgv+ Vaf|g`k 6 f`kvglazv Ahv| Hvghkpz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv) hkl n`t HVAHK f`qk|zgav fhk bhgk|hgk ELG"ezgakliw akugz`kbak|v gk`zlaz |` pz`b`|a gklqv|zghi hddi`bazh|g`k hkl |afnk`i`dw |zhkveaz+ Vaf|g`k < qvav lh|h ez`b|na T`zil Af`k`bgf E`zqb Di`jhi F`bpa|g|guakavv Zap`z| .:??7' |` f`kvglaz vpafgegf thwv|nh| f`qk|zgav gk |na zadg`k fhk gbpz`ua pz`lqf|gug|w hkl h||zhf| e`zagdk hkl l`bav|gfgkuav|bak|+ Vaf|g`k 1 lgvfqvvav |na HVAHK Af`k`bgf F`bbqkg|w pz`maf| hkl HVAHKegkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k+ Vaf|g`k 5 f`kfiqlav+

:+ \NA BGZHFIA) \NA HVGHK FZGVGV) \NA DI@JHIEGKHKFGHI FZGVGV HKL \NA ZAF@UAZW6

\na v|`zw `e HVAHKv bgzhfqi`qv dz`t|n jae`za |na Hvgh Fzgvgv gv taii ck`tk+ Ngdn vhugkdzh|av) ngdn zh|av `e gkuav|bak| gk pnwvgfhi hkl nqbhk fhpg|hi) eia~gjia ihj`z bhzca|v) hka~p`z|"`zgak|al hppz`hfn) hkl pzhdbh|gf p`igfgav hii f`k|zgjq|al |` paz fhpg|h dz`t|n zh|av gkGkl`kavgh) Bhihwvgh) hkl \nhgihkl |nh| hppz`hfnal 5! paz wahz ja|taak 874? hkl 8775+

Lqzgkd |na 874?v) Gkl`kavgh hkl Bhihwvgh gkuav|al |na tgklehii hffzqgkd ez`b ngdnf`bb`lg|w pzgfav tgvaiw+ \naw taza |nqv hjia |` pzauak| |na `q|jzahc `e Lq|fn lgvahva+ ?v) V`q|nahv| Hvghv vnge|al |` hk a~|azkhiiw"`zgak|alv|zh|adw+ Hv \naa .:??5' lgvfqvvav) |na hk|g"a~p`z| jghv `e |na |zhla zadgba thv zalqfal+E`z gkv|hkfa) a~p`z|"`zgak|al egzbv taza hii`tal |` pqzfnhva j`|n gbp`z|al hkl i`fhiiw bhlagkpq|v h| gk|azkh|g`khi pzgfav+

\na hffzqal tgklehii pz`eg|v taza fnhkkaial gk|` gzzgdh|g`k) eaz|gig}az) hdzgfqi|qzhi a~|akvg`k

vazugfav) hkl vgbgihz g|abv) gkfzahvgkd `q|pq| hkl pz`lqf|gug|w gk |na hdzgfqi|qzhi vaf|`z hklzhgvgkd |na gkf`bav `e ehzbazv+

Jafhqva vqzpiqv ihj`z gk |na zadg`k cap| thdav i`t) HVAHK f`qk|zgav hl`p|al h v|zh|adw `ezaiwgkd `k e`zagdk lgzaf| gkuav|bak| .ELG' |` pz`lqfa hkl a~p`z| ihj`z"gk|akvgua d``lv+ \`h||zhf| ELG) d`uazkbak|v qval uhzg`qv gkfak|guav) vqfn hv |h~ n`iglhwv .avpafghiiw gk |na87>?v') gkfzahvgkd |na vnhza `e e`zagdk `tkazvngp) zalqfgkd hlbgkgv|zh|gua jhzzgazv |` e`zagdkgkuav|bak|) hkl gbpiabak|gkd h lzhtjhfc vwv|ab+

ELG gk|` V`q|nahv| Hvgh ial |` |na hvvgbgih|g`k `e kat |afnk`i`dgav hkl |nqv |` pz`lqf|gug|wdhgkv+ \nava pz`lqf|gug|w dhgkv t`zcal phz|iw |nz`qdn |na kaal |` f`bpa|a tg|n gbp`z|ald``lv+ F`bpa|g|g`k ial |` l`bav|gf |afnk`i`dgfhi gbpz`uabak|) hkl nakfa pz`lqf|gug|waknhkfabak|+ _z`lqf|gug|w gbpz`uabak|v `ffqzzal avpafghiiw gk ngdn dz`t|n vaf|`zv vqfn hv|a~|giav) hpphzai) iah|naz) hkl bhfngkazw hkl axqgpbak| .Fn`qlnzg hkl Nhcqzh :???'+

ELG gk V`q|nahv| Hvgh `e|ak jadhk tg|n h m`gk|"uak|qza vwv|ab tg|n b`za igbg|al |afnk`i`dwvpgii`uazv) jae`za hii`tgkd v|hkl"hi`ka `pazh|g`kv `e dzaakegail vqjvglghzgav `e e`zagdkbqi|gkh|g`khiv+ 1

6

\ngv vaf|g`k lzhtv `k |na p`z|g`kv `e W`vng|`bg) .:??6' tzg||ak jw Gthk H}gv hkl Tgiiab \n`zjafca++

ELG hiv` pz`lqfal h vqzda `e fhpg|hi d``lv gbp`z|v gk tngfn kat

?v) hv pz`lqf|gug|w dzat) bhkqehf|qzgkd a~p`z|v jafhba h bhm`zakdgka `e dz`t|n gk HVAHK f`qk|zgav+ \nava a~p`z|v taza ihzdaiw dakazh|al jw ELG

ak|azpzgvav `z jw l`bav|gf vbhii" hkl balgqb"vg}al ak|azpzgvav |nh| pz`lqfal i`t"vcgiialihj`z gk|akvgua a~p`z|v vqfn hv dhzbak|v .\naa :??5'+

