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Promoters, planters, and pioneers: the course and

context of Belgian settlement in Western Canada

Jaenen, Cornelius J.

University of Calgary Press

Jaenen, Cornelius J., "Promoters, planters, and pioneers: the course and context of Belgian

settlement in Western Canada". Series: The West series 4, University of Calgary Press, Calgary,

Alberta, 2011.

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PROMOTERS, PLANTERS, AND PIONEERS: THE COURSE AND CONTEXT OF BELGIAN SETTLEMENT IN WESTERN CANADAby Cornelius J. JaenenISBN 978-1-55238-570-8

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337

Anseeuw, Tryphoon, 86Antwerp International Exhibition, 51aristocrats, 103–4, 105–6, 178–81Asselin, Olivar, 55, 278, 280assimilation, xi, 185, 190, 191, 196, 206, 235,

255, 257, 258, 264, 307, 318, 324, 325, 328

atrocities myth, 229, 322

BBacchus, Alphonse, 71, 250Baert, Gerard, 81Banque de Bruxelles, 212Banque de Commerce d’Anvers, 170, 213Banque d’Outre-Mer, 170, 212, 230Banque Lambert, 217Bareel, Louis, 21, 22Bareel, Xavier, 212, 213Barnard, Edouard, 45Barre, S.A., 83Baudoux, Maurice, 111, 114, 196, 197, 198,

222, 223, 259, 288, 300, 326, 331B.C. Sugar Refining Company, 92Beernaert, Auguste, 10, 21Beet Workers’ Industrial Union, 136, 137Behiels, Edward, 115Behiels, Joseph, 140Bekaert, 45, 218Belgian-Canadian Association of British

Columbia, 249Belgian-Canadian Chamber of Commerce,

81

A aboriginals. See Indiansabsorption capacity, 41acculturation, x–xiiAdam, François, 128–29, 231, 290Adam, Louis, 89adaptation, 22–23, 30, 37, 47–48, 75, 129,

131, 162, 235agricultural ideology, 98–99, 141, 184, 241agro-business, 87, 96, 209, 257agronomists, 98–99Aimé Gyselbrecht & Frères, 14Albert, Louis, 167, 285Alberta Company, 24, 167, 179Alberta Royal Commission on Coal Mining,

159, 172, 294Alberta Sugar Beet Growers, 137–38Allen Steamship Lines, 31, 39, 45, 53American College in Louvain, 148, 174, 184,

197, 332Americanism, 193Amerindians. See IndiansAnchor Line, 53Anderson, J.T.M., viii, 116, 257Anderson, Neville, 173Anglo-Belgian Treaty, 1862, 210anglo-conformity, viii, 69, 117, 131, 184, 197,

235, 255, 257, 264anthracite, 3, 147, 157, 159Anthracite Coal Company, 157anticlericalism, xi, 100, 153, 163, 172–74, 260Anseeuw, Hector, 86Anseeuw, Joseph, 87

I N DE X

P ROMOT E R S , P L A N T E R S , A N D P ION E E R S338

booking agents, 45, 53, 54boosterism, 103, 122, 177, 297, 298Borré, César, 249, 251Bossuyt, Charles, 79, 149, 150, 294, 312Bossuyt, Constant, 79, 84, 86Bossuyt, Marie, 150Bossuyt, Peter, 79, 149Bourassa, Henri, 46, 69, 175Boutal, Pauline, 250Boutry, Nestor, 161–62box shooting, 246Brabant, Auguste-Joseph, 197, 293Brabant, Léon, 4, 33, 47, 273, 277Brabant, Pierre, 245Brandon, 49, 66, 110, 188, 299Brandt, Yvette, 254, 281, 284, 300, 314, 326British Columbia Sugar Refineries, 136Brondel, Jean-Baptiste, 197Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy, 73, 240Bruneau, M., 12Brunin, Lucien, 24, 277Brunner, Joseph, 23Brussels International Exhibition, 1910, 5,

52, 55Bruxelles, vi, 20, 21, 36, 42, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70,

71–73, 88, 99, 110, 126, 194, 198, 200, 204, 205, 240, 246, 250, 251, 252, 262, 311, 312

Buck, Tim, 146Budka, Nykyta, 189Burgess, A.M., 39, 279Butterfly Publicity Company, 16, 275Buydens, Hector, 149

CCabeaux, Léon, 166Caisse Hypothécaire Anversoise, 178Calgary, vi, 15, 19, 25, 45, 69, 121, 122, 124,

125, 127, 128, 135, 157, 158, 159, 161, 168, 169, 184, 195, 212, 214, 217, 220, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 309, 310, 311

Campeau, Télésphore, 194, 200Camrose, vi, 128, 129, 231, 314Canada, image of, 1, 3–17, 33, 50, 58, 119,

151, 161, 162, 166, 178, 255, 267, 277, 317, 323, 329, 330

Belgian Club, 63, 80, 81, 205, 222, 230, 236–40, 243, 265

Belgian Credit Union, 239Belgian Estate Company of Canada, 213, 214Belgian Horse Ranch, 120, 124Belgian Mission, 229–30Belgian Mutual Benefit Society of Manitoba,

239Belgian Orchard Syndicate, 179, 180, 298,

327 Belgian regulations, 3, 9–12Belgian Town, 63, 79, 81, 111, 195, 223, 248,

258, 283, 330Belgian War Relief Fund, 125, 210, 223, 230,

238Belgo-Canadian Co-operative Society, 214Belgo-Canadian Fruit Lands Company, 177,

