ABSTRACT

Operational controls are designed to support the integration of wind and solar power within micro grids. An aggregated model of renewable wind and solar power generation forecast is proposed to support the quantification of the operational reserve for day-ahead and real-time scheduling. Electric vehicle is run by using wind and solar power energy. Then, a droop control for power electronic converters connected to battery storage is developed and tested. Compared with the existing droop controls, it is distinguished in that the droop curves are set as a function of the storage state-of-charge (SOC) and can become asymmetric. The energy system proposed in this paper seeks to address both issues related to electricity and transportation sectors. One potential solution is a micro grid that can be vertically integrated with a high-rise building as frequently encountered in urban areas. The harvesting of renewable wind and solar energy occurs at the top of the building. The rooftop generation connects to the ground level via a micro grid where electric vehicle (EV) charging stations are supplied, and a battery supports maintaining the balance of supply and demand. The potential value of an urban integration within buildings as considered here comes from the usage of rooftop energy resources, the storage of the latter for offering EV fast charging at the ground level, the contribution to emission-free EV transportation in urban areas, the co-location and integration of generation and load in urban areas, and the grid-friendly integration of the micro grid with the rest of the power system main grid.

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Wind is the natural movement of air across the land or sea. Wind is caused by uneven heating and cooling of the earths surface and by the earths rotation. Land and water areas absorb and release different amount of heat received from the sun. As warm air rises, cooler air rushes in to take its place, causing local winds. The rotation of the earth changes the direction of the flow of air. This produces prevailing winds, including the Caribbeans trade winds. Surface features such as mountains and valleys can change the direction and speed of prevailing winds. Wind energy uses the energy in the wind for practical purposes like generating electricity, charging batteries, pumping water, or grinding grain. Large, modern wind turbines operate together in wind farms to produce electricity for utilities. Homeowners and remote villages to help meet energy needs use small turbines. The combination of wind and solar energy resources on a rooftop was also investigated. It was verified that the combination of wind and solar energy leads to reduced local storage requirements. The combination of diverse but complementary storage technologies in turn can form multilevel energy storage, where a super capacitor or flywheel provides cache control to compensate for fast power fluctuations and to smoothen the transients encountered by a battery with higher energy capacity. Micro grids or hybrid energy systems have been shown to be an effective structure for local interconnection of distributed renewable generation, Loads and storage. The new wind energy conversion systems were installed worldwide. The trend has been toward increasingly larger turbine sizes, culminating in the installation of off-shore wind parks that are located far from the load centers. This can lead to rather large distances between generation and load in the electricity sector. The transportation sector reveals an even larger disconnect between the locations of fuel production and consumption.

The energy system proposed in this paper seeks to address both issues related to electricity and transportation sectors. One potential solution is a micro grid that can be vertically. Integrated with a high-rise building as frequently encountered in urban areas. The harvesting of renewable wind and solar energy occurs at the top of the building. The rooftop generation connects to the ground level via a micro grid where electric vehicle (EV) charging stations are supplied, and a battery supports maintaining the balance of supply and demand.Energy is essential to our society to ensure our quality of life and to underpin all other elements of our economy. The escalation in cost and environmental concerns involving conventional electrical energy. Sources have increased interest in renewable energy sources. To achieve this and also to aid in management of the existing fossil-fuel resources, it is essential that some part and an increasing part, of future electrical energy research and development be concerned with so called nonconventional methods of generation Wind- solar power generations are visible options for future power generation. Besides being free, they are free of recurring costs. They also offer power supply solutions for remote areas, not accessible by grid power supply today around 30,000 wind turbines and more than1,00,000 off-grid solar PV systems are installed all over the world. Wind and solar hybrid model with proper storage System have been keen interest for the last few years. In this paper a hybrid model of solar / wind is developed using the battery.

1.3 EXISTING SYSTEMCurrently the renewable energy sources are used widely for power production but it used to lag somewhere such as the wind power generation doesnt work during the summer seasons while it gives good power production during monsoon at the other hand the solar power generation is partially used in the same season. While provides high power output in summer days. So the existing system currently doesnt satisfies the appetite of growing power uses.The resource availability will not be sure at all the time. On the light of above mentioned context, the output of the solar power generation suffers non linearity issues in voltage and harmonics distortion.In this project the solar energy production takes place. Usually the existing pv energy production gives us less efficiency since it has non-linear DC output so unnecessary noise occurs which need to be avoided. When the output gets linear or uniformed the solar power will give us more power with better efficiency which lags in the current system.