Gkuav|bak| eqkf|g`kal hv h vaf`kl akdgka `e dz`t|n) hkl HVAHK f`qk|zgav hl`p|al h katba|n`l `e egkhkfgkd gkuav|bak| gk |na ahziw 877?v+ E`ii`tgkd egkhkfghi vaf|`z igjazhig}h|g`k)bhvvgua hb`qk|v `e vn`z|"|azb) l`iihz"lak`bgkh|al e`zagdk fhpg|hi ei`tal gk|` HVAHKf`qk|zgav+ \na gkei`tv taza h||zhf|al jw bgzhfqi`qv dz`t|n zh|av) ngdnaz gk|azav| zh|av)v|hjia a~fnhkda zh|av) hkl v|z`kd bhfz`af`k`bgf eqklhbak|hiv+ \nava gkei`tv tazafnhkkaial gk|` i`kd"|azb l`bav|gf gkuav|bak|v gk zahi av|h|a hkl bhkqehf|qzgkd+ H l`qjiabgvbh|fn .g+a+) j`|n h fqzzakfw hkl h bh|qzg|w bgvbh|fn' |nqv lauai`pal `k jhkc hkl egzbjhihkfa vnaa|v+

\na vqzda gk fzalg| fzah|g`k thv hff`bphkgal jw h l`tkpihwgkd `e zgvcv+ J`zz`tazv gk |na

zadg`k dakazhiiw lgl k`| nalda hdhgkv| a~fnhkda zh|a zgvc+ \naw taza hjia |` j`zz`t gke`zagdk fqzzakfw h| gk|azav| zh|av qp |` `ka |n`qvhkl jhvgv p`gk|v jai`t l`bav|gf zh|av+ 5

\na qklazpzgfgkd `e zgvc hz|gegfghiiw gkeih|al hvva| pzgfav+ Vpafqih|gua jqjjiav lauai`pal gk|na axqg|w hkl zahi av|h|a bhzca|v+ Hv \hjia 8 vn`tv) v|`fc hkl pz`paz|w pzgfav gk HVAHK

f`qk|zgav b`za |nhk l`qjial ja|taak 8778 hkl 8776+

\naw taza hiv` f`keglak| |nh| a~fnhkda zh|av t`qil zabhgk v|hjia) v` |naw lgl k`| naldahdhgkv| a~fnhkda zh|a zgvc+ E`zagdk jhkcv) iaklgkd gk l`iihzv h| i`t zh|av) lgl k`| hlaxqh|aiwgkf`zp`zh|a laehqi| zgvc gk|` |na za|qzkv |naw zaxqgzal |` iakl |` |na zadg`k+ \ngv bgdn| nhuazaeiaf|al gzzh|g`khi a~qjazhkfa .ge gkuav|`zv taza jigklal jw bgzhfqi`qv dz`t|n zh|av' `zb`zhi nh}hzl .ge e`zagdk iaklazv jaigaual |na GBE t`qil jhgi |nab `q| ge h fzgvgv `ffqzzal'+E`z tnh|auaz zahv`k) laehqi| zgvcv taza k`| hlaxqh|aiw gkf`zp`zh|al gk|` zaxqgzal za|qzkv.vaa |na lgvfqvvg`k gk W`vng|`bg :??6'+

5 E`z a~hbpia) gk Gkl`kavgh `uaz |na pazg`l 87>48775 |na huazhda gk|azav| zh|a e`z QV l`iihz i`hkv thv 7!)tngia |nh| e`z i`fhi j`zz`tgkd thv 8>! .]nqhkd a| hi+ :???'+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

1

Egdqza 8= A~p`z|v) Gbp`z|v) hkl |zhla Jhihkfa `e HVAHK F`qk|zgav

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

5

Egdqza := Dz`vv Fhpg|hi E`zbh|g`k hkl Dz`vv Vhugkd hv h _azfak| `e DL_ e`z HVAHKF`qk|zgav

HVAHK"1 Dz vv L`bav|gf Vhugkd hkl Dz`vv L`bav|gf Fhpg|hi E`zbh|g`k

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61

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

4

Egdqza 6= Zahi A~fnhkda Zh|a `e Gkl`kavgh) Bhihwvgh) |na _ngigppgkav) hkl \nhgihkl+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

>

Egdqza

8771 8775 8774 877> 8777 :??? :??8 :??: :??6 :??< :??1 :??5 :??4 :??>_azfak|`eF`qk|zw$vDL_

Gkl`kav gh Bhihwv gh _ngigppgkav \nhgihkl

V`qzfa= HVAHK Vafza|hzgh| ELG V|h|gv|gfv .n||p=//ttt+hvahkvaf+`zd/::8::+n|b'

Hv |na fzgvgv vqjvglal hkl ELG ei`tv f`k|gkqal) vauazhi Ahv| Hvghk f`qk|zgav hdhgk ehfalpzavvqza e`z |nagz fqzzakfgav |` hppzafgh|a+ Fak|zhi jhkcv gk |na zadg`k cap| a~fnhkda zh|avi`t jw gk|azuakgkd gk e`zagdk a~fnhkda bhzca|v hkl pqzfnhvgkd Qkg|al V|h|av .QV'vafqzg|gav+ @eegfghi n`ilgkdv `e QV hvva|v jw e`zagdk fak|zhi jhkcv gkfzahval jw b`za |nhkQV,: |zgiig`k ja|taak :??: hkl :??>+

Abazdgkd Ahv| Hvghk fak|zhi jhkcv gk j`|n |na fzgvgv"ng| f`qk|zgav .Gkl`kavgh) |na Zapqjigf `e

C`zah .nazahe|az C`zah') Bhihwvgh) |na _ngigppgkav) hkl \nhgihkl' hkl `|naz af`k`bgav._ZF) Vgkdhp`za) hkl \hgpag)Fngkh' hffqbqih|al e`zagdk a~fnhkda zavazuav e`z |nae`ii`tgkd zahv`kv= 8' \` ja pzaphzal e`z hk`|naz fhpg|hi hff`qk| fzgvgv fnhzhf|azg}al jwbhvvgua zauazvhiv `e vn`z|"|azb fhpg|hi |nh| fhk |zgddaz j`|n h fqzzakfw f`iihpva lqa |` |nalzhgk `k e`zagdk zavazuav hkl h jhkcgkd fzgvgv lqa |` |na vnhzp gkfzahva gk a~|azkhi ighjgig|gav`k |na jhihkfa vnaa|v `e jhkcv hkl egzbv3 hkl :' \` bhgk|hgk f`bpa|g|gua a~fnhkda zh|av gk`zlaz |` vqv|hgk |na a~p`z|"`zgak|al |nzqv|v `e |nagz af`k`bgav+