178, 212, 297, 298, 331Belgo-Canadian Land Company, 180Belgo-Canadian Trading Company, 215Beliveau, Arthur, 195, 241, 242Bellegarde, vi, 99–101, 109, 192, 194, 201,

202, 220, 228, 260–61, 265, 301, 307, 309, 315, 328, 333, 325, 335

Belprise, 212Bernier, T. Alfred, 17, 46, 49, 200, 275, 276,

279, 313Berns, Fédor, 14, 53Berns, Richard, 45, 51, 280bicycle racing, 244Bienfait, 110, 158bilingualism, 122, 184, 194, 203, 204, 236Bitsch, Theobald, 194Blairmore, vi, 159, 160, 162, 164, 172, 188,

227, 228, 234, 295, 303bloc settlement, xi, 20, 29, 34, 37, 38, 42, 65,

92, 100, 101, 103, 122, 139, 142–48, 187, 265

boarding house, 66, 79, 81, 82, 84, 162, 163, 192, 237, 284

Bockstael, Robert, 196, 222Bockstael, Theodore, 81Bodard, Auguste, 19, 20, 46, 49, 66, 68, 69,

276, 313Bodrug, John, 188, 299Bogaert, Emile, 73, 252Boissevain, 5, 74Bonne, Charles, 162bonus system, 52, 53, 54

339Index

Clemens, Henri, 86, 106Clemens, Jacob, 227, 267, 304Clouthier, Gabriel, 46, 66, 69, 281Club belge. See Belgian ClubCoal Banks. See LethbridgeCoal Mines Regulation Act, 154coal mining, xi, 30, 43, 110, 147–49, 150–57,

157–59, 159–66, 166–67, 168–70, 170–72

Cobblestone Manor, 251–52Cochrane, vi, 123, 124, 290, 314Cockerill-Sambre, 45, 211Coene, Servius, 129Colleaux, Edouard, 76colonization companies, 1, 29, 38, 77, 263colonizing clergy, xi, 4, 44, 76, 77, 114, 115,

191, 218, 228, 263Columba, 31Commissioner of Emigration, 9, 12, 17, 56,

134, 215Communist Party of Canada, 136, 146, 155,

159, 172–73, 291, 294, 296Comox, 153, 154Compagnie d’exploitations coloniales et

industrielles, 21Compagnie Immobilière et Agricole du

Canada. See Land and Agriculture Company of Canada

company towns, 148, 154, 156, 158, 160, 170–71

Comptoir Belgo-Canadien, 211consular service, 19, 23, 25, 135Cook, Maurice, 178Cornil, Antoine, 163, 243–44Courrier de Bruxelles, 20, 49, 199, 328Courrier de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 148Courrier du Nord-Ouest, 253Croonenbergh, Charles, 33, 277Crow’s Nest Pass, 147, 159–65, 192, 243, 260Crow’s Nest Pass Agreement, 64Cuelenaere, John, 222, 224Cuisine, 247Cultural activities, 249–62, 306, 331Cypress River, vi, 43, 67, 219, 246

Canadian Association for the Advancement of Netherlandic Studies, 251, 327, 330, 332

Canadian-Belgian Chamber of Commerce, 81, 215, 302, 303

Canadian Block Coal Company, 159, 169, 215Canadian Coal Consolidated, 160Canadian Commonwealth Federation (CCF),

116, 220–21Canadian Emigration Library, 46Canadian Expeditionary Force, 227–28Canadian High Commission, 7, 29, 39, 46,

56, 57, 121, 277Canadian Hydrocarbons, 216Canadian legend, 33Canadian National Railway, 16, 57, 88, 168,

176, 238, 311Canadian Northern Railway, 113, 170, 212Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), 8, 24, 32,

35, 36, 43, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 65, 67, 76, 77, 81, 82, 94, 100, 106, 107, 121, 122, 128, 130–31, 133, 134, 158, 175, 211–12, 215, 228, 277, 311

Canadian Pacific Steamships, 14Canadian Sugar Factories, 133, 136, 137Cannington Manor, 104, 106, 108Cantal, 100, 286, 287, 325Capron, Fernand, 164, 251Capuchins, 78, 192, 195, 196, 236, 240, 283,

311Carton de Wiart, Henri, 230Castelein de la Londe, André, 250, 304Catholic Immigration Association, 44Catholic schools, 184, 199–200, 201, 203Catholic syndicalism, 172, 174, 311, 327cattle ranching, 34, 103, 105–6, 112, 120, 121,

123–24, 158, 221, 290, 322Cercle Molière, 249, 250Ceylon, 111, 113, 227, 315chain migration, 25, 42, 63, 71, 101, 106–10,

265chain of parishes, 64, 66, 94–102cheese making, 22, 78, 83, 85, 103, 104, 105,

175, 209, 225Chéramy, Arthur, 260chicory, xi, 103–4Christmas. See St. NicolasCircular of 1884, 12

