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Bimonthly

(International Journal of Applied Agricultural & Horticultural Sciences)

GREEN FARMING

September-October 2018

CONTENTS

Number 5Volume 9

Character association and path analysis in groundnut ( L.)Arachis hypogaea

� K. SARITHA, R.P. VASANTHI, M. SHANTHI PRIYA and P. LATHA

Identification of variety specific markers and assessment of genetic purity in rice using SSR markers

� R. VIGNESHWARI, A. VIJAYAKUMAR and M. RAVEENDRAN

Character association studies for yield and quality traits in okra [ (L.) Moench.]Abelmoschus esculentus

� L.N. JAWALE, R.A. JADHAV, A.W. MORE and D.K. ZATE

Prospecting male gametophytic selection for fusarium wilt resistance in carnation ( L.)Dianthus caryophyllus

� PURNACHANDRA GOWDA G., DHANANJAYA M.V., DEVAPPA V., FAKRUDIN B., ASHWATH C.,

SRIRAM S. and RAJIV KUMAR

Effect of different sources of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on rice ( L.) and soil propertiesOryza sativa

� SHARADA P. and SUJATHAMMA P.

Interaction effect of pre-plant glyphosate with AM fungi on weed management & okra fruit yield in sodic soil

� BRINDHAVANI P.M., P. JANAKI and T. RAMESH

In vitro In vivoand evaluation of biocontrol agents against post-harvest anthracnose of papaya caused

by (Penz.)Colletotrichum gleosporioides

� K. DARSHAN, S. VANITHA, A. KAMALAKANNAN, K. KAVANASHREE and R. MANASA

Role of peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzymes in conferring resistance against fusarium wilt

( f. sp. dianthi) of carnationFusarium oxysporum

� PURNACHANDRA GOWDA G., DHANANJAYA M.V., DEVAPPA V., FAKRUDIN B., ASHWATH C., SRIRAM

S. and RAJIV KUMAR

Effect of irrigation scheduling on yield and nutrient uptake of different direct seeded basmati rice varieties

� KARTIKEYA CHOUDHARY, VIJAY BHARTI and SANDEEP KUMAR

Effect of graded levels of N, P & K on yield and quality of fine rice

� ASHIANA JAVEED, MEENAKSHI GUPTA and KARTIKEYA CHOUDHARY

Performance of finger millet ( L. Gaertn) varieties at different levels of NPK under sodicEleusine coracana

soil condition

� ABHISHEK M.J. and S. AVUDAITHAI

Soil test based fertilizer prescriptions under integrated plant nutrient system for chilli in an Ultisol of Kerala

� V.I. BEENA, BASTIN B., P. DEY and R.P. RAJI MOL

Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on quality, soil nutrient status and economics (benefit

cost ratio) of garlic ( L.) var. GG-4Allium sativum

� SACHIN A.J. and P.P. BHALERAO

Impact of manure, fertilizers and biofertilizer on yield of clusterbean in Western Rajasthan

� MEENA LAKHOTIA, S.R. YADAV, YOGESH SHARMA and PRIYANKA

Quality of ground-water of coastal Bhavnagar District, Gujarat and its suitability for domestic and agriculture purpose

� S.G. RAJPUT, K.B. POLARA, D. SINGH, P.P.S. YADAV, RAVENDRA SINGH and YOGESH KUMAR

Contd. ....

Previous issue :

Vol. No. pp. 586-7759, 4,Research Papers

( , 0.468)Abbreviation : Global Impact Factor :Green Farming Int. J.

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Yield response of quinoa ( W.) under IW/E-pan approach in Udaipur RegionChenopodium quinoa

� V.S. PATIL, MAHESH KOTHARI, S.R. BHAKAR and MANJEET SINGH

Effectiveness of new insecticides in the management of sugarcane early shoot borer, (Snellen)Chilo infuscatellus

� UMASHANKAR H.G. and V.N. PATEL

Assessment of pest incidence on various genotypes of grain sorghum ( L. Moench) cultivationSorghum bicolor

under different sowing dates� L.H. SAINI, N.V. RADADIYA, G.R. BHANDARI, B.K. DAVDA and A.K. SAINI

Plant extract based Edible Coating Solution (ECS) and its properties� HANUMANTHARAJU K.N., THANGAVEL K., AMIRTHAM D. and RAJAMANI K.