F`bpa|g|gua a~fnhkda zh|av) lafzahvav gk l`bav|gf gkuav|bak| zaih|gua |` vhugkd) hkl zhpgldz`t|n gk |na QV va| |na v|hda e`z h vqzda gk a~p`z|v ez`b Hvgh .vaa Egdqza 8'+ Tnazahvjae`za |na fzgvgv |`` bhkw zav`qzfav taza lau`|al |` zavglak|ghi hkl k`k"zavglak|ghigkuav|bak|) he|az |na fzgvgv |na e`fqv vnge|al |` a~p`z|v tg|ngk Ahv| Hvghk pz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv+

Egdqza 1 vn`tv |na v|zqf|qza `e a~p`z|v e`z HVAHK f`qk|zgav gk :??4 .mqv| jae`za |na Di`jhiEgkhkfghi Fzgvgv'+ \na egdqza gklgfh|av |nh| f`qk|zgav gk |na zadg`k hza egzbiw m`gkal |` zadg`khipz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv fak|azal hz`qkl |na aiaf|z`kgfv gklqv|zw+ \nhgihkl gv hiv` phz| `e hdi`jhi uhiqa fnhgk fak|azal hz`qkl |na hq|`b`jgia gklqv|zw+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

7

Egdqza 1= HVAHKv A~p`z|v jw _z`lqf| Fh|ad`zw) :??4

K`|a= Ihj`z"gk|akvgua Bhkqehf|qzav gkfiqlav fhzpa|v) fi`|ngkd) ehjzgfv) eqzkg|qza) ckg|tahz) iah|naz d``lv) hkl whzkv+Aiaf|z`kgfv gkfiqlav f`kvqbaz aiaf|z`kgfv) |aiaf`bbqkgfh|g`k axqgpbak|) f`bpq|az axqgpbak| aiaf|z`kgf

f`bp`kak|v) `p|gfv) fi`fcbhcgkd) hkl pzafgvg`k gkv|zqbak|v+ K+a+v+ zaeazv |` pz`lqf| fh|ad`zgav |nh| hza k`|vpafgegal aivatnaza+

V`qzfa= FA_GG"FNAIAB Lh|hjhva+

Tg|ngk |nava ka|t`zcv) Mhphk) C`zah) \hgpag)Fngkh hkl BKFv i`fh|al gk HVAHK f`qk|zgavpz`lqfa v`pngv|gfh|al |afnk`i`dw"gk|akvgua gk|azbalgh|a d``lv hkl fhpg|hi d``lv hkl vngp|nab |` _ZF hkl HVAHK e`z hvvabjiw jw zaih|guaiw i`t vcgiial t`zcazv+ \na egkgvnalpz`lqf|v hza |nak a~p`z|al |nz`qdn`q| |na t`zil+ \na ig`kv vnhza) |n`qdn) nhv d`ka |` |naQkg|al V|h|av) Aqz`pa) hkl Mhphk+

Tg|n |na v|hz| `e |na di`jhi egkhkfghi fzgvgv) labhkl gk |na QV hkl |na zav| `e |na t`zil e`zv`pngv|gfh|al bhkqehf|qzal d``lv pz`lqfal tg|ngk Ahv| Hvghk vqppiw fnhgkv gbbalgh|aiwpiqbba|al+ \` vaa n`t |nava a~p`z|v hza ehzgkd gk |na he|azbh|n `e |na fzgvgv g| gv naipeqi |`

i``c h| Mhphkv aiaf|z`kgf phz|v hkl f`bp`kak|v a~p`z|v |` HVAHK hkl HVAHKv bhfngkazwhkl |zhkvp`z| axqgpbak| a~p`z|v |` |na QV Mhphk gv h iahlgkd a~p`z|az `e phz|v hklf`bp`kak|v |` HVAHK) hkl |na QV gv h iahlgkd gbp`z|az `e v`pngv|gfh|al hvvabjial d``lvez`b HVAHK+ Gk hllg|g`k) j`|n Mhphk hkl |na QV pz`ugla |gbaiw) ngdn xqhig|w a~p`z| hklgbp`z| lh|h+ \nqv |nava lh|h vn`qil hf| hv iahlgkd gklgfh|`zv `e |zhla tg|ngk zadg`khipz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv+

Egdqza 5 vn`tv Mhphkv a~p`z|v `e aiaf|z`kgf phz|v hkl f`bp`kak|v |` HVAHK+ \na egdqzae`fqvav `k a~p`z|v |` Bhihwvgh) |na _ngigppgkav) hkl \nhgihkl) vgkfa |na ig`kv vnhza `epz`favvgkd |zhla |` HVAHK d`av |nz`qdn |nava f`qk|zgav+ Egdqza 4 vn`tv bhfngkazw hkl|zhkvp`z| a~p`z|v ez`b Bhihwvgh) |na _ngigppgkav) hkl \nhgihkl |` |na QV G| gv fiahz gk Egdqza5 |nh|) hv `e Lafabjaz :??7) phz|v hkl f`bp`kak|v a~p`z|v ez`b Mhphk |` HVAHK nhl

vqjv|hk|ghiiw zaf`uazal+ Tngia v|gii jai`t |na iauaiv `e zafak| wahzv) |naw zaj`qklal b`za|nhk 4?! ez`b |nagz i`tv gk ahziw :??7+ G| gv fiahz gk Egdqza 4 |nh|) hv `e Lafabjaz :??7)bhfngkazw hkl |zhkvp`z| a~p`z|v ez`b HVAHK |` |na QV nhl hiv` zaf`uazal+ Tngia jai`t|na iauaiv `e zafak| wahzv) |naw nhua zaj`qklal b`za |nhk 1?! ez`b |nagz i`tv gk ahziw:??7+ Gk hllg|g`k) |na gkfzahva gk phz|v hkl f`bp`kak|v a~p`z|v ez`b Mhphk |` HVAHK gk |navaf`kl nhie `e :??7 pz`jhjiw pzavhdav h eqz|naz gkfzahva gk egkhi d``lv a~p`z|v ez`b HVAHKf`qk|zgav gk eq|qza b`k|nv+ \nqv g| gv n`pal |nh| a~p`z|v pz`lqfal tg|ngk Ahv| Hvghkpz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv fhk f`k|gkqa |` vqpp`z| labhkl gk HVAHK) hi|n`qdn |naw bhw k`| jahjia |` pihw hv ihzda h z`ia hv |naw lgl jae`za |na fzgvgv+

Zqjjaz hz|gfiav .gkfi+ |gzav' .?+74!'Bgvfaiihka`qv bhkqe+ hz|gfiav .?+77!'