P ROMOT E R S , P L A N T E R S , A N D P ION E E R S340

De Roaldes, Georges, 124De Roo, Francis, 72, 259De Roo, Rémi, vii, 198, 222, 335De Roo, Victor, 89De Saurras, Henri, 103Desmet, Adile, 123Desmet, Joseph, 130De Smet, Pierre-Jean, 185, 298, 327, 330de Sola, Clarence, 13, 211, 275Desterbecq, Albert, 16Destrée, M., 12De Trémaudan, A., 106De Trémaudan, Désiré, 287, 335Devaux, Henri, 151Devilder, Henri, 181, 213Devilder, Joseph, 105–6De Volder, M., 68De Vos, Robert, 22, 59, 60, 70, 73, 76, 79, 85,

97, 122, 127, 139, 157, 211De Wetter, Joseph, 142D’Hearter, Frédéric, 18d’Hellencourt, Henri, 46, 69, 282, 331Didion, Marcel, 77Diedricks, Boniface, 194Diefenbaker, John, 41, 221diversification, 97, 106, 119, 180, 209Dobbelaere, René, 246Dominion & Temperley Line, 53Dominion Land Act, 29, 121, 289Doukhobors, 34, 35, 115, 225Drapeau, Stanislaus, 48, 279, 314drought, viii, 8, 20, 25, 36, 40, 43, 57, 74, 75,

89, 90, 96, 97, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 116–18, 131, 137, 209, 267, 289

Drumheller, vi, 147, 168–70, 173, 184, 219, 296, 315, 322, 326

dry farming, 97, 110, 123, 144, 285Dubuc, A.J.H., 22Duclos, J.E., 192Duclosville, 192Dunsmuir, James, 153, 154, 293, 331Dunsmuir, Robert, 151, 152, 153Dupuis, Léon, 175, 177, 215, 297, 302, 303,

312Dutch, xi, 2, 3, 6, 58, 130, 175, 176, 194, 249,

251, 252, 326

Ddairying, 45, 79, 83–88, 175–76Davidson, vi, 115, 288, 315de Baets, Theophil, 89de Bary, Albert, 212, 213de Beaudrap, Paul, 104, 105de Bernard de Fauconsol, Jules, 200Debleekaere, François, 70De Buck, Camille, 244, 311, 327de Burlet, Charles, 178, 212, 275, 277, 294,

302, 304, 305de Burlet, H., 125, 228de Burlet, Lucien, 78, 283De Cock, Richard, 112De Decker, Constant, 105De Decker, Ludovic, 178, 180, 212De Decker, Robert, 213De Decker, Theophil, 105De Garro, Paul, 148de Grelle, Raoul, 177, 181, 213de Harven, Hélène, 255 Dehon, Léon Jean, 18De Jardin, Arthur, 135, 179, 181De Jardin, Fernand, 177, 178, 212, 213De Jardin, Gaston, 102, 106–7Delaere, Achille, 188–90, 299, 327, 331, 332Delanoy, Hector, 125–26, 290Delbeke, Gustave, 124Deleau, vi, 44, 69, 75–77, 85, 102, 109, 194,

283, 316Deleau, Sebastien, 76De Leeuw, Marcien, 79, 80, 237Deloraine, vi, 42, 63, 65, 66, 74–76, 99, 102,

110, 111, 112, 113, 126, 157, 194, 205, 224, 244, 246, 312, 315, 317

Delouche, C., 21, 122, 276, 289, 310, 320de Malherbe, R., 124Deman, Camille, 130, 290de Man, Henri, 2, 174, 275, 296De Meulenaere, O., 6, 274Demme, R.A., 21, 23De Molinari, Gustave, 96, 327d’Empeaus, Dougat, 124de Nobele, Louis, 237De Pape, August, 43, 68, 72, 282, 312De Pape, Charles, 43, 126De Pape, Clement, 43deportation, 148, 160, 170, 173, 294, 325

341Index

Fathers of the Company of Mary, 185Fearon, Edouard, 149feeder lots, 106Féguenne, Pierre, 130, 253Fife Lake, 102, 112, 113, 126, 288First Nations. See IndiansFlemings, xi, xii, 2, 4, 30, 35, 63, 64, 68, 70,

72, 74, 75, 82, 83, 85, 89, 115, 130, 176, 183, 184, 188, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200, 203, 225, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 245, 246, 250, 252, 264, 265, 266, 320

Flemings in the World. See Vlamingen in de Wereld

Flemish language, vii, xi, 35, 47, 49, 52, 56, 65, 68, 73, 74, 122, 139, 141, 183, 186, 190, 194, 195, 196, 197, 203, 226, 238, 239, 240, 250, 251, 253, 259

Flemish nationalism, 183, 184, 186, 264, 319, 320, 321

Fletcher, Robert, 205, 301Floener, Nicolas, 123Forget, 5, 19, 42, 45, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106,

114, 117, 184, 194, 211, 316Forsin, Pierre, 105Fort Whyte, 85–88Foxwarren, 74fragmented ethnicity, 264franchise, 18francisation, 70, 184, 236Francq, Gustave, 218, 230, 231, 304Franki Canada Limited, 216, 230Frank slide, 161Fraser gold rush, 147Frédéric Jacobs et Fils, 23, 178, 179, 181, 212,

213, 214, 276free schools, 7, 200, 208fruit-growing, 89, 90, 137, 149, 176–81, 209,

263, 267, 323, 329 fur trade, 128, 136, 185, 202

GGaire, Jean, 37, 64, 66, 75–76, 99–102, 108,

110, 194, 203, 252, 328, 330, 335Galicians, 35, 299Gazette van Detroit, 73, 252, 306, 324Gazette van Moline, 74, 252Gelaude, Alphonse, 90, 117, 285Gelaude, Theophile, 90, 245Gelley, Thomas, 69, 262