Organic mango value chains and determinants of market linkage :Asmallholder’s perspective for inclusive growth� RAVI NANDI and NITHYA V.G.

Adoption of organic farming practices among the certified organic growers in Tamil Nadu� R. JANSIRANI

Performance comparison of vermicompost with farm manures on growth and yield of ( L.)bhendi A. esculentus

� SUJATHA D., T.V. JAYARANI, S. MAHESWARI and C. PADMALATHA

Radiotracer studies on the response of okra to phosphorus fertilization and its interaction with farm yard manure� P. SUMAYYA and A. RAJARAJAN

Analysis of engineering properties of shrimp feed pellets� MOHAMMAD TANVEER, M. SIVAKUMAR, S. BALASUBRAMANIAN, M. VIKNESWARAN,

S. SABANAYAGAM and P. JAGAN

Development and evaluation of small prototype tillage tools for 3.7 kW Power unit� NANDNI THAKUR, MANISHA JAGADALE, RAHUL GAUTAM, N.K. KHANDELWAL and SACHIN GAJENDRA

Fuel properties of charcoal from mango ( spp.) tree biomassMangifera

� N.S. SONAWANE, A.G. MOHOD, Y.P. KHANDETOD, K.G. DHANDE and H.Y. SHRIRAME

Assessment of seawater intrusion through ionic ratios along coastal areas of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu� SUGUNA S., SHERENE T., P. BALASUBRAMANIAM and V. RAVIKUMAR

Effect of storage on water activity & microbial count of dehydrated fig (cv. Bellary) under ambient condition� A. BHARATHKUMAR, S.L. JAGADEESH and NETRAVATI

Influence of storage period on colour quality parameters of raisins� A. BHARATHKUMAR, S.L. JAGADEESH, NETRAVATI, G. BHUVANESHWARI and VIRESH M. HIREMATH

Study on consequences of stress faced by the KVK functionaries in Odisha� ADITYA KUMAR MALLA, RADHASHYAM PANIGRAHI and ZEAMENE DEBRETSION GEBREGZABIHER

Genetic variability studies in blackgram under organic management� A. KAVITHA REDDY, M. SHANTHI PRIYA, D. MOHAN REDDY and B. RAVINDRA REDDY

Response of groundnut ( L.) to nano boronArachis hypogaea

� SUSHMITHA B.P., HANUMANTHAPPA D.C., MUDALAGIRIYAPPA, KALYANAMURTHY K.N. and

SHREE HARSHA KUMAR S.S.

Status of micronutrients in guava orchards soils of semi-arid region of Rajasthan� SHWETA SHARMA and B.L. KUMAWAT

Effect of spacing & clipping on growth & yield performance of amaranth ( L.) cv. Konkan DurangiAmaranthus tricolor

� N.S. KHALE, V.V. SHINDE and PRADNYA GUDADHE

Strategic Vision Message : 47

Potential for higher milk production of indigenous cows under heat stress conditions

� Dr. ANJALI AGGARWAL

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The physical and mechanical properties of feed pellets arethe important parameters to plan feed ration for the dairyproducers, cattlemen or feed professionals. This information'sare helpful for planning and designing the feed storage forintensive farm culture. It is useful in recognize the importantconsiderations such as volume of storage required forplanning, handling and transporting for storage (Kammel,1991). The properties of the aquatic animal feed depend uponthe different manufacturing processes where it undergoes.These processes include grinding, mixing, moistureconditioning, addition of heat, expansion, pelletizing andcooling of the product (Thomas 1997). The quality of feedet al.,

pellets is determined by raw material quality, feed milloperations and addition of binders (Aarseth and Prestlokken,2003). Even though the physical and mechanical properties offish feed pellets used in seawater (Findlay & Watling, 1994;Chen 1999a) and freshwater (Elberizon and Kelly, 1998)et al.,

fish farming systems have been previously studied andpublished, there is lack of information regarding the physicaland mechanical properties of shrimp feed pellets. The feedpellets can be damaged during transportation (Fasina andSokhansanj, 1996), but it is desirable that the product retains itsstructure during handling and conveying, until eaten by theanimal (Behnke, 1996). In order to optimize the feed processingand feeding methods, it is necessary to measure themechanical properties and the quality of the feed. Theupgraded knowledge about pellet properties and quality will bevery useful for efficient handling of the feed pellets.