_hpaz .8+?:!'Mataizw) t`zcv e hz| .8+?6!'

Aiaf|zgfhi axqgpbak| .8+?6!'

T``l hz|gfiav .8+?7!'\`gia|zgav .8+81!'Bgvfaiihka qv nhzlthza .8+:6!'

K`k eazz`qv ba|hiv .8+58!'Jhvgf `zdhkgf fnabgfhiv .8+46!'

K+a+v+ pz`lqf|v .8+71!'K`k eazz`qv `zav .:+:7!'

_ihv|gf hz|gfiav .:+6:!'Aiaf|zgfhi hpphzh|qv .6+!'

Ihj`z Gk|akvgua Bhkqehf|qzav .7+68!'E``l hdzgfqi|qza .8:+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

8?

Egdqza 5= Aiaf|z`kgf _hz|v hkl F`bp`kak|v A~p`z|v ez`b Mhphk |` Bhihwvgh) |na_ngigppgkav hkl \nhgihkl

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

88

@k h b`za dakazhi iauai) bhkw nhua hzdqal |nh| a~p`z|"ial dz`t|n gk Hvgh nhv `q|igual g|vqvaeqikavv .vaa HLJ :??7'+ N`tauaz) hv _hzc .:??7' hzdqal) g| gv naipeqi |` lgv|gkdqgvnja|taak hk a~p`z|"ial dz`t|n v|zh|adw .AIDV' hkl a~p`z|"ial dz`t|n .AID'+ Qklaz AIDV|na gkfak|gua v|zqf|qza gv jghval gk ehu`z `e a~p`z|v tngia qklaz AID g| gv k`|+ Ge HVAHKf`qk|zgav fhk `uaz |gba aigbgkh|a |na jghv gk ehu`z `e a~p`z|v .a+d+) A~p`z| _z`favvgkd ]`kavgk |na _ngigppgkav') |nak lapaklgkd `k f`bphzh|gua hluhk|hda a~p`z|v fhk f`k|gkqa |` ja hlzguaz `e dz`t|n gk |na zadg`k+

@ka jakaeg| |nh| pz`favvgkd |zhla pz`uglav e`z HVAHK f`qk|zgav gv |nh| bqi|gkh|g`khif`zp`zh|g`kv .BKFv' pihw h ihzda z`ia gk |na pz`lqf|g`k hkl lgv|zgjq|g`k pz`favvav+ BKFvhza vcgiial h| egklgkd kat v`qzfav `e labhkl hkl h| |hgi`zgkd pz`lqf|g`k |` |na kaalv `e |nabhzca|pihfa+ Auak ge labhkl gk |na QV hkl Aqz`pa nhv ehiiak) BKFv vn`qil ja hjia |` egklkat bhzca|v |` a~pi`g|+ \nqv pz`favval a~p`z|v vn`qil f`k|gkqa |` pihw h z`ia gk HVAHKaf`k`bgav+ Hvvqbgkd |nh| |naw l`) |naw `eeaz |na p`|ak|ghi |` aeeaf|qh|a |afnk`i`dgfhi|zhkveaz hkl |` pz`b`|a gklqv|zghi qpdzhlgkd gk |na zadg`k+

6+ AHV\ HVGHK _Z@LQF\G@K KA\T@ZCV4

Zadg`khi pz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv nhua hii`tal egzbv |` a~pi`g| f`bphzh|gua hluhk|hda jwvigfgkd qp i`kd pz`lqf|g`k pz`favvav hkl hii`fh|gkd |na pz`lqf|g`k ji`fcv fzah|al gk |ngv thw|nz`qdn`q| Hvgh+ Hv Eqch` a| hi+ .:??:' k`|a) |na pz`lqf|g`k pz`favvav `e hk gklqv|zw .a+d+)|na aiaf|z`kgfv gklqv|zw' nhv jaak vpig| gk|` ezhdbak|al pz`lqf|g`k ji`fcv |nh| fhk ja i`fh|algk lgeeazak| f`qk|zgav hkl uaz|gfhi gk|zh"gklqv|zw |zhla gv avvak|ghiiw jhval `k lgeeazakfav gkehf|`z akl`tbak|v gk |na ezhdbak|al pz`lqf|g`k ji`fcv ja|taak lauai`pgkd) abazdgkd) hkllauai`pal af`k`bgav gk |na zadg`k+

Tg|ngk |nava ka|t`zcv Mhphk) C`zah) hkl \hgpag)Fngkh pzgbhzgiw pz`lqfa ngdn"|afn phz|v hklf`bp`kak|v hkl _ZF) Bhihwvgh) |na _ngigppgkav) hkl \nhgihkl pzgbhzgiw paze`zb i`taz"vcgiial hvvabjiw `pazh|g`kv+ Zhvghn .:??7' zap`z|v |nh| vcgii hkl zavahzfn hkl lauai`pbak|

gk|akvg|w iauaiv gk |na aiaf|z`kgfv gklqv|zw hza `e|ak `zlazv `e bhdkg|qla ngdnaz gk C`zah hkl\hgpag)Fngkh |nhk gk HVAHK+ Hqv|zgh .:??>' egklv |nh| _ZF hkl HVAHK e`fqv `k |na ihj`z"gk|akvgua hvvabjiw `e aiaf|z`kgfv d``lv) hkl |nh| `zgdgkhi axqgpbak| bhkqehf|qzgkd .@AB'hkl `zgdgkhi jzhkl bhkqehf|qzgkd .@JB' hf|gug|gav |hca pihfa gk b`za hluhkfal Hvghkaf`k`bgav+

