“project report” on “rnai and its applications in life sciences”

8/12/2019 PROJECT REPORT ON RNAi AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN LIFE SCIENCES

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3/28

I' ! '" 9ra' &r*9 +r % '+ ;&r!! %< !=r 9ra''$> a> >?'!!

'+ Mr. Raj!" #$%ar G$&'a +r 9*9 % +&&+r'$'< '+ @+r $>r "!

;&r' 9$>a=.

I a% >?' '+ %< !$&r*!+r @"+ "a! ? %+> %'+r +r9 =+!'a'

=+$ra9%', !$&&+r' a> ;&r' a>*= '"r+$9"+$' %< &r+j='.

La!' ?$' +' a!' I% '"a $ '+ %< &ar'! a> r++% %a'! +r '"r

!&ra'+ a> =+!'a' !$&&+r' =+!+> % @"*r I @a! >&r!!>, '"r

!$&&+r' a> =+$ra9%' "&> % '+ &r+r% %< 'a! =' @a$r9 '" =r'=a '%.

Mr @+r>! @+$> ? !! '+ ;&r!! %< r!&=' a> +* +r %< &ar'!,

%'+r a> r>! @"+ a@a=$' %+%'! a> ?++!'>

%< %+ra.

I !+< =a% a r!&+!?'< +r !"+r'=+%9 a> %'a'+! '"! &r+j='

@+r.

I!"a C"a$"a

Pa=: - S.I.L.B

Da':-

INTRODUCTION


4/28

RNA 'rr= ! a a'$ra =$ar %="a!% *+*> r9$a'+ +

9 ;&r!!+. I' *+*! >+$? !'ra>> r?+$== a=> (>!RNA) '"a'

=a !&==a< != '" ;&r!!+ + 2 9! @'" !$=!, @"=" ar

=+%&%'ar< '+ '" >!RNA. T" =+%&+'! + >+$? !'ra>> RNA

'a' '" &r+=!! + RNA @" a a'!! RNA !'ra> ! a='*a'>,

@"=" 'ar9'! a =+%&%'ar< 9 'ra!=r&' !$=" a! a %!!9r RNA +r

=a*a9 ?< a r?+$=a!. RNA "a! ? !"+@ '+ ? a %&+r'a'

r9$a'+r + 9 ;&r!!+ %a< $ar

"$%a!.

T" =r'r%! >+$? !'ra>> RNA, '+ +r% !%a 'rr9 RNA

+r %=r+RNA. T"! &r+=!!> RNA! ar =+r&+ra'> '+ '" RNA->$=>

!=9 =+%&; (RISC), @"=" 'ar9'! %!!9r RNA '+ &r*'

'ra!a'+. RNA 'rr= (RNA) ! a ! "+@ a='* '"< ar. T@+ ' !%a 'rr9 RNA(!RNA)

ar ='ra '+ RNA 'rr=. RNA! ar '" >r=' &r+>$='! + 9!, a>

'"! !%a RNA! =a ?> '+ !&== +'"r RNA! a> '"r =ra! +r

>=ra! '"r a='*' %a< $ar


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(>!RNA) %+=$! '+ !"+r' ra9%'! + 28 $=+'>!. O + '" '@+

!'ra>! + a=" ra9%', +@ a! '" 9$> !'ra>, ! '" =+r&+ra'> '+

'" RNA->$=> !=9 =+%&; (RISC). T" +$'=+% ! &+!'-

'ra!=r&'+a 9 !=9, @"=" +==$r! @" '" 9$> !'ra> ?a! &ar!

@'" a =+%&%'ar< !$= + a %!!9r RNA %+=$ a> >$=!

=a*a9 ?< Ar9+a$', '" =a'a *9 +r9a!%! ?=a$! !!RNA 'r+>$=> '+

=! =a >$= !$&&r!!+ + !&== 9! + 'r!'. E;&+'a'+ + '"

&a'"@a< ! a!+ a &r+%!9 '++ ?+'="++9 %>=.

