project report on relationship between aggressive behavior of children and advertisements
DESCRIPTION
Relationship between Aggressive Behavior of Children and Advertisements project reportTRANSCRIPT
Study On
"Relationship between Aggressive Behavior of Children
and Advertisements"
FINAL PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED AS PER PARTIAL FULFILLMENT TOWARDS
THE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEGREE COURSE
MBA SEMESTER - IV
PROJECT CODE – MS 204
SUBMITTED BY
GUNJAN MARWAHA
0481663908
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TABLE OF CONTENT Page No.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Advertising 2
1.2 Objectives of Advertising 3
1.3 Functions of Advertising 4
1.4 Classification of Advertising 5
CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES 12
2.1 Purpose of the Study 13
2.2 Objectives of the Study 14
2.3 Research Methodology 15
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 17
3.1 Relationship Between Aggressive Behavior Of Children And TV Ads 18
3.2 Role of Child / Children on Purchase Decision under the Influence of Advertising 31
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRTATION 34
CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS 41
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 43
CHAPTER 7: SUGGESTION 45
ANNEXURE 47
Bibliography 48
Questionnaire 55
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CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 ADVERTISING
Advertisement has become an integral part in today’s marketing scenario. In earlier times,
advertisement was not given as much emphasis as it is being given today. The Institute of
Practitioners in Advertising defines the term as: “advertising presents the most persuasive
possible selling message to the right prospects for the product or service at the lowest possible
cost”. Here we have a combination of creativity, marketing research & economic media buying.
Advertising may cost a lot of money but that cost is justified if it works effectively and
economically.
CONCEPT
The word advertising is a Latin word which means “to turn attention of people to a specific
thing.” It is a paid publicity. According to Oxford Dictionary the word ‘to advertise’ means ‘to
make generally or publicly known’, describe publicly with a view to increasing sales.
Advertising is thus, a mass communication tool, which is essentially in paid form by a firm or an
individual and the ultimate purpose of which is to give information, develop attitudes & induce
action, which are useful to the advertiser.
Advertising presents and upholds the ideas, commodities and services of a recognized advertiser,
which provides as a communication link between the producer and the potential buyers. It gives
the information to the would-be buyers who are interested in seeking the information about a
product and the manufacturer. Advertising may be taken as the most efficient means of reaching
people with product information. Advertising presents a mass persuasion apart from
disseminating information to the prospective buyers about the product and the producer. While
creating awareness and popularity, it seeks to persuade. It is a more effective and extensive and
less expensive way of creating contacts.
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Origin of advertising
The origin of advertising does not lie in the modern industrial age, but it has its roots in the
remote past. Thousands of years ago most people were engaged in hunting, farming, or
handicraft related activities. They used to barter products among themselves. Distribution was
limited to how far the vendor could walk and distribute, advertising was limited to how loud they
could shout. Perhaps the earliest form of advertising was simply the trader shouting out the fact
that he existed and naming what he had to sell in the local market place.
As an instrument of marketing, advertising was an effective method through multiple sales
reaching many people at one time. Then it had used the media as a tool.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF ADVERTISING
The purpose of advertising is to sell something - a product, a service or an idea. The real
objective of advertising is effective communication between goods and clients and increasing
awareness. Advertising plays an important role in today’s competitive business world. It
provides benefits to Manufacturers, Retailers, Customers, Salesman and Society as well.
Following are the few primary objectives of advertising
Introduces a New Product: Advertising is used to introduce a new product in the
market. It helps to compete with establish brands and, thereby, ensures the survival and
success of new product.
Creates Demand for Product: Advertising creates demand for the product. Advertising
spread information about the product or services and makes consumers aware about it
through various mass media which makes positive effect on the mind of the people and
create demand for the product.
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Expand Market It helps in expanding local markets, to national level and even to
international level. Trading at national and international level is impossible without
advertising
Assists Personal Selling: Advertising reaches a prospect before a salesman could. The
prospect is well-informed through advertising.