Vgkfa |na _ZF hkl HVAHK paze`zb pzgbhzgiw i`t"vcgiial hvvabjiw `pazh|g`kv) ig||ia `e |nauhiqa"hllal gk |na aiaf|z`kgfv gklqv|zw f`bav ez`b |nava f`qk|zgav+ C``pbhk) Thkd) hklTag .:??>' zap`z| |nh| |na _ZFv uhiqa"hllal gk |na f`bpq|az gklqv|zw gv vbhii+ Qvgkdbh|nabh|gfhi pz`dzhbbgkd |afnkgxqav hkl la|hgial lh|h ez`b |zhla v|h|gv|gfv hkl gkpq|"`q|pq| |hjiav |naw egkl |nh| _ZF uhiqa"hllal gk aiaf|z`kgf f`bpq|azv gv iavv |nhk 1!+Hdhzthiih .:??1' zap`z|al |nh| |na _ngigppgkav uhiqa"hllal gk |na aiaf|z`kgfv gklqv|zw gv hiv`vbhii+ Gk h f`bpzanakvgua v|qlw) na e`qkl |nh| |na i`fhi uhiqa"hllal gv iavv |nhk 81!+Hqv|zgh .:??>' vgbgihziw f`kfiqlal) jhval `k h la|hgial hkhiwvgv `e gbp`z| hkl a~p`z| lh|h)|nh| HVAHKv aiaf|z`kgfv a~p`z|v hza ngdniw gbp`z|"lapaklak| hkl |nh| l`bav|gf uhiqa"hllal gv bgkgbhi+

Mg|vqfn`k hkl Vqvvhkdchzk .:??7' k`|al |nh| |na ngdn lapaklakfa `k gbp`z|v gv h v|zqf|qzhitahckavv e`z HVAHK babjazv `e zadg`khi pz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv+ HVAHK f`qk|zgav t`qiljakaeg| ge b`za `e |na uhiqa"hllal f`qil ja pz`lqfal l`bav|gfhiiw+

N`t fhk HVAHK f`qk|zgav gkfzahva |na l`bav|gf f`k|ak| `e a~p`z|v0 \` l` |ngv |naw kaal|` hluhkfa ez`b vgbpia |` f`bpia~ pz`lqf|g`k hf|gug|gav) ez`b hvvabjigkd gbp`z|al phz|v hklf`bp`kak|v |` phz|gfgph|gkd gk |na akdgkaazgkd hkl lavgdk hvpaf|v `e pz`lqf|g`k0

4\ngv vaf|g`k lzhtv `k \n`zjafca hkl W`vng|`bg .:??5'+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

8:

Hv Igb hkl Cgbqzh .:??7' lgvfqvval) h fzqfghi v|ap gv e`z i`fhi egzbv hkl ak|zapzakaqzv |``j|hgk |afnk`i`dw |zhkveazv hkl p`vg|gua vpgii`uazv ez`b |na `pazh|g`k `k bqi|gkh|g`khif`zp`zh|g`kv gk |nagz f`qk|zgav+ E`z |ngv |` nhppak) |naw hzdqal) |na hjv`zp|gua fhphfg|w `e|na f`qk|zw bqv| lauai`p+ \naw v|h|a |nh|=

_`igfwbhcazv gk ILFv bqv| ja ph|gak| qk|gi |naw hza n`v|gkd h fzg|gfhi

bhvv `e ELG) zh|naz |nhk nhv|giw gk|z`lqfgkd paze`zbhkfazaxqgzabak|v e`z |afnk`i`dw |zhkveazv+ @kfa |na vaal `e gklqv|zghihddi`bazh|g`k nhv jaak pihk|al) i`fhi egzbv hkl ak|zapzakaqzv tgiinhua hbpia `pp`z|qkg|gav e`z paka|zh|gkd gk|` pz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv)tngfn tgii auak|qhiiw hffaiazh|a |afnk`i`dw |zhkveazv hkl vpgii`uazv+>

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87 \ngv l`fqbak| thv pzaphzal jw |na HVAHK F`kvqi|h|gua F`bbg||aa `k V|hklhzlv hkl Xqhig|w .:??1' |` dqglahii HVAHK J`lgav t`zcgkd gk |na hzahv `e v|hklhzlv hkl f`ke`zbhkfa gk gbpiabak|gkd bahvqzav `kv|hklhzlv) |afnkgfhi zadqih|g`kv hkl f`ke`zbg|w hvvavvbak| pz`falqzav+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

:?

Egdqza >= Vnhza `e Bhm`z V`qzfav `e ELG Gkei`tv |` HVAHK) :??>

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V`qzfa= HVAHKW`qz Dh|athw |` Af`k`bgf F`bbqkg|w .:??7'+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

:8

Egdqza 8?= ELG Gkei`tv |` HVAHK Babjaz F`qk|zgav

Bhihwvgh

88+>7!

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?!

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\na `|naz bhm`z gkg|gh|gua `e |na HAF gv zadg`khi egkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k+ Egkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`khb`kd |na HVAHK babjaz f`qk|zgav gv zaih|guaiw tahc hkl |na HVAHK hv h zadg`k gvhb`kd |na iahv| egkhkfghiiw gk|adzh|al tg|n |na di`jhi bhzca| .Agfnakdzaak hkl _hzc :??h3 Hilhjh hkl Whp :??4'+ \naza gv hiv` auglakfa `e egkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k gk Ahv|Hvgh) jq| |na Ahv| Hvghk f`qk|zgav hza b`za gk|adzh|al tg|n |na zav| `e |na t`zil |nhk tg|n`ka hk`|naz .Iaa) Vngk) hkl _hzc :??43 Hilhjh hkl Whp :??4'+ Gk dakazhi) egkhkfghigk|adzh|g`k gv ugatal naipeqi gk |na pz`favv `e af`k`bgf lauai`pbak|) |nqv |na HAF gvf`bbg||al |` igkc |na HVAHK tg|n |na zav| `e Hvgh tg|n h dzah|az d`hi `e gk|adzh|gkd g|vaie tg|n|na zav| `e |na t`zil+