D+$?-!'ra>> RNA !$= +r a?+!" 9

a='*'< ?< RNA. T"! =+'r+ !

%&+r'a' +r ?+'" '" >*+&%' + a +r9a!% a> '" &"

='+!, !&=a< &a'! a> *r'?ra' a%a!, a> !=$r! 9+%

!'a?'< ?< &9 %+? %'! !'. T+>a+$?-!'ra>> RNA !

$!> a! a &+@r$ '++ '+ ;&r%'a< >'r% '" $='+ + !!'a /778, S='!'! @+r9 + &'$a &a'!

r&+r'> !+% $;&='> 9'= ;&r!!+ @" &r+r%9 '"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-induced_silencing_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_gene_silencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_gene_silencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-induced_silencing_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_gene_silencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_gene_silencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine


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7/28

r+% %$=" ar9r RNA! '"a' $&+ ?>9 '+ 'ar9' %RNA! r=r$' RNa!! '+

a &r+' =+%&; '"a' >9ra>! '" 'ar9'> %RNA. M'"+>! +r ;&r!!9

!RNA! =! =$'$r a> **+ $!9 *ra *='+r!, a> +r 'ra!='9

=! @'" !! (a'!! DNA +r a'?+> '="$!) +r !$&&r!!9 9

;&r!!+. R=' &r==a !'$>! !$99!' '"a' RNA 'rr=

'="++9< "+>! &r+%! +r '" 'ra'%' + *ar+$! >!a!!.

P"ar%a=++9!'! "a* +9 >ra%> + '" a?'< '+ !='*< a'a9+ +r

%a' '" $='+ + >*>$a &r+'!RNA '="++9< %a'ra!&+!+!, 'ra'%' @'" %$'a9! +r rra>a'+ a> a'!!.

RNA !$&&r!!+ '+ 9ra' +!!-+-$='+ %$'a'+!.

T"! a&&r+a="! a+@> !='!'! '+ !'$>< '" $='+! + a 9 +r 9

a%< + 'r!' a +r9a!%.

Tra!&+!+! a> T-DNA %'! @r +$> '+ +==a!+a< !r'

ra>+%< '" 9+% r!$'9 "9"< *ara? 9 ;&r!!+.

F$r'"r%+r, %a< !'a=! '" &ar'=$ar &"+' +' ?=+rra'> @'" '" $='+ + a 9 + 'r!' *'$a< a>9 '+ '"

>!=+*r< + RNA. A'!! RNA !$&&r!!+ @a! a ar< +r% + RNA

!=9. T"! &r+=!! *+*> '" 'r+>$='+ + '" a'!! !'ra> +

RNA'+'" = '"a' =+rr!&+>> '+ '" 'ar9'

%RNA, '" 'ra!=r&' '>> '+ != (Bra' 2882 # a> M$r&" '" a'*

'ar9' %RNA @+$> ?> *a =+%&%'ar< ?a! &ar9 &r*'9 '"

'ra!a'+ + %RNA. T"! ! >$ '+ '"

a?'< + r?+!+%! '+ ?> '+ >!RNA (Ar a> S="&r! 2880 Bra'

2882). T"! &r+=!!, "+@*r, >> +' a@a

'ar9'> 9. T"! > =+=r> !='!'! '+ =+'$ '" !ar=" +r +'"r

%'"+>! + 9 !=9.

S*ra +r%! + RNA a! @ a! '@+ "9"< =+!r*>


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9/28

P"+'> +r >+$? !'ra>> $=-22

RNA '+ '" 9+a> + C.9a!. Ij='> >+$? !'ra>> RNA >$=> '"

'@'="9 &"+'> %;-0 RNA '+ '" 9+a> + C. 9a!. %;-0

%RNA ! a?$>a' '" 9+a>! a> ar< %?r$=> '" =+'' + %RNA '+ !+% ;''. T" ;'' + ?r+@

=++$r r='! '" a%+$' + %RNA &r!'.