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Operational controls are designed to support the integration of wind and solar power with Kalman filter. An aggregated model of renewable wind and solar power generation forecast is proposed to support the quantication of the operational reserve for day-ahead and real-time scheduling. Then, a droop control for power electronic converters connected to battery storage is developed and tested. Compared with the existing droop controls, it is distinguished in that the droop curves are set as a function of the storage state-of-charge (SOC) .Thus by integrate system of Wind and Solar energy can be harvested in every season and also we can keep track of energy production(i.e. Monitor ) with the help of microcontroller.The estimation of state of a solar cell has been done by a Kalman filter, which is a linear quadratic estimator. Though the behavior of a PV cell is overall non-linear. Suitable assumptions are made regarding linearity of the system and gaussianity of noise, inherent to the Kalman filter and a piecewise linear model has been used to estimate and predict the short-circuit current of a PV cell.

Fig : 1.4 The block diagram for using bi-renewable energy.

1.5 MODES OF OPERATION

A schematic of the dc micro grid with the conventions employed for power is given. The dc bus connects wind energy conversion system (WECS), PV panels, multilevel. Energy storage comprising battery energy storage system (BESS) and super capacitor, EV smart charging points, EV fast charging station, and grid interface. The WECS is connected to the dc bus via an acdc converter. PV panels are connected to the dc bus via a dcdc converter. The BESS can be realized through flow battery technology connected to the dc bus via a dcdc converter. The super capacitor has much less energy capacity than the BESS. Rather, it is aimed at compensating for fast fluctuations of power and so provides cache control. Thanks to the multilevel energy storage, the intermittent and volatile renewable power outputs can be managed, and a deterministic controlled power to the main grid is obtained by optimization.

In building integration, a vertical axis wind turbine may be installed on the rooftop. PV panels can be co-located on the rooftop and the facade of the building. Such or similar configurations benefit from a local availability of abundant wind and solar energy. The fast charging station is realized for public access at the ground level. It is connected close to the LVMV transformer to reduce losses and voltage drop. EVs parked in the building are offered smart charging within user-defined constraints.

Fig 1.5: MODES OF OPERATION

CHAPTER-2LITRATURE SURVEY

[1] J. T. Bialasiewicz, Renewable energy systems with photovoltaic power generators: Operation and modeling IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 27522758, Jul. 2014.A substantial increase of photovoltaic (PV) power generators installations has taken place in recent years, due to the increasing efficiency of solar cells as well as the improvements of manufacturing technology of solar panels. These generators are both grid-connected and stand-alone applications Systems with PV arrayinverter assemblies, operating in the slave-and-master modes, are discussed. Operational controls within the micro grid such as cost have to be optimized at the same time it will satisfy the demand are designed to support the integration of wind and solar power. By these process micro grid real time supply and demand will be maintain in symmetry. The simulation results are to be developed in MATLAB SIMULINK process for renewable power generation and fast charging load connected to the dc bus, droop control based responses.[2] T. Kefalas and A. Kladas, Analysis of transformers working under heavily saturated conditions in grid-connected renewable energy systems IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 23422350, May 2012.Researchers have proposed transformer less solutions for connecting renewable-energy power plants to the grid. Apart from lack of efficiency and increased cost and weight of the transformer, one of the reasons is the dc input current that causes transformer saturation. The purpose of this paper is the development of a finite-element computational tool that is going to aid transformer manufacturers in designing distribution transformers specifically for the renewable-energy market. It is based on a generalized macroscopic representation of electrical steels used in the transformer manufacturing industry that enables the accurate evaluation of electromagnetic field distribution of transformer cores under heavily saturated conditions.[3]Harish, Global wind report: Annual market update 2012, Global Wind Energy Council, Brussels, Belgium, Tech. Rep.2012.The combination of wind and solar energy leads to reduced local storage requirements. The combination of battery energy storage system and super capacitorTechnologies in turn can form multilevel energy storage. The battery energy storage system employs for balancing the supply and demand where as super capacitor provides cache control to compensate for fast power fluctuations and smoothen theTransients encountered by a battery with higher energy capacity. The dc link voltage was shown to be maintained by a adaptive droop control that relates the dc link voltage to the power output of the renewable sources. The proposed operational optimization is further distinguished in that it quantifies the uncertainty associated with renewable generation forecast, emission constraints and EV fast charging. The power which can be produced from the renewable sources will be synchronized to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. In these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. Distributed generation allows collection of energy from many sources and may give lower environmental impacts and improved security of supply. [4]H. Polinder, J. A. Ferreira, B. B. Jensen, A. B. Abrahamsen, K. Atallah, and R. A. McMahon, Trends in wind turbine generator systems, IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron. vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 174185, Sep. 2013.Distributed generation reduces the amount of energy lost in transmitting electricity because the electricity is generated very near where it is used, perhaps even in the same building. This also reduces the size and number of power lines that must be constructed. Micro grid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. DC micro grid incorporated into the infrastructure of building interiors provides remarkable flexibility for the occupants. Electrical systems, such as lighting, can be easily reconfigured and relocated according to changing needs of the space without rewiring.