Building Brand Image: The purpose of repeat advertisings is to make people more
brands conscious. Once good brand image is developed, buyers generally become brand
loyal. Money spent on advertising is a long term investment to build brand and company
image.
Reduces the cost of goods: Advertising generates more demand, which leads to large
scale production and distribution. This results in economies in large scale which in turn
reduces cost of goods.
Persuades prospects: Every competitor makes superior claims of his product.
Therefore, a prospect needs to persuade to buy products. So, the role of Advertising is
not only to inform but also to persuade.
Employment: Advertising provides employment in the field of advertising to
copywriters, models, etc. It provides indirect employment in society due to large scale
production and distribution.
1.3 FUNCTIONS
A normal characteristic of advertising is to create primary demand for a product category rather
than for a specific brand. It is believed that the product advertising must give stress on brand
name.
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The functions of advertising are:
To distinguish products from their competitors: There are so many products in the
market. Sometime the same types of products are competing in one market.
To communicate product information: Through advertisement one company can send
its product information to the target audiences.
To urge product use: Advertisement can create the urge within us for a product.
To expand product distribution: When the market demand of a particular product
increases, the retailer and distributor are engaged in the sale of that product.
To increase brand preference: There are various products with various bands. So we
are getting the preference to choose the band of a particular product with the help of
advertisement.
To reduce overall sale cost: Advertising increases the primary demand in the market.
When demand is there and the product is available, automatically the overall price will
decrease.
1.4 CLASSIFICATION
Advertising is the paid, non-personal communication of information about products or ideas by
an identified sponsor through the mass media in an effort to manipulate customer behavior.
Advertising is non-personal because it's a fantasy created by a computer that selects one part of
the target audience. It communicates information about products or ideas.
Advertising can be classified on the basis:
Function advertising
Region advertising
Target Market advertising
Company demand advertising
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Desired response and Media advertising
Classification based on the functional aspect of advertising
Informative advertising
This type of advertising informs the customers about the products, services, or ideas of the firm
or organization.
Examples: Vishal Mega mart is offering 2 kg sugar for every Rs. 1,000/- purchase every day.
Persuasive advertising
This type of advertising persuades or motivates the prospective buyers to take quick actions to
buy the products or services of the firm.
Example: “Buy one, get one free”.
Reminder advertising
This genre of advertising reminds the existing customers to become medium or heavy users of
the products or services of the firm that have been purchased by them at least once. This type of
advertising exercise helps in keeping the brand name and uses of the products in the minds of the
existing customers.
Negative advertising
This type of advertising dissuades target audience from purchasing such products and services
which would not only harm them but also the society in general.
Examples: Advertisements of various civic authorities against alcohol, tobacco, and narcotics.
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Classification according to the region
Global advertising
It is executed by a firm in its global market niches. Reputed global magazines like Times, Far
Eastern Economic Review, Span, Fortune, Futurist and Popular Science. Cable TV channels are
also used to advertise the products throughout world. Supermodels and cinema stars are used to
promote high-end products
Examples: Sony, Philips, Pepsi, Coca Cola, etc.
National advertising
It is executed by a firm at the national level. It is done to increase the demand of its products and
services throughout the country.
Examples: BPL (Believe in the best). Whirlpool refrigerator (Fast Forward Ice Simple) etc.
Regional advertising
If the manufacturer confines his advertising to a single region of the country, its promotional
exercise is called Regional Advertising. This can be done by the manufacturer, wholesaler, or
retailer of the firm. Examples: Advertisements of regional newspapers covering those states or
districts where these newspapers are circulated.
Example: The Assam Tribune (only for the NE region) etc.
Local advertising
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When advertising is done only for one area or city, it is called Local Advertising. Some
professionals also call it Retail Advertising. It is sometime done by the retailer to persuade the
customer to come to his store regularly and not for any particular brand.
Examples: Advertisements of Ooo la la, Gupshup (Local FM channels) etc.
Classification based on target markets.
Consumer product advertising
This is done to impress the ultimate consumer. An ultimate consumer is a person who buys the
product or service for his personal use. This type of advertising is done by the manufacturer or
dealer of the product or service.