EEastman, S. Mack, 230, 302, 304, 305, 312Edmonton, vi, 19, 22, 39, 45, 99, 113, 120,

121, 122, 127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 149, 157, 165, 181, 188, 192, 211, 213, 218, 226, 227, 251, 275, 290

education, 98, 156, 256, 266Eglise Missionnaire Belge, 192Ellison, James, 132, 291emigration, ix, x, xi, 8–11, 26, 31, 43, 53–60,

69, 76, 84, 134, 151, 162, 190, 235, 263, 309, 313, 320, 321, 322, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 333

emigration irregularities, 3, 12–17, 151–52, 263

Emile Francqui group, 212, 230Empain, Edouard, 217Empain, Louis, 216, 303, 327, 329, 334English-Flemish bilingual school, 203English-French bilingual schools, 203–5, 238,

300, 301Esterhazy, vi, 115, 187Estevan, vi, 28, 110, 113, 147, 157, 158–59,

194, 219Estevan “riot”, 158–59ethnic boundaries, 258ethnic duality, xi, 41ethnic identity, 247, 248, 250, 255, 306, 326,

330, 331ethnicity, x, xi, 8, 9, 31, 40, 41, 81, 102, 108,

111, 122, 142, 148, 166, 174, 235, 242–49, 264, 317, 318, 333

ethnic parish, 193–96, 236, 240

FFabre, Hector, 105, 278Faithful Companions of Jesus, 201Falher, vi, 142, 143, 251Fallon, Maurice, 114, 212, 214family farm, 73, 86, 98, 112, 119, 225, 241,

286family histories, x, 30, 36, 49, 74, 110, 111,

141, 266, 267family strategy, 71, 73, 89, 98, 108, 256, 261,

266Farmers Unity League, 136, 137Fasseaux, Edmond, 53, 76

P ROMOT E R S , P L A N T E R S , A N D P ION E E R S342

Hungarians, 115, 138, 185, 187–88, 254, 255, 298, 329,

Hutlet, Joseph, 71, 72Hutterites, 258Huysmans de Deftal, Baron, 97

IIcelanders, 34, 35, 83identities, xi, 125, 184, 194, 203, 220, 223,

225, 235, 245, 258, 264, 265, 267, 297, 303, 333

Immigration Act, 1869, 29, 38, 279Immigration Act, 1919, 40, 173, 278Immigration and Colonization Act, 1872, 29immigration policy, 30, 38–42, 57, 122, 278,

318imports, 126, 154, 215Independent Greek Church, 188Indians, 3, 4, 33, 42, 78, 97, 103, 128, 184,

185–86, 196, 294Ingeveld, Maurice, 124, 226, 290, 311institutional completeness, 236integration, xi, xii, 26, 59, 64, 78, 184, 196,

220, 235, 255, 256, 257–58, 263–67, 307, 324

internal migration. See migration patternsinvestment, 19, 22, 23, 24, 33, 37, 51, 91,

101, 106, 107, 129, 159, 175, 178, 181, 209–18, 239, 263, 267

irrigation, 39, 97, 122, 123, 127, 130, 132, 133, 135, 137, 167, 178, 179, 181, 290, 298

JJacobs, E., 22Jaenen, Alphonse, 119, 289Jaenen, Alphonse, Sr., 225Jaenen, Cornelius, Sr., 107–8Jaenen, John, 117, 287Jaumain, Serge, 273, 279, 280, 300, 329Joseph, Jesse, 19, 210 Journée, Marc, 254, 270, 286, 297, 298, 320,

333

KKaiser, Georges, 4, 19, 20, 68, 273, 276, 282,

320, 333Kaposvar, 187kermess, 3, 248

Genestar, 216, 217Gerinrose, Fernand, 108–9, 287German Development Company, 170Gheur, Ernest, 171–72, 296Gibson’s Landing, 175Glaverbel, 217Glorieux, Medar, 72Gobert, André, 243, 247Goblet d’Alviella, Eugène, 4, 273Godts, Willem, 188Golden Boy, 88Goldschmidt, Nicholas, 249Gouzée, André, 105, 179, 181, 212, 213Govaerts, Albert, 129grain trade, 67, 79, 82, 224Grande Clairière, vi, 54, 59, 64, 66, 74, 75,

76, 99, 100, 108, 194, 204, 283Grandin, Vital Justin, 121, 185, 309Grand Trunk Railway, 43, 52, 211, 212Gravelbourg, vi, 198, 260, 288, 309, 315Great Depression, 24, 25, 86, 97, 116, 137,

191, 195, 209, 220, 261, 294, 303grubbers. See making landGusbin, Berthe, 255, 306, 328

HHacault, Antoine, 198, 222Hacault, Louis, 12, 18, 20, 49, 67, 68, 72, 84,

198, 199, 203, 222, 252, 326, 328Henry, Gustave, 173, 296Heynen, Hubert, 191, 194Hind, Henry Yule, 34, 37, 283Hoet, Henri, 251Holland, vi, 43, 46, 71, 73, 88, 126, 204, 246,

250, 251, 315Holvoet, Ernest, 135homesteads, 5, 21, 29, 34, 70, 76, 101, 105,

113, 115, 116, 139, 225, 288, 315horsebreeding, 76, 96, 120, 124, 125, 139,

267, 290horse ranching, 106, 120, 124–27, 139, 231Hounjet, Pierre, 114, 286Hudson Bay Railway, 74, 82, 111, 128, 175,