[5] Subramanian, Local PV, Wind Hybrid Systems Development for Supplying Electricity to Industry IEEE, vol-2, pp.164-187, Nov 2012.Due to intermittent natural energy resources and energy resources seasonal unbalance, a PV, wind hybrid electrical power supply system was developed for many remote locations where a conventional grid connection is inconvenient or expensive. While the hybrid system is also applicable with grid connection, owners are allowed to sell excess electricity back to the electric utility by using net meter. As the power demand increases, power failure also increases. So, renewable energy sources can be used to provide constant loads. Hybridizing solar and wind power sources provide a realistic form of power generation. The topology uses a fusion of Cuk and SEPIC converters. This configuration allows the two sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB/ SIMULINK software .CHAPTER-3COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

2.1 SOLAR PANELSolar power is the conversion of into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic(PV), or indirectly using concentratedsolar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly with concentrated solar power (CSP), which normally focuses the sun's energy to boil water which is then used to provide power.

Fig.2.1 Solar Panel

2.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMSSolar cells produce direct current (DC) power which fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters. Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules. Modules are wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired frequency/phase.

Fig.2.2 Photovoltaic Power SystemsMany residential systems are connected to the grid wherever available, especially in developed countries with large markets. In these grid-connected PV systems, use of energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are often added as back-ups. Such stand-alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight..

2.3 BOOST CONVERTER

A switching converter is an electronic power systemwhich transforms an input voltage level into another for agiven load by switching action of semiconductor devices. Ahigh power efficient dc-dc converter is strongly desired andhas found widespread applications. Examples includeaerospace, sea and undersea vehicles, electric vehicles (EV),Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), portable electronic deviceslike pagers, and microprocessor voltage regulation. In dual-voltagepowersystems, the dc-to-dc converter isrequired to step-up voltage provided from the low-voltagebusorback uppartforthe existinghigh-power devicesinthe application that use this power system. A power systemconsisting of fuel cell, battery and possibly other energy storage components used in electric vehicles and stationarypowersystemapplications,which normallyrequireahigh-power boost converter forenergy management that employsan energy storage component to assist the slow-responding fuel cell. Multiphase converter with interleaved control isessential for the high-power boost converter in order toreduce the ripple current and to reduce the size of passivecomponent. So far few literatures related to the controllerdesign of the high-power interleaved boost converter can be found.There have been many papers describing the use ofmultiphase buck converters, especially forhigh-performancehigh-power applications [1,9,10]. However, all theadvantages of interleaving, such as higher efficiency andreduced input and output ripple for voltage/current, are alsorealized in the boost topology. Most of the controllers usedin buck applications apply equallywell when configured foruse in an interleaved boost application. In [1] multi-phasebuck converter controlled byPID is presented.This paper following the same approach used in buckconverters and applied it on boost converter, PID is configured using ZieglerNichols tuning method, wherethe individual effects of P, I, and D is tuned on the closed-loop response to give the required characteristics.

Fig.2.3 Interleaved boost converter

Renewable energy is derived from natural resources that are replenished constantly. The commonly used renewable energy systems include photovoltaic cells and fuel cells. A suitable DC-DC converter is proposed for highly efficient renewable energy systems. Interleaved Boost Converter (TBC) topology is discussed in this paper for renewable energy applications. The advantages of interleaved boost converter compared to the classical boost converter are low input current ripple, high efficiency, and faster transient response, reduced electromagnetic emission and improved reliability. Three cases of interleaved boost converter have been considered and analyzedA novel high step-up converter, which is suitable for renewable energy system, is proposed in this paper. Through a voltage multiplier module composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors, a conventional interleaved boost converter obtains high step-up gain without operating at extreme duty ratio. The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the current stress but also constrains the input current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses and lengthens the lifetime of the input source. In addition, due to the lossless passive clamp performance, leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal. Hence, large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated, and the efficiency is improved. Even the low voltage stress makes the low-voltage-rated MOSFETs be adopted for reductions of conduction losses and cost. Finally, the prototype circuit with 40-V input voltage, 380-V output, and 1000-W output power is operated to verify its performance. The highest efficiency is 97.1%

CHAPTER-3HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

PIC Microcontroller (PIC16F87X) Microcontroller Core Features: High-performance RISC CPU Only 35 single word instructions All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources) Eight level deep hardware stack Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes Power-on Reset (POR) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation Programmable code-protection Power saving SLEEP mode Selectable oscillator options Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology Fully static design In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability In-Circuit Debugging via two pins Processor read/write access to program memory Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges Low-power consumption:

- < 2 mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz- 20 mA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz- < 1 mA typical standby current

Peripheral Features

Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during sleep via external crystal/clock Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit

10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master Mode) and I2C (Master/Slave) Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)Pin layout of PIC16F877A

Architecture of PIC16F877A

Memory organization

There are three memory blocks in each of these PICmicro MCUs. The Program Memory and Data Memory have separate buses so that concurrent access can occur. Program memory organization

The PIC16F87X devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing an 8K x 14 program memory space. The PIC16F877/876 devices have 8K x 14 words of FLASH program memory and the PIC16F873/874 devices have 4K x 14. Accessing a location above the physically implemented address will cause a wraparound. The reset vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h.