Examples: Advertisements of Intel, Kuttons (shirt), Lakme (cosmetics) etc.
Industrial product advertising:
This is also called Business-to-Business Advertising. This is done by the industrial manufacturer
or his distributor and is so designed that it increases the demand of industrial product or services
manufactured by the manufacturer. It is directed towards the industrial customer.
Trade advertising
This is done by the manufacturer to persuade wholesalers and retailers to sell his goods.
Different media are chosen by each manufacturer according to his product type, nature of
distribution channel, and resources at his command. Hence, it is designed for those wholesalers
and retailers who can promote and sell the product.
Professional advertising
This is executed by manufacturers and distributors to influence the professionals of a particular
trade or business stream. These professionals recommend or prescribe the products of these
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manufacturers to the ultimate buyer. Manufacturers of these products try to reach these
professionals under well-prepared programmes. Doctors, engineers, teachers, purchase
professionals, civil contractors architects are the prime targets of such manufacturers.
Financial advertising
Banks, financial institutions, and corporate firms issue advertisements to collect funds from
markets. They publish prospectuses and application forms and place them at those points where
the prospective investors can easily spot them.
Classification based on company demand
There are two types of demand, as follows:-
Market Demand:
Advertising is the total volume that would be bought by a defined customer group, in a defined
geographical area, in a defined time period, in a defined marketing environment under a defined
marketing programme.
Company Demand:
It is the share of the company in the market demand. Accordingly, there are two types of
advertising, as follows.
Primary demand advertising
It is also called Generic Advertising. This category of advertising is designed to increase the
primary demand. This is done by trade associations or groups in the industry. Primary
advertising is done by many companies at the same time, but there is no competition. The idea is
to generate a continual demand for the product.
Selective demand advertising
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This is done by a company or dealer to increase the company demand. The company would
advertise its own brand only. The retailer can also advertise a particular brand. Examples: Titan
wrist watch, Hero Honda bike, Sony television etc.
Classification based on desired responses
An ad can either elicit an immediate response from the target customer, or create a favorable
image in the mind of that customer. The objectives, in both cases, are different. Thus, we have
two types of advertising under this classification.
Direct action advertising
This is done to get immediate responses from customers. Examples: Season's sale, purchase
coupons in a magazine.
Indirect action advertising
This type of advertising exercise is carried out to make a positive effect on the mind of the reader
or viewer. After getting the advertisement he does not rush to buy the product but he develops a
favorable image of the brand in his mind.
Surrogate advertising
This is a new category of advertising. In this type of promotional effort, the marketer promotes a
different product. For example: the promotion of Bagpiper soda. The firm is promoting Bagpiper
Whisky, but intentionally shows soda. They know that the audience is quite well aware about the
product and they know this fact when the actor states, "Khoob Jamega Rang Jab Mil Baithenge
Teen Yaar ... Aap ... Main, Aur Bagpiper").
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Classification based on the media used for the advertisements
Audio advertising
It is done through radio, PA systems, auto-rickshaw, and four-wheeler promotions etc.
Visual advertising
It is done through PoP displays, without text catalogues, leaflets, cloth banners, brochures,
electronic hoardings, simple hoardings, running hoardings etc.
Audio-visual
It is done through cinema slides, movies, video clips, TV advertisements, cable TV etc.
Written advertising
It is done through letters, fax messages, leaflets with text, brochures, articles and documents,
space marketing features in newspapers etc.
Internet advertising
The World Wide Web is used extensively to promote products and services of all genres.
Verbal advertising
Verbal tools are used to advertise thoughts, products, and services during conferences, seminars,
and group discussion sessions. Kinesics also plays an important role in this context.