3'" a %a< +'"r

+r9a!%!, =$>9 r$' !, 'r=

%="a!% a9a!' *ra a''a=!. Pa' =! "a* a =' >= a9a!'

*r$!! ?a!> + '" PTGS &"+%+. 3" ' ?=a% a&&ar' '"a' PTGS

! '" &a' $*a' '+ RNA, '"! &r+&+!> '"a' RNA ! *+*>

&r+'='9 =! r+% *ra a''a=!.


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2. RNA !=$r! 9+% !'a?' &a'!

?+= '" a='+ + 'ra!&+!+! (%+? %'! '" 9+%).

S$?!$'+$?-!'ra>> r&=a'* +r% + '" *ra RNA) a> !$&&r!! '"

='+ ?< >9ra>a'+ + '" RNA. T" RNA !

a'$r! @'" '" *r'?ra' %%$ !!RNA) ra!! a 'a r!&+! a> !$?!$'< a%&! '"

r!&+! '+ %a' '" +r9 %'.

0. RNA- %="a!%! r&r!! &r+' ! "$%a! '"! !%a RNA @a! =a>

%=r+ RNA (%RNA). Pa'! a!+ =+'a '"! =a!! + >+9+$! RNA. T"

%RNA! =a r9$a' 9 ;&r!!+ ?< ?a!-&ar9 '+ %RNA, @"="

r!$'! '"r >9ra>a'+ + '" %RNA +r !$&&r!!+ + 'ra!a'+.

T+>a

r&''* DNA

(?) T" ?+= + &r+' !@'" '" =

(=) RNA %>a'> !$&&r!!+ + 'ra!=r&'+

(>) T" %a="r< ! a!+ $'> @" !RNA ! 'r+>$=> '+ '" = '+

"?' a='*'< + !&== 9!

() D=r a> RISC =+%&;! =a *ar< >&>' + =$ar &r+=!!.


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4. RNA- %="a!%! & ="r+%a' =+>!> a> !$&&r!!

'ra!=r&'+: I' @a! +@ r+% @+r &a'! '"a' 9 !=9 =+$> 'a&a= a' '" 'ra!=r&'+a * (TGS). A'r RNA >!=+*r '"a' !%ar &r+=!!! & "'r+="r+%a'= r9+! =+>!> a>

'ra!=r&'+a< !$&&r!!>. I a>>'+, '" RNA- %a="r< r9$a'!

'" a='*'< + 9! '" %%>a' *='< + '" =+>!> ?+=! +

="r+%a' @"=" "&! $='+9 + '" 9+% a> %a'a= +

9+% '9r' '+ !$&&r!!

!&== 9! a> ++ +r '" r!$'9 &"+'' '"a' '"! =+$> ? a==+%&!"> !$=" a =' %ar '"a'

!!'a< a< 9 a +r9a!% =+$> ? !'$>> $='+a< "a> a 'r%>+$! %&a='


12/28

!'$>! + '" $='+ + >*>$a 9!. I' ! +@ ;&+'> +' +<

=$'$r> =! ?$' a!+ 'ra!9= +r9a!%!.

CELLULAR MECHANISM

T" >=r&r+' r+% Gar>a '!'a!, @"=" =a'a+%a

+%a r>, a> '" =+='+r "; ?$.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_intestinalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_intestinalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNase


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RNA ! a RNA->&>' 9 !=9&r+=!! '"a' ! =+'r+> ?< '"

RNA->$=> !=9 =+%&; (RISC) a> ! 'a'> ?< !"+r' >+$?-

!'ra>> RNA %+=$! a =! = >r='< '+ '" =


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15/28

.


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MICRO RNA

T" !'%-++& !=+>ar< !'r$='$r + a &r-%=r+RNA r+% Bra!!=a

+ra=a.