Program memory and Stack memory

Data memory organizationThe data memory is partitioned into multiple banks which contain the General Purpose Registers and the Special Function Registers. Bits RP1(STATUS) and RP0 (STATUS) are the bank select bits.

Table Register bank selection

Each bank extends up to 7Fh (128 bytes). The lower locations of each bank are reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are General Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM.

General purpose register file

The register file can be accessed either directly or indirectly through the File Select Register FSR.

Special function registers

The Special Function Registers are registers used by the CPU and peripheral modules for controlling the desired operation of the device. These registers are implemented as static RAM. The Special Function Registers can be classified into two sets; core (CPU) and peripheral.

Status registerThe STATUS register contains the arithmetic status of the ALU, the RESET status and the bank select bits for data memory. The STATUS register can be the destination for any instruction, as with any other register. If the STATUS register is the destination for an instruction that affects the Z, DC or C bits, then the write to these three bits is disabled. These bits are set or cleared according to the device logic. The TO and PD bits are not writable, therefore, the result of an instruction with the STATUS register as destination may be different than intended.

OPTION_REG register

The OPTION_REG Register is a readable and writable register, which contains various control bits to configure the TMR0 prescaler/WDT postscaler (single assignable register known also as the prescaler), the External INT Interrupt, TMR0 and the weak pull-ups on PORTB.

INTCON register

The INTCON Register is a readable and writable register, which contains various enable and flag bits for the TMR0 register overflow, RB Port change and External RB0/INT pin interrupts.

PIE1 register

The PIE1 register contains the individual enable bits for the peripheral interrupts.

PIE2 registerThe PIE2 register contains the individual enable bits for the CCP2 peripheral interrupt, the SSP bus collision interrupt, and the EEPROM write operation interrupt.PIR2 register

The PIR2 register contains the flag bits for the CCP2 interrupt, the SSP bus collision interrupt and the EEPROM write operation interrupt.

PCON register

The Power Control (PCON) Register contains flag bits to allow differentiation between a Power-on Reset (POR), a Brown-out Reset (BOR), a Watch-dog Reset (WDT) and an external MCLR Reset.

Addressing modes:Direct AddressingDirect Addressing is done through a 9-bit address. This address is obtained by connecting 7th bit of direct address of an instruction with two bits (RP1, RP0) from STATUS register as is shown on the following picture. Any access to SFR registers can be an example of direct addressing.

Indirect AddressingIndirect unlike direct addressing does not take an address from an instruction but makes it with the help of IRP bit of STATUS and FSR registers. Addressed location is accessed via INDF register which in fact holds the address indicated by a FSR. In other words, any instruction which uses INDF as its register in reality accesses data indicated by a FSR register. Let's say, for instance, that one general purpose register (GPR) at address 0Fh contains a value of 20. By writing a value of 0Fh in FSR register we will get a register indicator at address 0Fh, and by reading from INDF register, we will get a value of 20, which means that we have read from the first register its value without accessing it directly (but via FSR and INDF). It appears that this type of addressing does not have any advantages over direct addressing, but certain needs do exist during programming which can be solved smoothly only through indirect addressing.

Indirect addressing, INDF and FSR registers

The INDF register is not a physical register. Addressing the INDF register will cause indirect addressing. Indirect addressing is possible by using the INDF register. Any instruction using the INDF register actually accesses the register pointed to by the File Select Register, FSR. Reading the INDF register itself indirectly (FSR = 0) will read 00h. Writing to the INDF register indirectly results in a no-operation (although status bits may be affected).

I/O Ports

Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin.

PORTA and the TRISA Register

PORTA is a 6-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode). Clearing a TRISA bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the port latch. Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain output. All other PORTA pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers. Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and analog VREF input. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control bits in the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1).

PORTB and the TRISB Register

PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an input. Clearing a TRISB bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an output. Three pins of PORTB are multiplexed with the Low Voltage Programming function; RB3/PGM, RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (OPTION_REG). The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset. Four of PORTBs pins, RB7:RB4, have an interrupt on change feature. Only pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur. The input pins (of RB7:RB4) are compared with the old value latched on the last read of PORTB. The mismatch outputs of RB7:RB4 are ORed together to generate the RB Port Change Interrupt with flag bit RBIF (INTCON).