215Hudson’s Bay Company, 116, 128, 138, 151,

202Hulot, Etienne, 5, 151, 273, 293

343Index

Lethbridge, 6, 20, 83, 88, 135, 137, 141, 147, 148, 151, 161, 173, 180–81, 187, 198, 200, 201, 205, 215, 309, 313, 315, 329

lignite, 3, 124, 125, 126, 171, 306, 308Lileux, Leonie, 165Lille, 174, 195, 198Lobert, Victorine, 179local newspapers, 188, 241lockout, 22, 167, 181Lonay, Alex, 71, 305Lowe, John, 59, 292, 303

MMacoun, John, 51, 156, 291Macoun, W., 104Maillardville, 189making land, 85Manitoba Pole Archery Association, 259Manitoba School Question, 36, 213, 216Manitoba Sugar Company, 105Manor, vi, 33, 56, 59, 116, 120–24, 131, 208,

225, 239, 329, 349Maple Creek, vi, 126, 127, 140, 169, 255, 260Mariapolis, vi, 81, 85, 86, 87, 97market gardening, 10, 38, 102–4, 106, 189,

190, 223, 271, 277, 299Marmette, Joseph, 59, 292Martin, M., 29Maufort, Auguste, 177meat packing, 77, 93, 95Medecine Hat, 245Mennonites, 48Métis, 17, 18, 47, 51, 72, 79, 92, 153, 156, 216,

291Mignault, Charles, 97migration patterns, 24, 56–59, 78, 85, 111,

114, 115, 122, 125, 154, 158, 182, 328, 331, 339

military service, 7, 32, 62, 178, 240–42militia, 47, 65, 169Millarville, 124Miners Liberation League, 155Minet, Jules, 109, 229, 304Mine Workers’ Union of Canada, 155, 158mining, xi, 7, 22, 23, 82, 85, 121, 135, 147–82,

190, 191, 192, 209, 212, 216, 218, 219, 260, 261, 312

Ketels, H., 4, 273, 288, 329Kimpe, Maurice, 226King, W.L. Mackenzie, 41, 57, 154, 167, 222,

291, 295, 311Klondike gold rush, 50, 149–50, 293Knight, Jesse W., 132Knights of Labour, 151Knight Sugar Company, 126, 132, 133, 291,

310, 311Komarno, 189Kronacher, Paul, 91, 92Ku Klux Klan, 96, 182, 190, 191, 192, 220,

323, 333

LLabelle, Antoine, 20, 46, 276, 310La Broquerie, 20, 66Lacombe, Albert, 138, 142, 281Ladysmith, 154, 155Land and Agriculture Company of Canada,

178, 179, 180, 212–14, 298, 329land speculation, ix, 22, 121, 128, 180, 181,

209, 211, 212, 214Langevin, Adélard, 21, 45, 46, 100, 101, 103,

104, 187, 188, 192, 200, 254, 275, 300, 301, 307, 309, 310

Langevin, Hector, 45, 54, 280language, vii, xi, xii, 7, 35, 48, 52, 56, 73, 97,

122, 141, 142, 160, 173, 174, 183, 185, 186, 187, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202–6, 223, 224, 230–32, 236, 239–40, 250, 251, 261, 264, 278, 298–302, 325, 330

Laurent, Octave, 3, 4, 273Laurier, Wilfrid, 33, 38, 169, 170, 187, 201,

311Laurier-Greenway Agreement, 201–3La Vérendrye Band, 248, 250Leblanc, Emile, 170, 293, 296, 304, 311Lebrun, E., 68, 82, 296Leclercq, Jules, 16, 297Lecoq, Eugène, 91, 297LeFloch, Paul, 129, 312Le Gal, Yvette, 275, 315, 321, 347Lemieux Act, 181, 309Lennox, G., 20, 62, 293, 298, 324Le Rouge le Saunier, Jenny, 265

P ROMOT E R S , P L A N T E R S , A N D P ION E E R S344

PPacific Northern Railway, 67Paderewski, Ignace Jan, 128, 129Palliser, John, 34, 37Palliser Triangle, 34, 74, 95, 325Paribas, 212parochialism, 2–3Pascal, Albert, 187, 298passenger warrants, 53, 67Pauwels, Louis, 78, 81Peace River, vi, 34, 95, 121, 124, 129, 138–39,

142–44, 164, 221, 333Peace River Land & Colonization Company,

142Petrofina, 45, 216, 217Phalanstery, 129Picture Butte, 133, 134, 136, 138pigeon racing, 242, 243–45, 247, 311Pincher Creek, 123Pirmez, Raoul, 124, 125, 158, 214, 290Pirot, Jules, 115, 187, 191, 246, 254, 256, 299,

306, 330Pirroton, Nicolas, 223, 230, 240point system, 58pole archery, 3, 245political activity, 219–23preferred class, x, 40, 130, 168, 191, 265, 266preferred countries, x, 29, 39, 40, 53, 57, 133,

233, 264, 279Preston, W.T.R., 39, 54, 55, 279Priests of the Sacred Heart, 18Prince Albert, vi, 19, 22, 114, 187, 211, 214,