Due to the lack of information about the physical andmechanical properties of feed pellets which are very importantto understand the behavior of the product during processing,transporting, packaging, storing and feeding process. The mainobjective of this work was to study the physical and mechanicalproperties to form an important database for six most importantshrimp feed pellets required at different growth stages procuredby College of Fisheries Engg., Tamil Nadu Dr. J. JayalalithaaFisheries University, Nagapattinam. The properties which arediscussed below include : linear dimensions, mean diameter,

INTRODUCTION

Green Farming Vol. (5) 892-896 ; September-October, 20189 : Research Paper

Analysis of engineering properties of shrimp feed pellets

121

Received : 12 September 2018 ; Revised accepted : 04 October 2018

ABSTRACT

This study present a helpful information about different types of commercially available shrimp feed pellets. The shrimp typestaken for the current study are BLANCA 7701, 7702, 7703, 7704, 7703 P, 7704 S. It will be a useful database for the peoplewho work in the intensive shrimp farming. It also helps them in solving problems related to feed handling and storage. Themain objective of this work was to study the physical and mechanical properties of six different types of shrimp feed pellets.These properties include: actual diameter, length, surface area, volume, bulk density, moisture content, water absorption,settling velocity, static coefficient of friction and repose angle.

The actual diameter of shrimp feed pellets value ranged from 1.87 to 2.17 mm. The surface area of shrimp feed pellets valueranged from 17.46 to 46.99 mm . The volume of shrimp feed pellets ranged from 5.6 to 21.4 mm . The bulk density of pellets2 3

of fish feed value ranged from 547 to 768 kg m . The moisture content of shrimp feed pellets is around 12 %. The settling-3

velocity of shrimp feed pellets value ranged from 0.02 to 0.1 ms . The static coefficient of friction of shrimp feed pellets value-1

ranged from 0.41 to 0.58. The repose angle of shrimp feed pellets value ranged from 22.3° to 30.31°. The percentage ofweight gain by shrimp feed pellets due to water absorption was found out to be maximum after 10 minutes of immersion.

Key words : Angle of repose, Bulk density, Settling velocity, Shrimp feed pellets, Static friction.

MOHAMMAD TANVEER , M. SIVAKUMAR , S. BALASUBRAMANIAN ,1* 2 3

M. VIKNESWARAN , S. SABANAYAGAM and P. JAGAN4 5 6

College of Fisheries Engineering, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Panangudi,

Nagapattinam – 611 002 (Tamil Nadu)

1,2 3Assistant Professor (nobletanveer@gmail.com), Dean,*

4,5,6Senior Research Fellow

surface area, volume, mass, bulk, water absorption, settlingvelocity, static friction coefficient and repose angle.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six types of extruded shrimp feed pellets (Blanca 7701,7702, 7703, 7703 P, 7704, 7704 S) were procured andconsidered to analyze the engineering properties. Thechemical composition of the above mentioned shrimp feeds arementioned in . The Engineering properties like linearTable 1

dimensions, surface area, volume, bulk density, staticcoefficient of friction, angle of repose, settling velocity, waterabsorption capability were calculated and tabulated for thosesix types of shrimp feeds. The samples were selected in arandom manner and cleaned manually to ensure that the feedpellets were free of dirt, broken pellets & other foreign materials.

Moisture content : The moisture content of shrimp feedpellets of different categories were determined according toASAE standard (1984). Three samples from each feed pellettypes were randomly selected and weighed on an electricdigital balance (accuracy of 0.01g). Then selected sampleswere dried in oven at 105°C until a constant weight was used tomeasure the moisture content. The difference in weight of thesamples before and after drying process gives the weight of thewater content present in the feed.