PORTC and the TRISC Register

PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an input. Clearing a TRISC bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an output. When the I2C module is enabled, the PORTC (3:4) pins can be configured with normal I2C levels or with SMBUS levels by using the CKE bit (SSPSTAT ).

PORTD and TRISD Registers

PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually configurable as an input or output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit wide microprocessor port (parallel slave port) by setting control bit PSPMODE (TRISE). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL.

PORTE and TRISE Register

PORTE has three pins, RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and RE2/CS/AN7, which are individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. I/O PORTE becomes control inputs for the microprocessor port when bit PSPMODE (TRISE) is set. In this mode, the input buffers are TTL. PORTE pins are multiplexed with analog inputs. When selected as an analog input, these pins will read as 0s. TRISE controls the direction of the RE pins, even when they are being used as analog inputs.

Data EEPROM and FLASH Program Memory

The Data EEPROM and FLASH Program Memory are readable and writable during normal operation over the entire VDD range. The data memory is not directly mapped in the register file space. Instead it is indirectly addressed through the Special Function Registers (SFR). There are six SFRs used to read and write the program and data EEPROM memory. These registers are: EECON1, EECON2, EEDATA, EEDATH, EEADR and EEADRH.The EEPROM data memory allows byte read and writes. When interfacing to the data memory block, EEDATA holds the 8-bit data for read/write and EEADR holds the address of the EEPROM location being accessed. The registers EEDATH and EEADRH are not used for data EEPROM access. These devices have up to 256 bytes of data EEPROM with an address range from 0h to FFh.Program memory access allows for checksum calculation and calibration table storage. A byte or word write automatically erases the location and writes the new data (erase before write). Writing to program memory will cease operation until the write is complete. The program memory cannot be accessed during the write, therefore code cannot execute. During the write operation, the oscillator continues to clock the peripherals, and therefore they continue to operate When the write completes, the next instruction in the pipeline is executed and the branch to the interrupt vector address will occur. When interfacing to the program memory block, the EEDATH:EEDATA registers form a two byte word, which holds the 14-bit data for read/write. The EEADRH:EEADR registers form a two byte word, which holds the 13-bit address of the EEPROM location being accessed. These devices can have up to 8K words of program EEPROM with an address range from 0h to 3FFFh.

Timer0 Module

The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following features: 8-bit timer/counter Readable and writable 8-bit software programmable prescaler

DC DC CONVERTERS

DC-DC converters can be used as switching mode regulators to convert an unregulated dc voltage to a regulated dc output voltage. The regulation is normally achieved by PWM at a fixed frequency and the switching device is generally BJT, MOSFET or IGBT.

Cuk Converter

The Cuk converter is a type of DC-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude.

Figure1. Cuk Converter

It has the capability for both step up and step down operation. The output polarity of the converter

is negative with respect to the common terminal. This converter always works in the continuous conduction mode. The Cuk converter operates via capacitive energy transfer. When M1 is turned

on, the diode D1 is reverse biased, the current in both L1 and L2 increases, and the power is delivered to the load. When M1 is turned off, D1 becomes forward biased and the capacitor C1 is recharged.

2.2. SEPIC Converter

Single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) is a type of DC-DC converter allowing the voltage at its output to be greater than, less than, or equal to that at its input. It is similar to a buck boost converter. It has the capability for both step up and step down operation. The output polarity of the converter is positive with respect to the common terminal [10].

Figure 2. SEPIC Converter

The capacitor C1 blocks any DC current path between the input and the output. The anode of the diode D1 is connected to a defined potential. When the switch M1 is turned on, the input voltage, Vin appears across the inductor L1 and the current IL1 increases. Energy is also stored in the inductor L2 as soon as the voltage across the capacitor C1 appears across L2. The diode D1 is reverse biased during this period. But when M1 turns off, D1 conducts. The energy stored in L1 and L2 is delivered to the output, and C1 is recharged by L1 for the next period. The voltage conversion ratio MSEPIC of the SEPIC converter.PV CELLS