M=r+RNA!(%RNA!) ar 9+%=a> +-=+>9 RNA!'"a' "&

r9$a' 9 ;&r!!+. T" &"+%+ + RNA 'rr= =$>! '"

>+9+$!< >$=> 9 !=9 ='! + %RNA! a! @ a! !=9

'r99r> ?< +r9 >!RNA. Ma'$r %RNA! ar !'r$='$ra< !%ar '+

!RNA! &r+>$=> r+% ;+9+$! >!RNA. A %RNA ! ;&r!!> r+% a

%$=" +9r RNA-=+>9 9 a! a &r%ar< 'ra!=r&' +@ a! a pri-

miRNA .T" !RNA! >r*> r+% +9 >!RNA &r=$r!+r! >r r+%

%RNA! '"a' %RNA!, !&=a< '"+! a%a!, ' >$= %RNA =a*a9 +< a !9, !&== 'ar9'. I

Drosophila a> C. elegans, %RNA a> !RNA ar &r+=!!> ?< >!'='

ar9+a$' &r+'! a> >=r


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RISC ACTIVATION AND CATALYSIS

T" a='* =+%&+'! + a RNA->$=> !=9 =+%&; (RISC) ar

>+$=a!! =a> ar9+a$' &r+'!, @"=" =a* '" 'ar9' %RNA

!'ra> =+%&%'ar>, '"< =+$> a=" '"+r< &r+>$= a $='+a!RNA. H+@*r, +< + + '" '@+ !'ra>!, @"=" ! +@ a! '" guide

strand, ?>! '" ar9+a$' &r+' a> >r='! 9 !=9. T" +'"r anti-

guide strand +r passenger strand ! >9ra>> >$r9 RISC a='*a'+.

A'"+$9" ' @a! r!' ?*> '"a' a ATP->&>' "=a!!&ara'> '"!

'@+ !'ra>!, '" &r+=!! ! a='$a< ATP->&>' a> &r+r%> >r=' >$='+ +

"'r+="r+%a' +r%a'+ !r*! '+ >+@r9$a' 9! &r-

'ra!=r&'+a$=> 'ra!=r&'+a

!=9(RITS), a> ! =arr> +$' ?< a =+%&; + &r+'! =a> '" RITS

=+%&;. I %a'a= + ;!'9 "'r+="r+%a' r9+!, RITS +r%! a=+%&; @'" !RNA! =+%&%'ar9ra> a< a!='

&r-%RNA 'ra!=r&'! '"a' ar 'a'> ?< RNA &+

'"+$9"' '+ &r+&a9a'> ?< '" 'ra!r + !RNA! ?'@ =! '"r+$9"&a!%+>!%a'a (="a! '" = @a! '"a' a? =+%%$=a'+ a>

'ra!&+r').T" "r'a?'< =+%! r+% %'" ? 9ra >!'='+ ?'@ &a'! a> a%a! ! '"

'ar9'9 + >+9+$!< &r+>$=> %RNA! &a'!, %RNA! ar $!$a *r a$r %+$!!9

'" !$&&r!!+ + *ra 9 ;&r!!+ =a=r+$! =!, +=>+@ +

"+!' r=&'+r! a> =+-r=&'+r! +r HIV6, '" !=9 + "&a''! A7 a>

"&a''! B 9!, !=9 + $a 9 ;&r!!+, a> "?'+ +

%a!! *ra r&=a'+. I' ! =+!>r> '+ ? ='* 'ra'%' +

$r+>9ra'* >!a!! &ar'=$ar< +=$!> + &+ '$%+r =! +r 9! *+*>

= >*!+. A %aj+r ara + =+=r, "+@*r, a!!+=a'> @'" RNA

a&&=a'+ ! '"a' ' &+!! a r! ?=a$! + '! &+'' +'ar9'='!

@"=" a 9 @'" a =+=>'a< !%ar !$= '+ '" 'ar9'> 9 !

a!+ !=>.