Linear dimensions : The dimensions (diameter and length)of pellets (10 pellets sample from each type) were measured bydigital vernier caliper (Mitutoyo, 500-196, Range: 0-150 mm ±0.01 mm, Japan). The linear dimensions were calculated forfour feed types 7703, 7703 P, 7704, 7704 S. Since, feed type7701, 7702 is in powder form, it was excluded from lineardimension calculation.

Surface area and Volume : The surface area (SA) andvolume (V) were calculated using the formula given below(randomly 10 pellets from each type were selected formeasuring height and radius)

Surface area, SA = 2 * Π (h + r) … (1)* r *

Volume, V = Π * r * r * h … (2)

Where,

r = radius of the pellet (mm)

h = height of the pellet (mm)

SA = Surface area (mm )2

V = Volume (mm )3

Bulk density : The bulk density is a ratio of mass of feed byvolume of space that the feed occupies. The shrimp feedpellets were poured into a container of predetermined volume(114 ml) from a height of 150 mm at a constant rate (Garnayaket al., 2008). After striking off the top level feed in the container,the mass of the feed poured into the container was measuredby electric digital balance (Range 0-5000 g ± 0.01 g). The bulkdensity was calculated from the mass of feed in the containerdivide by the volume of the container. For each sample, theexperiment was replicated three times and the mean was takeninto consideration.

Bulk density, ρ = M / V ... (3)

Where,

ρ = bulk density (kg / m ),3

M = Mass of feed (kg),

V = Volume (m )3

Static coefficient of friction and Angle of repose : Thestatic coefficient of friction was determined for shrimp feedpellet on four different material surfaces namely: Galvanizediron sheet, Plywood sheet, Plastic and stainless steel byfollowing the method used by Davies (2009). The angle ofrepose was determined based on the method used by Davies(2009). The experiment was replicated three times andaverage is taken into consideration. During replication ofexperiment, the container was emptied and refilled with newsample.

The static coefficient of friction is expressed as

μ = tan θ ... (4)

The angle of repose is expressed as

θ (H / R) … (5)= tan-1

Where,μ = static coefficient of frictionθ (degree)= Angle of reposeH = height of the cone formed (mm)R = radius of cone base (mm)

Weight gain by water absorption : The percentageincrease in weight of the feed pellets immersed in water fordifferent time periods were determined by calculating theweight differences between dry feed pellets and pelletsimmersed in water. Chen (1999a) showed that variation inet al.

salinity and temperature did not affect significantly the particlesweight, the experiment was carried out in water with salinity 36gL−1 and temperature 30°C. Both these values were selecteddue to laboratory procedures convenience. In each type of feedpellets, 2 gms were randomly chosen, then pellets were left onthe surface of the water till they sank, then they were leftsubmerged for 5, 10 and 20 minutes. After certain time period,pellets were gently retrieved and water in excess was drainedby placing pellets on an adsorbent paper. Then weight of thesoaked pellets for different time periods were measured byelectric digital balance.

893 Tanveer et al. Green Farming 9 (5)

122

Feed type % Crude protein % Fat % moisture % Fibre

7701 35 5 12 47702 35 5 12 47703 35 5 12 47703 P 35 5 12 47704 35 5 12 47704 S 35 5 12 4

Table 1. Percentage composition of different shrimp feeds

Percentage of weight gain

(%) = ((M – M )/ M ) * 100 ... (6)2 1 1

Where,

M = Weight of the pellets before immersion (gm) = 2 gms1

M = Weight of the pellets after immersion (gm)2

Settling velocity measurement : The settling velocity wascalculated for different types of shrimp feed pellets. The settlingvelocity is the velocity at which the feed pellets travel from thewater surface to the bottom. The settling velocity wascalculated by following the method used by Chen (1999b).et al.