3.2. System Components

As the wind does not blow all the time nor does In general, a local cost-efficient, safe, and durable the sun shine all the time, solar and wind power alone PV-wind hybrid system is composed of the core part are poor power sources. Hybridizing solar and wind (PV modules and wind turbine); PV modules mounting power sources together with storage batteries to cover and wind turbine tower; DC-AC inverter; safe the periods of time without sun or wind provides a equipment such as fuses, disconnects, and lighting realistic form of power generation. This variable feature arrestor; meters and instrumentation; batteries, charge of wind turbine power generation is different from controller regulator and backup power resource for conventional fossil fuel, nuclear or hydro-based power battery storage systems; and also connection wires, generation. Wind energy has become the least switching, and wall socket. expensive renewable energy technology in existence Photovoltaic (PV) modules convert sunlight into and has peaked the interest of scientists and educators direct current (DC) electricity. Modules can be wired the world over. together to form a PV array that is wiring modules in Photovoltaic or PV cells, known commonly as series the available voltage is increased and by wiring solar cells, convert the energy from sunlight into DC in parallel, the available current is increased. However electricity. PVs offer added advantages over other either way, the power produced is the same since watts renewable energy sources in that they give off no noise (power) equals voltage time amperes. A typical PV and require practically no maintenance. PV cells are a module measures about 0.5 square meters (about 1.5 by familiar element of the scientific calculators owned by 3.5 feet) and produces about 75 watts of DC electricity many students. Their operating principles and in full sun. governing relationships are unfortunately not as Wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead Pedagogically simple as that of wind-turbines. of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind However, they operate using the same semiconductor turbines use wind to make electricity. Most turbines principles that govern diodes and transistors and the have either two or three blades. These three-bladed explanation of their functioning is straightforward and wind turbines are operated "upwind," with the blades helps to make more intuitive many of the principles facing into the wind. The other common wind turbine covered in semiconductor electronic classes. type is the two-bladed, downwind turbine. The wind Most industrial uses of electricity require turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a ower. Wind-turbines and PV cells provide DC power. generator and makes electricity. Utility-scale turbines,A semiconductor-based device known as a power range in size from 50 to 750 kilowatts. Single small inverter is used to convert the DC power to AC power turbines, below 50 kilowatts, are used for homes, This device has a relatively simple operation that is a telecommunications dishes, or water pumping. vivid illustration of many topics traditionally covered in DC-AC inverter changes low voltage direct power electronics classes. current (DC) power, which is produced by the PV or wind turbine or stored in the battery into standard alternating current (AC) house power that is 120 or 240 VAC, 50 or 60 hertz. The modern sine wave Inverters 3.1. Specific site conditions for PV-wind hybrid system supply uninterruptible power, i.e. there are no blackouts or brownouts. The inverters come in sizes from 250 Intermittent natural energy resources and energy watts to over 8,000 watts. While there are also resources seasonal unbalance are the most important "modified sine wave" inverters that are cheaper but can reason to install a hybrid energy supply system. The still handle most household tasks. PV-wind hybrid system suits to conditions where sun.However, this type of inverter may create a buzz light and wind has seasonal shifts i.e., in summer the in some electronic equipment and telephones, which daytime is long and sun light is strong enough, while in can be an annoyance. The better sine wave inverters winter the days are shorter and there are more clouds, have made great strides in performance and price in recent

years. Inverters can also provide a utility inter-tie battery banks or a battery bank and a generating source between your system and the utility grid, allowing you for the hybrid systems.to sell your excess energy to the utility for distribution Batteries store electrical energy produced by RE by their grid. Many inverters also have built-in battery resource in a reversible chemical reaction. Most chargers to keep your batteries topped off from either batteries employed in RE systems use the lead-acid the grid or your generator. batteries typically encased in plastic and wired together PV modules mounting and wind turbine tower in series and parallel strings by the installer. However, are engineered to withstand the PV modules and wind batteries do not belong inside the living space due to turbine. The PV modules mounting can be a ground the dangerous chemicals in them and hydrogen and mount that works either on rooftops or the ground, or oxygen gas put out while being charged. Battery pole mount for getting them up in the air. Both are capacity is rated in amp-hours, which 1 amp-hour is the angle-adjustable so that PV array will face the sun as equivalent of drawing 1 amp steadily for one hour. A near to perpendicular as possible. Many owners will typical 12-volt system may have 800 amp-hours of adjust their mounting racks two to four times a year to battery capacity. This is the equivalent of 1,200 watts get maximum exposure as the sun changes its angle for eight hours if fully discharged and starting from a during seasons. Or if the rooftop has a good angle to the fully charged state. There are many brands and types of sun, the modules could be mounted solidly to the roof batteries available for RE systems and the two most without an adjustable rack. Trackers are another PV common batteries are the L-16 and golf cart sizes mounting option, which are pole mounts that Charge controller regulator prevents the PV automatically adjust themselves so that the PV could array and wind turbine from over- charging the battery. Face the sun throughout the day. Because the wind Most modern controllers maintain system voltage turbine should be mounded into non-turbulent wind, a regulation electronically by varying the width of DC tall enough wind turbine tower is needed (9 m above pulses they send to the batteries (this is called pulse anything within 120 m). And there should also be width modulation or PWM). This means the wider the enough space to properly anchor the guy wires. pulse; the more power goes to the batteries. Another Safe equipment includes over-current and category called shunt type controllers diverts excess lightning protection components. Over-current energy into a "shunt load." This type of controller is protection components such as fuses and fused more commonly used in wind or hydro systems, since disconnects protect the system's wiring and components these systems generally should not be run open circuit. in the event of short circuits. Fusing protects from over-Unlike a PV module, most wind and hydro turbines current situations, and disconnects allow safe shutdown cannot be switched on and off by the controller. A new of system components for maintenance and repair. generation of PV controllers has "maximum power Fuses and fused disconnects are rated by the amount of point tracking." They take advantage of the maximum current they can handle. They may be as small as a few power available in the module by adjusting current and amperes for supplying metering to as large as 400 voltage. amperes for supplying the inverter. Many renewable Backup power resource can come either from a energy systems are in areas where thunderstorms and generator or from the utility grid when too much energy lightning are common, especially; the wind turbine is is consumed or when there has not been enough always the highest building in the remote area. renewable energy coming into the system. However, for Commercial lightning arrestors are available to help the hybrid system, the latter situation seems could be protect RE system electronics against the lightning. avoid, and a considerable energy consuming style Meters and instrumentation can help owners might assist to solve the former problem. keep track of important things like the battery voltage, the amount of power they are currently consuming, the 3.3. System Establish Process and Discussion state of charge in their batteries and also how much The process of establishing the energy supply electricity traffics between their own supply systems to system (Fig.1) is extremely important step. Whichever the utility grid for grid connection situations. Some system will be installed, analyzing owners load and meters have more than one channel to monitor two renewable energy resource of the site ought to the first.