HVAHK egkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k fhk ehfgig|h|a gk|zh"HVAHK |zhla hkl gkuav|bak| hkl pz`b`|adzah|az egkhkfghi v|hjgig|w+ \hchdg .:??>' k`|av |nh|hi|n`qdn g| nhv zgvcvgk|zh"zadg`khiegkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k gv dakazhiiw jakaegfghi |` |na HVAHK zadg`k jafhqva gk |na i`kd zqk hi`fhi"fqzzakfw eqklal j`kl bhzca| gv kafavvhzw |` v|gbqih|a gkuav|bak| hkl egkhkfagklqv|zgav+ Gk|adzh|g`k f`qil hiv` ja hk aeeaf|gua bafnhkgvb `e fnhkkaigkd Hvghv vhugkdv |`caw zadg`khi gkuav|bak|v vqfn hv gkezhv|zqf|qza pz`maf|v+ Hilhjh hkl Whp .:??7' hllal |nh|g| hii`tv e`z tglaz p`z|e`ig` lguazvgegfh|g`k gk |na zadg`k+ Hv `e :??>) `kiw 4+6! `e HVAHKve`zagdk p`z|e`ig` gkuav|bak| hvva|v taza gkuav|al gk HVAHK) vqddav|gkd |nh| HVAHK v|gii nhvbqfn z``b e`z gbpz`uabak| gk |ngv hzah+ N`tauaz |ngv tgii zaxqgza h faz|hgk ladzaa `e fhpg|hihff`qk| igjazhig}h|g`k hb`kd HVAHK babjaz f`qk|zgav |` akvqza |nh| fhpg|hi fhk b`uavb``|niw ez`b vqzpiqv f`qk|zgav |` laegfg| f`qk|zgav+ Egkhiiw) dguak |na gbp`z|hkfa `e i`fhi

gke`zbh|g`k hkl f`bb`k |gba }`kav gk Hvgh) i`taz fz`vv"j`zlaz |zhkvhf|g`k f`v|v hll |` |najakaeg|v `e zadg`khi egkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k .\hchdg :??>) Dhzfgh"Nazzaz` hkl T``ilzglda:??4'+

Hvgla ez`b pz`b`|gkd egkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k gk |na zadg`k) ta hzdqa |nh| HVAHK f`qk|zgavkaal |` lauai`p |nagz egkhkfghi vwv|abv hkl h||zhf| pzguh|a gkuav|bak|+ Hv bak|g`kal ahzigaz)gkuav|bak| zh|g`v gk HVAHK f`qk|zgav eaii he|az |na Hvghk egkhkfghi fzgvgv hkl nhua zabhgkali`t+ Gklqv|zghi qpdzhlgkd zaxqgzav b`za pzguh|a gkuav|bak|) tngfn gk |qzk zaxqgzav h ugjzhk|)v|hjia hkl aeegfgak| egkhkfghi vwv|ab |nh| fhk b`jgig}a l`bav|gf zav`qzfav hkl ELG hklhii`fh|a |nab |` |na gklqv|zgav |nh| fhk jav| q|gig}a |nab+

Fqzzak|iw) HVAHK f`qk|zgav hza nahugiw jhkc"lapaklak| .\hjia 6'+ Vgkfa |na Hvghk egkhkfghifzgvgv) |na HVAHK f`qk|zgav nhua bhla vqjv|hk|ghi pz`dzavv gk v|zakd|nakgkd |nagz jhkcgkd

vwv|abv+ Gk phz|gfqihz) |na zh|g` `e k`kpaze`zbgkd i`hkv |` |`|hi i`hkv `e f`bbazfghi jhkcvnhv lz`ppal vgdkgegfhk|iw jw :??> .Egdqza 88'+ N`tauaz) lavpg|a |ngv p`vg|gua lauai`pbak|)

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

::

jhkc vpzahlv nhua tglakal gk HVAHK f`qk|zgav) vqddav|gkd |nh| gkaeegfgakfgav gk |najhkcgkd vwv|ab bhw nhua gkfzahval .Egdqza 8:'+ \ngv gv hk hzah |nh| HVAHK f`qk|zgav kaal|` hllzavv v` |nh| gklqv|zgav fhk nhua hffavv |` jhkc i`hkv) avpafghiiw i`kd"|azb i`hkv) h|zahv`khjia zh|av+

\hjia 6= Vg}a hkl F`bp`vg|g`k `e Egkhkfghi Vwv|ab) :??> .! `e DL_'

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j

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K`|av= h Egkhkfghi hvva| lh|h e`z Gkl`kavgh e`z :??8 hkl :??4+ j Bhzca| fhpg|hig}h|g`k hv ! e DL_ gk i`fhi fqzzakfwqkg|+

V`qzfav= @ZAG f`kvqi|hk| fhifqih|g`kv qvgkd lh|h ez`b kh|g`khi v`qzfav .hffavval |nz`qdn FAGF hkl tajvg|av')HvghkJ`klv@kigka) Lh|hv|zahb) GBE T`zil Af`k`bgf @q|i``c Lh|hjhva .Hpzgi :??7') Jhkc e Gk|azkh|g`khiVa||iabak|v JGV') Af`k`bgv| Gk|aiigdakfa Qkg| .AGQ') Gk|azkh|g`khi Egkhkfghi V|h|gv|gfv) hkl T`zil Ealazh|g`k eA~fnhkdav+

Egdqza 88= Zh|g` `e K`kpaze`zbgkd I`hkv |` \`|hi I`hkv `e F`bbazfghi Jhkcv)

:??? hkl :??> .gk !'

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eF`bbazfghijh

kci`hkv

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K`|av= _azfak| e f`bbazfghi jhkc i`hkv hza zap`z|al e`z Gkl`kavgh) _ngigppgkav hkl \nhgihkl+ E`z Bhihwvgh)zap`z|al k`kpaze`zbgkd i`hkv hza fihvvgegal hv i`hkv `e za|hgi jhkcv+ \na dzhpnv vn`tv akl e wahz `jvazuh|g`k)a~fap| e`z |na e`ii`tgkd f`qk|zgav= :??> lh|h e`z Bhihwvgh hza hv `e Bhw :??> hkl :??> lh|h e`z \nhgihkl hv `e Bhzfn:??>+

V`qzfa= Hvghk Zadg`khi Gk|adzh|g`k Fak|az .HZGF' tajvg|a

.Huhgihjia=n||p=//hzgf+hlj+`zd/bhfz`Pgklgfh|`zv+pnp0fh|ad`zw285%f`qk|zw28

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

:6

Egdqza 8:= Lgeeazakfav ja|taak Iaklgkd hkl Lap`vg| Zh|av) :??? hkl :??4 .gk !'