RNA "a! a!+ ?=+% a &+@r$ '++ +r >r$9 'ar9' >!=+*r '@+ ?a!= %'"+>! +r '! $! +r 9 !='*

"?'+: /) =!RNA +9+$=+'>! (!RNA),

@"=" %%=! a a='* 'r%>a' + a >+9+$! RNA %="a!% a>

2) $=ar >*r< + 9 ;&r!!+ +-*ra 9 >*r< !


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The!"e#$i% A""&i%!$i'(s ') RNA i($e)ee(%e

T" %+!' +?*+$! ==a $!! + RNA ar +r >!a!! @"=" !='*

>&'+ + + +r a @ !&== &r+'! @+$> ? ;&='> '+ !+@ +r "a'

'" >!a! &r+=!! '" a='> =!. I>a< '"! @+$> ? a==+%&!">

@'" + +r '+ra? !> ='!.

C!(%e

T"r ar '@+ 9ra a?+r%a'! =a=r =! '"< ;"?'

> '"< ar

r!!'a' '+ >a'" a! a r!$' + a?+r%a'! + +r %+r &r+'! '"a'

%>a' a&+&'+!!. T" 9+a! +r RNA a&&r+a="! +r =a=r '"ra&< ar

'"r+r '+ += +$' '" ;&r!!+ + a = =K+r a a'-

a&+&'+'= 9 '" =a=r =! '"r?< !'+&&9 '$%+r 9r+@'" a> 9

'" =a=r =!. T+ !='*< %a' =a=r =! @'"+$' >a%a99+r%a =!, '" RNA @+$> ? 'ar9'> '+ a 9 !&==a< *+*>

'" 9r+@'" +r !$r**a + '" =a=r =, +r '" !RNA @+$> ? !='**r> '+ '" =a=r =!.

!RNA @a! !"+@ '+ ? 9ra'r '"a a +r>r + %a9'$> %+r &+'' '"a

a'!! DNA !$&&r!!9 9 ;&r!!+ "$%a "&a'+%a a>

&a=ra'= =a=r = !. Vra *='+r! "a* a!+ ? $!> '+ ;&r!!

!RNA! a> "?' =a=r = 9r+@'" a> '$%+r+9=' '+ !&==a< a> !'a?< "?' ;&r!!+ + '"

+=+9= #-RAS (V/2) a "$%a '$%+r =!. I a>>'+ '+ ?+=9

'" ;&r!!+ + +r%a 9! '"a' ar r$r> +r =a=r = 9r+@'" a>

!$r**a, RNA =a ? $!> '+ 'ar9' !&== =a=r-=a$!9 %$'a'+!.

I()e%$i'#s Dise!ses


21/28

D!a!! =a$!> ?< *r$!! a> ?a='ra =+'$ '+ ? %aj+r =a$!! + >a'"

@+r>@> a> ar a =ra!9 =+=r ?=a$! + '" %r9= +

r!!'a' !'ra! a> '" &+''a $! + ='+$! &a'"+9!. C$rr'

3!' N *r$!. T" a?'< + RNA '+ "?' '" r&=a'+ +r =$ar$&'a + *r$!! a> +'"r ='+$! a9'! "a! ? =ar< >%+!'ra'>

= =$'$r !'$>! a>, '"r+r, "+>! &r+%! +r '" 'ra'%' + "$%a

&a''!. T" a?'< + HIV-/ '+ =' =! a> r&=a' =a ? !*r ?< 'ar9'9 + *ra 9! $!9 !RNA!. E;a%&! =$> '"

!$&&r!!+ + HIV-/ r&=a'+ "$%a =! 'ra!='> @'" !RNA

>r='> a9a!' 'a' a> '" r* 9.Tra!='+ + "$%a =! @'" !RNA!

>r='> a9a!' >r' 9! '" &++*r$! 9+% r!$'> r!!'a=

+ '" =! '+ ='+ @'" &++*r$!.