CHAPTER 4SIMULATION DETAILS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Now a days Simulation has become a very powerful tool in industrial application as well as in academics, It is now essential for an electrical engineer to understand the concept of simulation and learn its use in various applications. Simulation is one of the best ways to study the system or circuit behavior without damaging it. Many industries are spending a considerable amount of time and money in doing simulation before manufacturing their product. In most of the research and development (R&D) work, the simulation plays very important role. Without simulation, it is quite impossible to proceed further. It should be noted that in power electronics, computer simulation and a proof of concept hardware prototype in the laboratory are complimentary to each other.

4.2 MATLAB TOOL

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface buildingMATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN. The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory.

Sim Power SystemsSimPower Systems and other products of the Physical Modeling product family work together with Simulink to model electrical, mechanical, and control systems. SimPower Systems operates in the Simulink environment. Therefore, before starting this user's guide, you should be familiar with Simulink.

The Role of Simulation in DesignElectrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and electromechanical devices like motors and generators. Engineers working in this discipline are constantly improving the performance of the systems. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency have forced power system designers to use power electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and techniques.

SimPower Systems LibrariesThe libraries contain models of typical power equipment such as transformers, lines, machines, and power electronics. These models are proven ones coming from textbooks, and their validity is based on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Qubec, a large North American utility located in Canada, and also on the experience of Evolve de Technologies superior and Universities Laval. The SimPower Systems main library, power lib, organizes its blocks into libraries according to their behavior.

SIMULINK MODEL OF PV ARRAYThe PV array has been designed by considering the irradiance, temperature and number of PV cells connected in series and parallel. Figure 6 shows the Simulink model of PV array.

6.2. SIMULINK MODEL OF WIND TURBINE

The simulation model of wind turbine is shown in Figure 7. The three inputs are the generator speed (r_pu) in pu of the nominal speed of the generator, the pitch angle in degrees and the wind speed in m/s. The output is the torque applied to the generator shaft.

Fig 6.2: Simulink model of wind turbine

ParametersValue

Input Voltage, Vd70V

Output Voltage, Vo100V

Switching frequency, fs20kHz

Duty cycle, D0.5714

Output Current, Io1 A

L15.371 mH

L27.1433 mH

C13.265

C21 F

R100

6.5. SIMULINK MODEL OF PROPOSED HYBRID SYSTEM

Hybrid system consists of Cuk converter and SEPIC converter connected together. Figure 10 shows the simulink model of the proposed hybrid system. Here Cuk work in buck mode while SEPIC work in boost mode.