222, 224processions, 248, 250prohibition, 75, 103, 191, 219, 238–39, 248,

258, 266, 303, 334Propaganda Fide, 188, 310Protestants, 3, 75, 79, 100, 101, 173, 174, 184,

190–93, 198, 199, 201, 219, 220, 241, 257, 258

Provencher, J.A.N., 65Prudhomme, 113, 114pull factors, ix, 58, 151push factors, ix, 6–9, 26, 58, 150, 152–53, 274Pynoo, Jules, 221, 223

mining disasters, 152, 155, 158, 159, 161, 163–65, 313

mining technology, 147Montmartre, 105–6, 212, 334, 335Moose Jaw, vi, 112, 121, 214, 302Morin, J.B., 46, 332Morinville, vi, 139, 140, 141, 223, 316Mormons, 132, 133, 137, 192, 258, 266Mortgage Company of Canada, 213, 214Mullie, Paul, 105multiculturalism, viii, ix, x, 59, 134, 187, 195,

223, 235, 251, 254, 265, 313, 318, 325Mutualité Anversoise, 216

NNanaimo, 151, 154–56, 331national policy, 64, 95, 323Nerinckx, Charles, 184Nerinckx, Louise, 72–73Neuman, P., 91, 92, Newcombe, Charles, 203–4, 301Nordegg, 147, 170–72, 213Nordegg, Martin Cohen, 170, 296, 330North Atlantic Trading Company, 54–55Northern Pacific Railway, 71North West Mounted Police, 29, 33, 37, 58,

123, 138, 160, 295, 311, 324North West Rebellion, 33, 113North West Territories, 22, 29, 34, 37, 38, 42,

83, 95, 96, 128, 132, 138, 186, 199, 201, 223, 310, 314

Nuyttens, Edmund, 79, 283, 330Nuyttens, Octavia, 80

OOblates of Mary Immaculate, 21, 122, 138,

142, 185–86, 196, 240official language, 173, 183, 236, 258Okanagan, 149, 177–81, 212, 327, 329, 331,

333Okanagan Land & Development Company,

177, 333Okhuysen, Charles, 141Oliver, Frank, 38–40, 55, 142Onder Ons, 250One Big Union (OBU), 163, 168, 169, 296,

322Otterburne, vi, 70, 85

345Index

Saint-Boniface. See St. BonifaceSaint Raphaël Society. See Société Saint-

RaphaëlSaskatchewan Valley Land Company, 115Saskatoon, vi, x, 28, 99, 115, 190, 310scab workers, 136, 137, 153, 167, 169Scheppers College. See Sacred Heart CollegeSchoeffer, Georges, 254, 306, 327scouts, 22, 42, 60, 68–69, 108, 123, 139, 240Second Vatican Council, 198–99Seghers, Charles-Jean, 197, 326, 327, 328separate schools, 197, 199, 201Sève, E.H. Edouard, 4share-cropping, 91, 92shared jurisdiction, 29, 34, 38, 49, 64sheep ranching, 103, 140, 178Sifton, Clifford, 38, 39, 46, 54, 55, 69, 98, 323Simons, Frank, 251Smart, James A., 55, 70Smet, François, 99, 105Smith, J. Obed, 40, 56, 57Social Credit party, 116, 220, 221social dislocation, 148socialism, xi, 129, 148, 152, 154, 160, 163,

167, 172, 174–75, 220, 224, 253, 260, 325, 334

Socialist Party of British Columbia, 154socialization, vii, 256, 266, 306, 328Société Belge de Colonisation, 15Société de la Colonisation de l’Alberta, 102Société de la Ferme Assiniboia-Alberta, 102Société de la Ferme du Clergé français, 101Société de la Musique de Bruxelles, 250Société d’exploitation agricole du Canada,

122Société d’immigration catholique, 46Société d’immigration française, 19, 20, 49,

68, 77Société Foncière Belgo-Canadienne, 179,

213, 276Société foncière du Canada, 105Société Générale, 171, 213, 230, 320Société générale de l’oeuvre de la colonisation

catholique française, 101Société La Canadienne. See BelpriseSociété Lyrique de Gounod, 249, 251Société Minière du Canada, 212Société Saint-Raphaël, 13, 17–18, 26, 42, 49,

67, 122, 180, 200

Rrace theories, 4, 20, 39–40, 122, 278Radville, vi, 110, 111, 126, 158, 316Raes, Cyril, 244rail travel, 32railway belt, 121Railways Agreement, 1925, 57Ranchmen’s Club, 125Raymond, vi, 73, 74, 109, 132, 133, 138, 184reception facilities, xiv, 18, 21, 24, 35, 67, 161Red Deer, vi, 43, 102, 129, 130, 170, 171, 251,

316Redemptorists, 188–90, 299, 329Red Star Line, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 31Redvers, 15, 100, 220, 286Reed, Hayter, 186Regina, vi, 19, 37, 126, 157, 184, 188, 205,

208, 211, 215, 309, 310, 312regionalism, 32, 221, 235Renners, Lambert, 169–70repatriation, 3, 8, 165, 228Republic of St. Albert, 138, 292residential schools, 97, 185–86return men, 13, 53–54, 76, 144, 263Revay, Louis, 159Riel, Louis, 37, 139, 202, 222Rivière-Qui-Barre, 126, 139, 140, 141, 142,