C!di'*!s%#&! !(d Cee+'*!s%#&! Dise!ses

Car>+*a!=$ar >!a! ! '" a>9 =a$! + >a'" '" U'> S'a'! a>

%a< +'"r >$!'ra> =+$'r!. I' %+!' =+%%+< r!$'! r+% '"

&r+9r!!* +==$!+ + ar'r! a &r+=!! =a> a'"r+!=r+!!,

A'"r+!=r+!! *+*! >a%a9 '+ *a!=$ar >+'"a =!, +=a

&r+>$='+ + a%%a'+r< =a%a9 '+ "ar'

'!!$ a> ?ra =! '"a' &a''! !$r ++@9 a %a ar='+ +r

!'r+. A < !'& '" &r+=!! + a'"r+!=r+!! ! '" $&-r9$a'+ + =

a>"!+ %+=$! *a!=$ar >+'"a =!, @"=" &a< a !!'a r+

'" r=r$'%' + %a=r+&"a9! '+ '" !' + >+'"a >a%a9. I

a+'"r !'$>< r*a' '+ '" &a'"+9!! + a'"r+!=r+!!, ' @a! !"+@

'"a' %*a!'a', a "?'+r + ="+!'r+ !!a!!, Par!+! >!a!, H$'9'+! >!a! ar ;a%&!

+ ra'*< =+%%+ a9-ra'> $r+>9ra'* >!+r>r! '"a' ar

=ra!9 a! a*ra9 ;&='a=< =ra!!. Ea=" >!+r>r ! ="ara='r>


22/28

?< '" > '"ra&$'=

'r*'+! $r+>9ra'* >!+r>r!. O !'ra'9< ! '+ ?+= '"

>!a!-!&== *'! @"ra! '" !=+> !'ra'9< 'ar9'! >+@!'ra% *'!

'" $r+>9ra'* >!+r>r!. F+r ;a%&, a a?+r%a'< '"

&r+'+!a! &a'"+9!!, a> '@+ - a> -

!=r'a!! '"a' ar r!&+!? +r =a*9 + a% &r=$r!+r &r+' '+

9ra' '" $r+'+;= a% -&&'>. RNA "a! r='< ? $!> '+

>'< a>>'+a &r+'!, !$=" a! APH-/, '"a' ar =r'=a +r &r+>$='+ +

a% -&&'> (L ' a., 2882?).

R%ara?> RNA 'r9

'" = a! @ a! >+$?-!'ra>> RNA 9ra'> @'" '" =. T"

>*+&%' + a +r9a!% a> &r+&r $='+ + '! =! a> '!!$! ar>&>' + 'a=' RNA %a="r +@r a%a!, a> +r9

%'! '" 9+% (*r$!! a> 'ra!&+!!) =a ? &' !'. Fa> $! @'" a &+@r$ @

;&r%'a '++ '+ !'$>< '" $='+ + 9! ?$' a!+ ra!! ;&='a'+!

a?+$' $'$r a&&=a'+! + RNA %>=.

T" >!=+*r< + RNA "a! ara>< "a> a %%! %&a=' + ?+%>=ar!ar=" a> @ %+!' < a> '+ +* %>=a a&&=a'+! '" $'$r.


23/28

Bi'&',i%!& )#(%$i'(s

M!%'-'&e%#&! S.($hesis !(d De,!d!$i'(

R9$a'> ! &>! ! !!'a +r =

!$r**a a> $='+!. RNA %a! &+!!? $>r!'a>9 + '" r9$a'+

+ %a=r+%+=$ar !&'+ +

9aa='+! HLa a> H&G2 =! @'" !RNA! >r='>

a9a!' '" %RNA =+>9 '" a=9 &r+' r!$'>

=!!a'+ + = &r+ra'+, = >'a="%', a> >a'".

Ce&& M'$i&i$.