The experiment was conducted on a 100 cm length Plexiglastube of 5 cm diameter. The transparent tube was filled withwater and marked for 50 cm from the top.All the apparatus wascarefully fixed in a vertical position and pellets were carefullylaid to the water surface. The settling velocity (Vset) wasdetermined by calculating the time taken by the pellet to fallbetween two marks 50 cm apart using stopwatch. Themeasurement was repeated for thirty pellets of each type at atemperature of 30°C and salinity of 36 gL . Water in the tube−1

was filtered with a 45 μm sieve after each change of feed pellettype.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Physical properties : The mean diameter and length ofshrimp feed pellet were measured and shown in the .Table 2

The standard deviation (SD) and coefficients of variation (CV)for the mean diameter and length of the shrimp feed pellets wascalculated. It shows that the average of diameter and length ofthe different types of shrimp feed pellets were 1.875 ± 0.10,1.83 ± 0.11, 1.97 ± 0.07 and 2.16 ± 0.03 mm and 2.025 ± 0.07,4.80 ± 0.38, 5.39 ± 0.28 and 5.813 ± 0.58 mm for feed types

7703, 7703 P, 7704 S, and 7704 respectively. The coefficient ofvariation of the diameter data showed highest value of 0.06 onthe '7703 P' pellet type, while the minimum value of 0.01 on the7704 pellet type. Also, the highest value of coefficient ofvariation for length data recorded was 0.1 for 7704 pellet type,while the minimum value was 0.03 for the 7703 pellet type.

Surface area and volume of fish feed pellets : The meanvalues, SD and CV of the surface area and volume of theshrimp feed pellets were calculated and given in the . ItTable 3

shows that the average of surface area and volume of theshrimp feed pellets were 17.46 ± 1.34, 32.83 ± 2.25, 39.61 ±2.64 and 46.99 ± 4.06 mm and 5.60 ± 0.65, 12.62 ± 1.38, 16.552

± 1.61 and 21.47 ± 2.27 mm for 7703, 7703 P, 7704 S, 77043

pellet types, respectively. The calculated result showed thathighest value of CV of the surface area was 0.08 for the 7704pellet type, while the minimum value was found to be 0.06 for7704 S pellet type. Also, the highest value of CV of the volumewas 0.10 for 7703 P pellet type, while minimum value was 0.09for the 7704 S pellet type.

Bulk density : Bulk density of different types of shrimp feedpellets were measured and tabulated in . It shows theTable 4

mean values, standard deviation (SD) and coefficients ofvariation (CV) of bulk density of the shrimp feed pellets. Thebulk density of the shrimp feed pellets were 547 ± 0.31, 591 ±0.35, 652 ± 0.45, 722 ± 0.44, 762 ± 1.31, 768 ± 0.69 kg m-3 forpellet types 7701, 7702, 7703, 7703 P, 7704 S, 7704respectively. The highest value of CV of bulk density was 0.001for 7704 S pellets type. The lowest value of CV of weight(0.030) was found for 2.2 mm pellets sizes, while the lowestvalue of CV was 0.00057 for 7701 pellet type. The resultsinferred that the bulk density of the shrimp feed pelletsincreases with increasing the pellet sizes.

894

123 Green Farming

Sept.-Oct. 2018

Feed type Feed type

7703 7703 P 7704 7704 S 7703 7703 P 7704 7704 S

Surface area (mm ) Volume (mm )2 3

Mean 17.46579 32.83874 46.9972 39.6179 5.606708 12.62813 21.4791 16.5570

SD 1.346664 2.251863 4.0613 2.6490 0.652565 1.382906 2.2766 1.6139

CV 0.077103 0.068573 0.0864 0.0669 0.11639 0.10951 0.1060 0.0975

SD : Standard division; CV : Coefficient of variation

Table 3. The mean of surface area and volume of shrimp feed pellets

Feed type Feed type

7703 7703 P 7704 7704 S 7703 7703 P 7704 7704 S

Diameter of the Pellets (mm) Length of the Pellets (mm)