315Roche Percée, 110, 158Rocky Mountain House, 102Roels, George, 88, 125, 214, 294Rogers, E.T., 136rolle bolle, 245, 247Rowell-Sirois Commission, 64Roy, Léon, 22Royal, Joseph, 65Royal Decree of 1876, 11Royer, Albert, 113rural depopulation, 34, 44, 113, 116, 119, 257,

334rural restructuration, 201, 257, 266, 307, 333Ruthenians, 187–190, 299

SSacred Heart College, 73, 236, 240–42, 265Sacred Heart Flemish parish, 63, 194, 195,

196, 232, 236, 240, 265

P ROMOT E R S , P L A N T E R S , A N D P ION E E R S346

Syndicalist League of North America, 155Syncrude, 217Syndicat d’études canadien, 23

TTaber, 135, 136, 137, 138, 170, 215, 316Teaching Club, 15, 275Tennyson, Bertram, 104, 286Têtu, J.E., 67tolerance, 48, 189, 191, 193, 334Torrens system of land registration, 34Tourist Hotel, 81, 82, 225Toutes Aides, vi, 78, 196, 331transportation, 9, 11, 30–32, 66, 96, 128, 181Tréau de Coeli, Désiré, 13, 46, 50, 51, 55, 80,

113, 274Trochu, 105–6, 213, 227, 287, 329Trochu, Armand, 105Trow, James, 64, 65, 281Tupper, Charles, 39, 46, 121, 289Turtle Mountain, 66, 147, 157, 161, Turtle Mountain Coal Company, 171

UUkrainians. See Rutheniansultramontanism, xi, 185, 259Umicore group, 218Union Financière, 216United Farmers of Alberta, 133, 220United Mine Workers of America, 155, 165,

167University of Louvain, xi, 19, 73, 79, 105, 172,

182, 197, 231urban enterprises, 77, 80–82, 127utopianism, 102–6, 129

VVal Marie, 126Van Belleghem, Joseph, 222, 223, 283, 333Van Brabant, Baron, 103, 104Van Brabant, Charles, 13Van Bruyssel, Ferdinand, 18, 19, 46, 68, 157,

211, 310, 332Vancouver, 175, 176, 177, 180, 181, 185, 197,

211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 225, 230, 251, 310, 332

Soetart, Arthur, 222Sogémines. See Genestarsojourners, 42, 59–60, 263, 281Solvay, 45, 212, 216, 218Somerset, vi, 67, 72, 83, 203, 204, 224, 246 Soulet, Frank, 163, 295, 307, 311Souris coal. See lignitespecial constables, 31, 167St. Albert, vi, 63, 121, 138, 139, 141, 149, 222St. Alphonse, vi, 42, 60, 66, 70, 73, 76, 88, 14,

185, 222, 314, 334 St. Boniface, vi, ix, 13, 17, 20, 21, 42, 46, 63,

64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78–82, 85, 87, 88, 95, 115, 127, 137, 150, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 218, 220–22, 223, 225, 230, 236, 237, 239, 240, 246, 247, 248, 250–51, 252, 253, 258, 265, 311

St. Boniface College, 22, 89, 242St. Denis, vi, 113, 114, 115St. Hubert, 83, 103–5, 126St. Louis College, 148St. Malo, vi, 65, 84, 85St. Nicolas/Sint-Nikolaas, 238, 249St. Pierre-Jolys, vi, 65, 83, 84, 85Ste. Amélie, vi, 64, 77, 126, 194, 240, 245Ste. Rose-du-Lac, vi, 64, 77, 78, 196, 204,

239, 240, 245, 247, 254, 316Stengers, Jean, 1, 14, 18Strathmore, vi, 122, 130, 131, 194Strauss, Louis, 5, 273strike action, 8, 40, 129, 152, 153, 154–55,

156, 158, 163, 166–69, 173, 174, 218, 261, 322, 325, 326, 331

stud horse circuits, 125, 126subcultural activities, 247subsidies, 31, 48, 65, 132, 276sugar beet cultivation, xi, 24, 44, 45, 63, 76,

89, 90–92, 103, 126, 132–38, 192, 209, 210, 219, 257, 263, 267, 325

sugar refining, 133, 135–37, 209survey system, 29, 34, 74Swan Lake, vi, 44, 62, 67, 72, 73, 83, 88, 89,

149, 179, 181, 194, 198, 203, 204, 224, 236, 240, 241, 242, 246, 251, 254, 265, 315, 316

sweat shops, 78, 219Sylvan Lake, vi, 129syndicalism, 172, 254, 289

347Index

village enterprises, 72–73, 75, 101, 106, 115, 116, 140, 157, 224–26, 257–58

Vissac, Georges, 172Vlamingen in de Wereld, 138, 250, 253Vonda, 113, 115voting pattern, 117, 202, 219, 220–21, 322

WWalbott de Bassenheim, Frédéric Louis, 17, 20Walker, J. Bruce, 40Walloon dialect, vii, 187, 254, 264Walloon Protestants, 190, 192–93Walloons, xi, xii, 2, 4, 8, 9, 25, 30, 41, 64, 70,

72, 74, 75, 82, 108, 115, 183, 184, 193, 195, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 218, 236, 237, 242, 243, 252, 253, 259, 260, 264, 265, 266

war brides, 44, 107, 232Warnotte, Walter, 9Wartegg, Chevalier de Hesse, 33, 277Watelet, Paul, 8, 12, 20, 55, 151Wauchope, 44, 100, 101, 108, 118, 194,Wégimont, J., 21, 276West, P.G., 23West Canadian Collieries, 160, 161, 162, 163,