T" %9ra'+ + =! @'" a> a%+9 '!!$!, a> ;'!+! + =! !$="

a! '" a;+! a> >>r'! + $r+!, ! ='ra '+ '" !'r$='$ra a>$='+a +r9aa'+ + a '!!$!. RNA %'"+>! $=>a' r+! +r

!&== &r+'! r9$a'9 = %+'' %ar a> ! r%+*> r+% '" '!!$ @'"+$' a>*r!a'" ! a %aj+r &r+?% a *ar'< + >!a!!,

=$>9 $r+>9ra'* >!+r>r! !$=" a! A"%r! a> Par!+!


24/28

>!a!!.. RNA !'a?!"! r+! +r !&== 9! a&+&'+'= a> a'-

a&+&'+'= &a'"@a

a&+&'+!! @a! >%+!'ra'> ?< !"+@9 '"a' >&'+ + &10Q $!9 !RNA

&r*'! = >a'". RNA @a! $!> '+ !'a?!" a r+ +r '" =a=$%-?>9

&r+' =ar'=$ =r+'= = >a'" C. elegans($ ' a., 288/ .RNA

@a! $!> '+ >&' =! + a&+&'+!!->$=9 a='+r (AIF), '"r?$=9 !RNA! >r='> a9a!' 9! r$r> +r *ra r&=a'+, '"

='> =! &r*'> &r+&a9a'+ + '" *r$! (L>?a=" a> R=, 2882).

T" >*+&%' + RNA '="++9< "a! *r> '" %&+r'a= + RNA%="a!%! *ra *a!+.

I--#(i$.

RNA 'rr= ! a *'a &ar' + '" %%$ r!&+!'+ *r$!!a> +'"r

+r9 9'= %a'ra, !&=a< &a'! @"r ' %a< a!+ &r*' !-

&r+&a9a'+ ?< 'ra!&+!!. Pa'! !$=" a! Arabidopsis thaliana ;&r!!

%$'& >=r "+%++9! '"a' ar !&=a> '+ ra=' >r'< @" '"

&a' ! ;&+!> '+ >r' '$=> 9 !=9 &a'!

=a !&ra> '"r+$9"+$' '" &a', a> =+$> ? 'ra!rr> r+% !'+= '+ !=+

&a'! *a 9ra'9.RNA !+% a%a! "a! a!+ ? !"+@ '+ &r+>$= a

a'*ra r!&+!. I ?+'" j$* a> a>$'Drosophila, RNA 'rr= !

%&+r'a' a'*ra a' %%$' ! a='* a9a!' &a'"+9! !$=" a!

Dr+!+&"a *r$!.

D'0(e,#&!$i'( ') ,e(es

E>+9+$!< ;&r!!> %RNA!, =$>9 ?+'" 'r+= a> 'r9=

%RNA!, ar %+!' %&+r'a' 'ra!a'+a r&r!!+a> '" r9$a'+

+ >*+&%', !&=a< + '" '%9 + %+r&"+9!! a> '"

%a'a= + $>r'a'> = '+9+$!< ;&r!!> %RNA >+@r9$a'9 9 ;&r!!+@a! r!'

>!=r?> C. elegans /770. I &a'! '"! $='+ @a! >!=+*r>

Arabidopsis.I %a< +r9a!%!, =$>9 "$%a!, %RNA! "a* a!+ ?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immunityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_X_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiRNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenic_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphogenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immunityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_X_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiRNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenic_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphogenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana


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26/28

APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

RNA 'rr= "a! ? $!> &ar'=$ar< '" 9r9 + ++> &a'!

'"a' &r+>$= +@r *! + a'$ra &a' '+;!. S$=" '="$! 'a

a>*a'a9 + '" !'a? a> "r'a? RNA &"+'! ar r=" >'ar< &r+'?$' a'$ra< =+'a '" '+;=

'r&+> &r+>$=' 9+!! '+ &r+>$= =+''+ !'+=! @"+! !>! =+'a r>$=>

*! + >'a-=a> !$='+ + '" ='ar< a'+;>a'! .