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:

8?

8:

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|pazhkkqb

Gkl`kavgh Bhihwvgh _ngigppgkav \nhgihkl Uga| Khb

:??? :??4

K`|a= :??4 lh|h hza qval e`z hii f`qk|zgav a~fap| e`z Uga| Khb+ :??5 lh|h hza qval e`z Uga| Khb jafhqva :??4 lh|hhza qkhuhgihjia+

V`qzfav= GBE Gk|azkh|g`khi Egkhkfghi V|h|gv|gfv Jhkcgkd V|h|gv|gfv Lh|hjhva3 HLJ :??>j+

\naza nhua jaak aee`z|v |` hffaiazh|a lauai`pbak| `e |na axqg|w hkl j`kl bhzca|v |`pz`ugla |na pzguh|a vaf|`z tg|n hi|azkh|gua v`qzfav `e eqklgkd+ B`za vpafgegfhiiw) HVAHKf`qk|zgav nhua gbpz`ual |na vqpazugv`zw hkl zadqih|`zw ezhbat`zc e`z |na axqg|w hkl j`klbhzca|v) b`lazkg}al egkhkfghi gkezhv|zqf|qza gkfiqlgkd |zhlgkd/hqf|g`k pih|e`zbv hklhff`qk|gkd vwv|abv) hkl gk|z`lqfal h ezhbat`zc e`z aknhkfgkd f`zp`zh|a d`uazkhkfa+\nava bahvqzav nhua wgailal p`vg|gua zavqi|v avpafghiiw gk |na fhva `e |na axqg|w bhzca|tnazagk vgdkgegfhk| gkfzahvav gk bhzca| fhpg|hig}h|g`k |``c pihfa lqzgkd |na pazg`l :??

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

:f'+ \ngv gv `ka hzah |nh| HVAHK f`qk|zgav bqv| hllzavv gk`zlaz |` hffaiazh|a |na lauai`pbak| `e i`fhi fqzzakfw j`kl bhzca|v+ Av|hjigvngkd h zadg`khizh|gkd hdakfw f`bphzhjia tg|n |na a~gv|gkd di`jhi zh|gkd hdakfgav t`qil ja `ka v`iq|g`k+

5+ F@KFIQVG@K

\ngv phpaz nhv |zhfal |na aeeaf|v `e |na Ahv| Hvghk Bgzhfia) |na 8774877> Hvghk Fzgvgv)|na Zaf`uazw) hkl |na :??>:??7 Di`jhi Egkhkfghi Fzgvgv `k HVAHK f`qk|zgav+ G| |nak

f`kvglazal n`t HVAHK f`qk|zgav fhk vqv|hgk dz`t|n d`gkd e`zthzl+Lqzgkd |na Ahv| Hvghk Bgzhfia pnhva) iahzkgkd hkl |afnk`i`dw hvvgbgih|g`k pihwalgbp`z|hk| z`iav+ HVAHK f`qk|zgav zaigal `k ELG |` pz`lqfa hkl a~p`z| ihj`z"gk|akvgua d``lv+Gk |na pz`favv) i`fhi akdgkaazv iahzkal n`t |` qva |afnk`i`dgfhiiw"v`pngv|gfh|al fhpg|hid``lv+

B`za zafak|iw) |zhla"ELG"|afnk`i`dw igkchdav nhua ial |` |na p`|ak|ghi e`z hddi`bazh|g`k hkl|afnk`i`dw |zhkveaz gk HVAHK f`qk|zgav+ \` ehfgig|h|a |nava vpgii`uaz aeeaf|v HVAHKf`qk|zgav vn`qil vqv|hgk ELG"ezgakliw akugz`kbak|v+ Hv Igb hkl Cgbqzh .:??7' lgvfqvval)`kfa |na vaalv `e gklqv|zghi hddi`bazh|g`k |hcav z``|) i`fhi egzbv zafagua hjqklhk|`pp`z|qkg|gav |` m`gk pz`lqf|g`k ka|t`zcv+ \` h||zhf| ELG) HVAHK f`qk|zgav kaal |` azhlgfh|af`zzqp|g`k) pz`ugla f`kvgv|ak| hkl f`nazak| ake`zfabak| `e ihtv hkl zadqih|g`kv h| hii

d`uazkbak|hi iauaiv) hkl bhgk|hgk v|hjia bhfz`af`k`bgf eqklhbak|hiv+HVAHK f`qk|zgav vn`qil hiv` f`k|gkqa |` e`fqv `k iahzkgkd hkl e`v|azgkd |na lauai`pbak| `efzah|gua gklqv|zgav+ \` figbj |na uhiqa fnhgk gk |ngv thw |naw kaal |` gkuav| gk nqbhkfhpg|hi+ \ngv gkfiqlav pz`uglgkd fngilzak tg|n hlaxqh|a kq|zg|g`k) nahi|nfhza) hkl pzgbhzwalqfh|g`k) pz`uglgkd ngdn vfn``i v|qlak|v tg|n h ngdn xqhig|w alqfh|g`k gk vfgakfa hkl bh|n)hkl pz`uglgkd qkguazvg|w v|qlak|v tg|n vfgak|gegf hkl akdgkaazgkd |zhgkgkd+ \na alqfh|g`khivwv|ab vn`qil hiv` ja fhzaeqi |` pz`ugla v|qlak|v tg|n bhzca|hjia vcgiiv |nh| jqvgkavvavkaal+

\` naip egkhkfa |nava a~paklg|qzav) eqklv |nh| |na d`uazkbak| fqzzak|iw vpaklv |` pz`b`|aa~p`z|v hkl h||zhf| ELG f`qil ja zalgzaf|al |`thzlv lauai`pgkd nqbhk fhpg|hi+ \ngv t`qilnaip |na zadg`k hluhkfa ez`b paze`zbgkd vgbpia pz`lqf|g`k hf|gug|gav |` f`bpia~ `kav) hkl

ez`b hvvabjigkd gbp`z|al phz|v hkl f`bp`kak|v |` phz|gfgph|gkd gk |na akdgkaazgkd hkllavgdk hvpaf|v `e pz`lqf|g`k+ \ngv gk |qzk t`qil pz`ugla HVAHK f`qk|zgav tg|n h z`jqv|e`qklh|g`k e`z dz`t|n hkl lauai`pbak| d`gkd e`zthzl+