Fig 6.5: Simulink Model of Proposed Hybrid Converter

Parameters of Hybrid System Model

ParametersValue

Input Voltage (solar), Vd150V

Input voltage (wind turbine),70V

Vd

Output Voltage (Cuk), Vo100V

Output Voltage (SEPIC), Vo100 V

Switching frequency, fs20kHz

Duty cycle, D (solar)0.4

Duty cycle, D (wind)0.58

Output Current (Cuk), Io1 A

Output Current (SEPIC), Io1 A

L10.0150H

L20.01 H

L30.0150H

C11.5984 F

C21 F

C31.5984 F

R100

7.1 SIMULATION RESULT OF PV ARRAY

The I-V characteristics at 28C for various irradiance levels of the PV array, obtained after simulation

Fig 7.1: I-V curve obtained at 28C for various irradiance levels7.2 SIMULATION RESULT OF WIND TURBINE

The output voltage obtained from simulation of wind turbine is shown in Figure

7.3. SIMULATION RESULT OF PV CELL FED CUK CONVERTER

The simulation of Cuk converter with PV cell fed as input is done separately and the output current and voltage waveforms obtained are shown in Figure 13.

Outputvoltage[V] OutputCurrent[A]

Output current and voltage waveforms of Cuk converter

7.4. SIMULATION RESULTS OF WIND TURBINE FED SEPIC CONVERTER

The simulation of SEPIC converter with Wind turbine fed as input is done separately and the output current and voltage waveforms obtained are shown in Figure

OutputVoltage[V] OutputCurrent[A]

Time in seconds

Output current and voltage waveforms of SEPIC converter7.5. SIMULATION RESULT OF PROPOSED HYBRID SYSTEM

The output current and voltage waveforms obtained from the simulation are shown in Figure. The output obtained is the sum of the input

CHAPTER 5HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION5.1OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OPERATION

5.2 HARDWARE KIT MODEL5.3 ADVANTAGE Provides un-interrupted power supply to the equipment.

Provide clean, green, reliable, pollution free, lowemission and distributed technology power.

Saves from high-running cost of generator andincreasing diesel cost.

The system gives quality power out-put of 48 volt DC tocharge directly the storage battery or provide direct powerto telecom installations.

The system can be designed for both off-grid and ongridapplications.

Efficient and easy installation, longer life.

Low gestation period.

Low operating cost.

5.4 APPLICATIONS

Electricity losses during the distribution can be saved on a huge scale. Uninterrupted power generated. Used the development of systems with greater energy capacity at affordable cost. Battery Energy Storage System Allocation Process Formulation of Optimized Scheduling of Micro Grid More than one renewable resource can be used to generate power. Energy which is abundant can be used when the other is low . Demand will be maintain in symmetry.

6. CONCLUSIONThere is the need for the provision of an alternative sustainable electric power supply system to provide electricity to rural and the unreached communities. The importance of Information Communication Technology for e-service to rural communities are inevitable in order to achieve the MDGs objective. Also there is the need for rural banking and hospitals if the social and economic lives of rural citizens in Nigeria are to be improved.The provision of hybrid solar -wind energy system to power ICT infrastructures, banking and hospitals in rural and the unreached communities that are not connected to National Grid Power supply system is very important so as to maintain a continuous electricity supply.When considering the cost and overall efficiency, it is advisable for all the stakeholders who have concern for the rural community development to embrace solar and wind power.

7. FUTURE EXPANTION

A computer measurement and control bus will be added instrumentation. A laptop computer is interfaced to to the system. Computer controlled relays will be added the system via the power quality analyzers to store to allow all the major elements of the system to be data in real-time. switched in and out of the system through computer . Voltage sags may cause a crucial damage to high programs. The measurement bus will be connected to precision measurement and protection devices, all the major signals in the system and will allow for especially computer equipment present in many computerizes data acquisition simultaneously of all the highly automated industrial plants. major signals in the system. The AC filter is a circuit made up of a resistor (R), allow for the study of more complex issues like power inductor (L), and a capacitor (C). Such filters are faults caused by sudden over voltages like lightning. commonly installed in industrial situations to These improvements will also allow the same benefits remedy power quality problems. to instruction realized in electricity and electronics.

8. REFERENCES

J. T. Bialasiewicz, Renewable energy systems with photovoltaic power generators: Operation and modeling, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 27522758, Jul. 2008. T. Kefalas and A. Kladas, Analysis of transformers working under heavily saturated conditions in grid-connected renewable energy systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 23422350, May 2012. Y. Xiong, X. Cheng, Z. J. Shen, C. Mi, H. Wu, and V. K. Garg, Prognostic and warning system for power-electronic modules in electric, hybrid electric, and fuel-cell vehicles, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 22682276, Jun. 2008. B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of a battery bank and PV array in a wind/PV hybrid system, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 367375, Mar. 1996. Peter S.Maybeck, Kalman Filter, Academic Press, 1979,Vol-1, Chapter-1,4,5 Roger M. du Plesis, Poor mans Explanation of Kalman Filtering Or How I stopped worrying and learned to love matrix inversion , North American Rockwell Electronics Group, June 1967 Grewal & Andrews, Kalman Filtering Theory & Practice Using MATLAB, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, IIIrd Edition, Chapter- 1- 4