Pr*+$! =+%%r=a &r+>$='!, =$>9 '" Fa*r Sa*r'+%a'+ a> '@+

=$'*ar!+ r9!&+'-r!!'a'&a&a*+&> $!9

a'!!'="++9< .

#$!$?a a> "! 'a% (#$!$?a ' a. 2880) "a* r='< %a> !9=a'

=+'r?$'+ ?< a&&L!C-" (+@

9$' =+'' /). T" +@ 9$' =+'' @a! a r '+ '" >


27/28

&a''! $a? '+ >9!' 9$'. T" 'ra' @a! !'a? a> @a! 'ra!%''> +r

a $%?r + 9ra'+!

I E'"+&a, Ba9a>!" a> I>a, '" &+& '" +@r !+=+=++%=

=a!! $! a a< *9'a? +@ a!Lathyrus satius. I' ! a 9$%+$! =r+&

a> =+'a! a

N$r+'+; =a> -+;a!a! &ara &r%a'$='+ +

?aaa *ar'! r!!'a' '+ '" Baaa Bra=' M+!a= Vr$! (BBrMV),

=$rr'< >*a!'a'9 '" ?aaa &+&$a'+ S+$'"a!' A!a a> I>a

(R+>+ et al. /777).

T" BBrMV ='! ?aaa &a'! >!'r+$=9 ?ra=' r9+,

r>r9 '"% $!!! '+ ar%r!. T" *r$! ! !&ra> ?< !%a &a' a'9

!='! =a> a&">!, a! @ a! '"r+$9" ='> &a' %a'ra!.

A &+!!? a&&=a'+ + RNA *+*! '" >+@ r9$a'+ + a < $='+ + *ar+$! =++%=a< %&+r'a' =+%%+>'! !$=" a! "9"

$a'< &a&r a> =+'".

DNA Die%$ed RNAi i( P&!($s

A&&=a'+! + RNA &a'! "a* r> + +-

Agrobacterium-%>a'> %'"+>! + 'r+>$='+ + >!RNA '+ '" =!. F+r;a%&, &ar'= ?+%?ar>%' @a! $!> '+ !"+@ '"a' RNA @+r> a' '"

!9 = * =ra! (S="@'r et al. 2888), @" # 3+a

(2888) a> S'+$' et al. (2880) >%+!'ra'> '"a' '"r ! a >r=' $&'a +

>!RNA ?< r !&+r! >$r9 %??'+!.

DNA->r='> RNA %a! $! + >!RNA-;&r!!9 *='+r! 'r+>$=> '+

&a'! *a


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Agrobacterium-%>a'> 'ra!+r%a'+. T"! a&&r+a=" "a! ? !"+@ '+ ?

='* r>$=9 '" a%+$' + a !&== 9 &r+>$='. O + '" r!'

!'$>! '!'9 DNA->r='> RNA &a'! @a! >+ '+ =+%&ar '" a?' *r$! r!!'a= *a

PTGS '+?a==+ a> !=9 + a >+9+$! GUS r&+r'r 9 r=

(3a'r"+$! et al. /776

C$rr' a9r=$'$ra '="++9< >! %+r a> %+r %+=$ar '++! '+

r>$= =$rr' =r+& +!! a> > ;'ra %+$'"!, @"=" a==+r>9 '+ a r='

!'%a' ?< '" FAO (F++> a> A9r=$'$r Or9aa'+) @ =ra! ? '+;=-r =r+&!.

T" =+!' ='*!! ! a@a

&r+?% @'" RNA '="++99

a a>>'+a 2 ?+ &+& +*r '" ;' 08 r!'a>9 9 $='+! a>

$' '"% '+ %&r+* =r+& $a'< a> &r+>$='+ !++ @ ! RNA

r!ar=" '" ar%r! >! ar+$> '" @+r>.

“project report” on “rnai and its applications in life sciences”

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