Mean 1.875 1.831 2.169 1.975 2.025 4.802 5.813 5.395

SD 0.104695 0.11761 0.037253 0.072303 0.074125 0.387321 0.584219 0.28625

CV 0.055838 0.064233 0.017175 0.036609 0.036605 0.080658 0.100502 0.053058

SD : Standard division; CV : Coefficient of variation

Table 2. The mean of actual diameter and height of different shrimp feed pellets

Analysis of engineering properties of shrimp feed pellets

Settling velocity : The settling velocity of different types ofshrimp feed pellets were calculated and tabulated in .Table 5

The mean values, SD and CV were also calculated. From thetrails, it was found that the settling velocity increases withincreasing the feed pellet size. The highest settling velocity of0.1 ± 0.00 ms recorded for the 7704 shrimp feed pellet type,-1

while the minimum settling velocity was found to be 0.02 ±0.003 ms for the 7701 feed type.-1

Weight gain by water absorption : The shows theTable 6

weight gain by the shrimp feed pellets immersed in the water atdifferent time periods. The gain in weight is due to absorption ofwater by the feed pellets. The percentage of weight gain wasfound to be high at 10 minutes of immersion in water for all thetypes of feed. The results showed that the smaller sized feedpellet absorbs more water compared to higher sized pellets.The percentage of weight gain was found to be highest (226%of initial weight taken) for the 7702 (powdered feed) feed type,while it was lowest (114% of initial weight taken) for the 7703 Pfeed type at 10 minutes. At 20 minutes, it was found that thepercentage of weight gain was reduced.

Static coefficient of friction : The static coefficient of frictionvaried between 0.411 ± 0.010 (7701 feed type & plywood) and0.58 ± 0.0037 (7704 feed type & plastic) for all the shrimp feedpellet types and studied surfaces ( ). The staticTable 7

coefficient of friction increased with increasing in pellet sizes.Plywood & had the highest static coefficient of friction amongstthe four surfaces. Plastic surface recorded lowest staticcoefficient of friction. The highest value of CV of coefficient offriction (0.02) was found for 7703 feed pellets at plastic surface,whereas the lowest value of CV of coefficient of friction (0.0001)was found for 7702 feed pellet at stainless steel surface.

Angle of repose : The shows the mean values, SDTable 8

and CV of the repose angle of the different types of shrimp feedpellets. The results indicated that the mean repose angleshrimp feed pellets increases with increasing the pellet sizes.The experiment was carried out in four different surfaces likeplywood, galvanized iron (G.I) sheet, stainless steel and plastic.The angle of repose at these surfaces in the increasing orderwas given as follows: plastic, stainless steel, G.I sheet,plywood. The plastic surface recorded the least angle of reposewhereas plywood showed highest angle of repose.

The angle of repose at plywood surface ranges from 26 to30 degrees, at G.I sheet surface ranges from 25.6 to 29.7degrees, at stainless steel surface ranges from 24 to 29degrees, at plastics surface ranges from 22.3 to 25.5 degrees.The angle of repose was found to be highest for the 7704 feedpellet at plywood surface while least for the 7701 feed pellet atplastic surface.

124

895 Green Farming 9 (5)

Feed type

7701 7702 7703 7703 P 7704 S 7704

Bulk density (kg m )-3

Mean 547.04385 591.34210 652.68713 722.16081 762.92105 768.71052SD 0.3162764 0.3508771 0.4501404 0.4415107 1.3157894 0.6962503CV 0.0005781 0.0005933 0.0006896 0.0006113 0.0017246 0.0009057

Table 4. The mean of bulk density of shrimp feed pellets

Sr.No.

Feed Type

7701 7702 7703

Time (min) Time (min) Time (min)

5 10 20 5 10 20 5 10 20

Mass after soaking in water (kg) 0.00555 0.00605 0.00559 0.00552 0.00652 0.00608 0.00507 0.00575 0.00462

% weight gain 178% 203% 180% 176% 226% 204% 154% 188% 131%

Sr.No.

Feed Type

7704 7703 P 7704 S

Time (min) Time (min) Time (min)

5 10 20 5 10 20 5 10 20

Mass after soaking in water (kg) 0.00372 0.00457 0.00389 0.0041 0.00428 0.00405 0.00443 0.00482 0.00383

% weight gain 86% 129% 95% 105% 114% 103% 122% 141% 92%

Contd...