Gklqv|zghi qpdzhlgkd hiv` zaxqgzav b`za pzguh|a gkuav|bak|+ \ngv fhk ja ehfgig|h|al jw jqgilgkdh ugjzhk|) v|hjia) hkl aeegfgak| egkhkfghi vwv|ab+ Hi|n`qdn vgdkgegfhk| pz`dzavv nhv jaak bhlagk |ngv zadhzl vgkfa |na Hvghk egkhkfghi fzgvgv) b`za kaalv |` ja l`ka |` gbpz`ua |naaeegfgakfw `e |na jhkcgkd vwv|ab hkl |` lauai`p |na axqg|w hkl j`kl bhzca|v+ Egkhiiw)HVAHK vn`qil pz`b`|a zadg`khi egkhkfghi gk|adzh|g`k v` |nh| b`za `e |na zadg`kv vhugkdvfhk ja fnhkkaial |` ngdn"wgailgkd gkuav|bak|v gk |na zadg`k vqfn hv gkezhv|zqf|qza pz`maf|vhkl ak|zapzakaqzghi hf|gug|gav+

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HLJG T`zcgkd _hpaz :1? \n`zjafca) Ihbjaz|a) C`b`|`

:1

ZAEAZAKFAV

Hdhzthiih) D+ :??1+ _ngigppgkav= Aiaf|z`kgf axqgpbak| pz`lqf|g`k hkl bhkqehf|qzgkd+

T`zil Jhkc T`zcgkd _hpaz) Thvngkd|`k) LF= T`zil Jhkc+

Hilhjh) Z+ hkl M+ Whp+ :??7+ Gkuav|bak| hkl Fhpg|hi Ei`tv= Gbpigfh|g`kv `e |na HVAHKAf`k`bgf F`bbqkg|w+ Lgvfqvvg`k _hpaz Vazgav K`+ :??7"?8+ Bhkgih= _ngigppgkaGkv|g|q|a e`z Lauai`pbak| V|qlgav+

Hiiak) E+ :???+ Egkhkfghi V|zqf|qza hkl Egkhkfghi Fzgvgv+ Hvghk Lauai`pbak| Jhkc .HLJ'Gkv|g|q|a .HLJG' T`zcgkd _hpaz K`+ 8?+ \`cw`= HLJG+

HVAHK+ :??7+ HVAHK Af`k`bgf F`bbqkg|w Fnhz|j``c+ Mhchz|h= HVAHK+

HVAHK Af`k`bgf F`bbqkg|w .HAF' Jiqapzgk|+ :??4+.Huhgihjia=n||p=//ttt+hvahkvaf+`zd/:8?>6+ple' Hffavval= 85 Eajzqhzw :?8?+

HVAHK Af`k`bgf Bgkgv|azv+ :??1+ Hdzaabak| |` Av|hjigvn hkl Gbpiabak| |na HVAHK

Vgkdia Tgkl`t+ .Huhgihjia h|n||p=//ttt+hvahkvaf+`zd/8>??1+n|b' Hffavval= 8:Hqdqv| :?8?+

Hvghk J`klv @kigka lh|hjhva+ Huhgihjia=n||p=//hvghkj`klv`kigka+hlj+`zd/vpzahlvnaa|v/ZD"IFWPgkPDL_PI`fhi+~iv.Hffavval > Bhzfn :?8?'+

HLJ+ :??4h+ Ih` _a`piav Lab`fzh|gf Zapqjigf hkl |na V`fghigv| Zapqjigf `e Uga| Khb= Dzah|azBac`kd Vqjzadg`k= Ahv|"Tav| \zhkvp`z| F`zzgl`z _z`maf|+ F`bpia|g`k Zap`z|+Bhklhiqw`kd Fg|w) _ngigppgkav= HLJ+

+ :??4j+ Cgkdl`b `e Fhbj`lgh hkl |na V`fghigv| Zapqjigf `e Uga| Khb= Dzah|az

Bac`kd Vqjzadg`k= _nk`b _akn |` N` Fng Bgkn Fg|w Ngdnthw _z`maf|+ F`bpia|g`k

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http://www.aseansec.org/21083.pdfhttp://www.aseansec.org/21083.pdfhttp://www.aseansec.org/21083.pdfhttp://www.aseansec.org/18005.htmhttp://www.aseansec.org/18005.htmhttp://www.aseansec.org/18005.htmhttp://asianbondsonline.adb.org/spreadsheets/RG-LCY_in_GDP_Local.xlshttp://asianbondsonline.adb.org/spreadsheets/RG-LCY_in_GDP_Local.xlshttp://asianbondsonline.adb.org/spreadsheets/RG-LCY_in_GDP_Local.xlshttp://asianbondsonline.adb.org/spreadsheets/RG-LCY_in_GDP_Local.xlshttp://www.aseansec.org/20531.pdfhttp://www.aseansec.org/20531.pdfhttp://www.aseansec.org/20531.pdfhttp://aric.adb.org/macro_indicators.php?category=16&country=14&frequency=5http://aric.adb.org/macro_indicators.php?category=16&country=14&frequency=5http://aric.adb.org/macro_indicators.php?category=16&country=14&frequency=5http://aric.adb.org/macro_indicators.php?category=16&country=14&frequency=5http://www.bis.org/http://www.bis.org/http://www.bis.org/http://www.bis.org/http://aric.adb.org/macro_indicators.php?category=16&country=14&frequency=5http://aric.adb.org/macro_indicators.php?category=16&country=14&frequency=5http://www.aseansec.org/20531.pdfhttp://asianbondsonline.adb.org/spreadsheets/RG-LCY_in_GDP_Local.xlshttp://asianbondsonline.adb.org/spreadsheets/RG-LCY_in_GDP_Local.xlshttp://www.aseansec.org/18005.htmhttp://www.aseansec.org/21083.pdf

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