172Western Federation of Miners, 148, 154, 167Western Horse Marketing Cooperative, 126Wetaskiwin, vi, 124, 139Weyburn, vi, 110, 111, 113, 228, 258, 316wheat economy, 30, 38, 63, 64, 67, 95, 96,

109, 209, 267, 323White Cross Line, 31Whitehead, J.H., 22White Star Line, 14, 15Wiallard, Paul, 46Willems, Gustaaf, 49, 150, 194, 200–201, 314Willow Bunch, vi, 5, 112, 126, 158, 259, 315,

328Winnipeg, vi, vii, ix, 7, 19, 22, 32, 35, 40, 49,

53, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95, 107, 117, 121, 128, 129, 135, 157, 174, 179, 193, 196, 198, 211, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 223, 225, 229, 231, 232, 239, 240, 243, 244, 250, 251, 252

Winnipeg General Strike, 174, 218Wolseley, 99, 105

Vancouver Island, ix, 30, 43, 147, 148, 150–57, 175, 185, 197, 199, 219, 260, 267

Van Dale congregation, 7, 186Van de Bon, Lee, 111–12Van de Lanotte, Johann, 183Van den Bossche, Louis, 189–90, 195Van de Put, Louis, 178, 181, 212, 213Vanderhaeghe, Guy, 118, 187, 255, 332Vandersteene, Roger, 186, 298, 332Van de Sempel, Damien, 115Vandeuren, Juliette, 164Van de Walle, Walter, 222Van Eetvelde, Edmond, 178, 180, 212, 213Van Haute, Jules, 85Van Heden, Henri, 52Van Hove, Joseph, 35, 277Van Humbeek Act, 7Van Lysbettens, Theophile, 57Van Paassen. Pierre, 252Van Tighem, Gordon, 223Van Tighem, Henry, 142Van Tighem, John, 224Van Tighem, Joseph, 130Van Tighem, Leonard, 6, 127, 135, 166, 167,

186, 191, 192, 194, 201, 327, 332Van Tighem, Patricia Ann, 255Van Tighem, Victor, 6, 7, 124, 186, 327Van Walleghem, Adolph, 149Van Walleghem, Alphonse, 149Van Walleghem, Andries, 87Van Walleghem, Camille, 149Van Walleghem, Jules, 149Van Walleghem, Omer, 243, 245, 247Varlez-Brunin Report, 87, 181, 239Vekeman, Gustaaf, 2, 47–48, 321, 332Venesoen, Eugène, 11Verbist, Pascal-Joseph, 47, 279, 321, 332Veregin, 115, 225Verhaegen, Louis, 65Verhaegen, Pierre, 178, 180, 212Vermander, Joseph, 79, 82, 250, 311Vermeire, Arthur, 258–59Vermeulen, Gustaff, 88Vernon, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 212Vernon Orchard Company, 181veterans, 96, 107, 112, 168, 169, 238Victoria, xii, 22, 107, 151, 152, 153, 154, 168,

169, 175, 197, 198, 211, 260, 312, 313

P ROMOT E R S , P L A N T E R S , A N D P ION E E R S348

women, x, xi, 36, 83, 98, 99, 108, 118–19, 131, 141, 156, 163, 176, 193, 219, 221, 238, 246, 261–62, 289, 294, 297, 303, 307, 318, 320

working class culture, 86, 164, 173–74work stoppage, 136, 153, 158, 166, 261World War I, 26, 32, 56, 74, 75, 79, 85, 96,

119, 125, 129, 134, 135, 155, 160, 168, 179, 180, 181, 189, 203, 212, 214, 219, 226–31, 238, 253, 271

World War II, 4, 9, 19, 26, 41, 43, 80, 81, 88, 89, 97, 107, 126, 137, 180, 195, 216, 232–33, 219, 244, 245, 250, 252, 255, 257, 260, 271

Wyndels, Firmin, 80, 241Wyndels, James B., 80, 254, 333

YYellow Grass, vi, 111, 112, 217Yellowknife, 221, 223Yorkton, vi, 188, 189, 190Ypres, 227, 231, 248, 304Yukon, 85, 149–50, 197, 221

978-1-55238-258-5

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In this comprehensive study of Belgian settlement in western Canada, Cornelius Jaenen demonstrates the uniqueness of Belgian immigrants and their contribution to the Canadian mosaic.

Belgian settlers differed from the larger immigrant groups in that they were not recruited by immigration societies and did not settle in ethnic blocs. Rather, they came to Canada to explore new opportunities, not to flee poverty and oppression, and were supported and monitored by their home government. As a result, Belgian settlers in Canada were resourceful and adaptable to both anglophone and francophone communities and adept at promotion and raising capital.

An eminent historian and the son of Flemish and Walloon Belgian immigrants himself, Professor Jaenen has gleaned from Belgian and Canadian archival sources and from local, commun-ity, and family histories a story rich in detail and context that will be invaluable to Canadians of Belgian origin and to scholars and students of western Canadian ethnicity and immigration.

CORNELIUS J. JAENEN is emeritus professor in the Department of History at the University of Ottawa. He has written extensively on Canadian ethnic and religious history and on the history of New France.

“The scholarship is impeccable … a singular seminal work.”Herman Ganzevoort, associate Professor,

DePartment of History, University of calGary

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