Table 6. The percentage of weight gain by feed pellets immersed in water after different time periods

Feed type

7701 7702 7703 7703 P 7704 S 7704

Settling velocity (m/s)

Mean 0.02080 0.02898 0.05833 0.07857 0.08761 0.1SD 0.00397 0.00303 0.00380 0.00652 0.01230 0.0CV 0.19077 0.10437 0.06521 0.08299 0.14041 0.0

Table 5. The mean of settling velocity of shrimp feed pellet

Tanveer et al.

The highest value of CV of repose angle (0.02) was foundfor 7701 feed pellets at plastic surface, whereas the lowestvalue of CV of repose angle (0.0001) was found for 7702 feedpellet at plywood surface.

REFERENCES

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Behnke K C. 1996. Feed manufacturing technology : Current issuesand challenges. 49 – 57.Animal Feed Science Technology. 62 :

Chen Y, Beveridge M and Telfer T. 1999a. Physical characteristics ofcommercial pelleted atlantic salmon feeds and consideration ofimplications for modeling of waste dispersion throughsedimentation. 89–10.Acquaculture Int. 7 :

Chen Y, Beveridge M and Telfer T. 1999b. Settling rate characteristicsand nutrient content of the faeces of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

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896Sept.-Oct. 2018

125 Green Farming

Materials

Feed Type

7701 7702 7703 7703 P 7704 S 7704

Static coefficient of friction

Plywood Mean 0.49580 0.50166 0.511422 0.537311 0.558439 0.58461SD 0.00590 0.004273 0.007605 0.004782 0.002467 0.00372CV 0.01189 0.00851 0.01487 0.00889 0.004417 0.00637

G.I sheet Mean 0.47955 0.489823 0.499494 0.515387 0.537241 0.57162SD 0.00561 0.00593 0.004561 0.005348 0.008233 0.00333CV 0.01169 0.012107 0.009131 0.010376 0.015325 0.00583

Stainless steel Mean 0.44708 0.464697 0.477795 0.49327 0.514743 0.55689SD 0.00279 0.00158 0.005114 0.004995 0.006286 0.00081CV 0.00624 0.0034 0.010702 0.010127 0.012211 0.00145

Plastic (nylon) Mean 0.41109 0.425255 0.435284 0.44708 0.455659 0.47908SD 0.01023 0.004693 0.009751 0.00279 0.003335 0.00347CV 0.02489 0.011035 0.022401 0.00626 0.00732 0.00724

Table 7. The mean of static coefficient friction of shrimp feed pellets on different surfaces

Materials

Feed Type

7701 7702 7703 7703 P 7704 S 7704

Static coefficient of friction

Plywood Mean 0.49580 0.50166 0.511422 0.537311 0.558439 0.58461SD 0.00590 0.004273 0.007605 0.004782 0.002467 0.00372CV 0.01189 0.00851 0.01487 0.00889 0.004417 0.00637

G.I sheet Mean 0.47955 0.489823 0.499494 0.515387 0.537241 0.57162SD 0.00561 0.00593 0.004561 0.005348 0.008233 0.00333CV 0.01169 0.012107 0.009131 0.010376 0.015325 0.00583

Stainless steel Mean 0.44708 0.464697 0.477795 0.49327 0.514743 0.55689SD 0.00279 0.00158 0.005114 0.004995 0.006286 0.00081CV 0.00624 0.0034 0.010702 0.010127 0.012211 0.00145

Plastic (nylon) Mean 0.41109 0.425255 0.435284 0.44708 0.455659 0.47908SD 0.01023 0.004693 0.009751 0.00279 0.003335 0.00347CV 0.02489 0.011035 0.022401 0.00626 0.00732 0.00724

Table 8. The mean of angle of repose of shrimp feed pellets on plywood, galvanized iron sheet, stainless steel and

plastic surfaces

Analysis of engineering properties of shrimp feed pellets