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CHAPTER - 2
OBJECTIVES
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2.1 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Advertising agencies are targeting children more, than in past and using them as tool of
marketing. Specially, in the food ads are considered incomplete without the children. Estimates
suggest that, children between the ages of 6 and 14 watches about 25 hours of television per
week and are exposed to as many as 20,000 commercials in a single year (Leonhardt and Kerwin
1997) (1). This figure shows that children are being involved a lot in the media, which is why
advertisers are investing in children ads. French advertisers have spent as much as 150 million a
year on advertising to children under age of 12 and this figure is rising, particularly for food
advertising. (M.S. Shabbir, 2008) (2). Study will also try to explain in brief the effect of children
on parent’s decision making.
A research study suggests that “Repeatedly exposing children to certain factors (e.g., media
violence), produces aggressive adults (Huesmann & Miller 1994) (3). This is why the study will
also try to evaluate the ill effects of media on children such as aggressive or stubborn behavior.
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2.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
Every research has some objectives, reasons behind the study conducted. Objective of this study
is to determine the affect of visual advertising on behavior of children, and other such advertising
related variables.
The objectives behind the project are as follows:
To check the relationship between aggressive or stubborn behavior of children and TV
ads.
To identify how a child or children can play a vital role in purchase decision / behavior
under stimulation from an advertisement.
To determine the primary source of exposure to advertisement for children and their
preferred medium.
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2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The research methodology defines what the activity of research is, how to proceed, how to
measure progress, and what constitutes success. It provides us an advancement of wealth of
human knowledge, tools of the trade to carry out research, tools to look at things in life
objectively; develops a critical and scientific attitude.
The research methodology is a science that studying how research is done scientifically. It is the
way to systematically solve the research problem by logically adopting various steps. Also it
defines the way in which the data are collected in a research project.
Following research methodology was adopted for the accomplishment of the assigned objectives
2.3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Descriptive research design was adopted for the study.
2.3.2 DATA SOURCE
Primary data: Primary data was collected through a survey of various parents with
kids between age 7 to 18 in West Delhi. The data was collected for getting firsthand
information about various factors that are essential to accomplish the assigned
objectives.
Secondary data: Extensive literature review is done using various journals and
articles published on internet.
2.3.3 AREA OF STUDY
West Delhi region was undertaken for the research purpose
2.3.4 SAMPLING PLAN
Sampling refers to the method of selecting a sample from a given universe with a view to
draw conclusions about that universe. A sample is a representative of the universe
selected for study.
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SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Random sampling technique was used to identify parents with kids between the ages 7 to
18.
SAMPLE SIZE
A sample size of 50 parents was used for the research.
2.3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Quantitative Data was collected through a questionnaire from all the parents.
2.3.6 LIMITATIONS
Time was a limiting factor for the study
Cost and coverage of survey area
The responses given by respondents were not always accurate because the
respondents gave the response according to their understanding.
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CHAPTER – 3
LITERATURE
REVIEW
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3.1 Relationship Between Aggressive Behavior Of Children And TV Ads
Aggression - “Human aggression is any conduct aimed at another individual with the immediate
goal to cause harm. It is important to also note that the person responsible for the aggression
must believe that the action will injure the target, and that the target is provoked to steer clear of
the action.” Anderson & Bushman (2002)
Aggression can be divided into two category schemes
Hostile Aggression - Hostile aggression, in the past, has been considered as being
spontaneous, thoughtless motivated by anger, having the definitive motive of harming the
target, and taking place as a response to some apparent aggravation. It is occasionally
called affective, impulsive, or reactive aggression.
Instrumental Aggression - It is a deliberate means of attaining some target other than
hurting the victim, and being proactive rather than reactive.
Behaviors like aggression can be learned by watching and imitating the behavior of others. A
considerable amount of evidence suggests that watching violence on television increases the
likelihood of short-term aggression in children (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2005) (4). Individuals
may differ in how they respond to violence. The greatest impact is on those who are already
prone to violent behavior. Adults may be influenced by violence in media as well. A long-term
study of over 700 families found "a significant association" between the amount of time spent
watching violent television as a teenager and the likelihood of committing acts of aggression
later in life.
Domain specific theories of aggression
Three main theories of aggression guide most current research. The theories themselves overlap
considerably, which is what instigated early attempts to integrate them into a broader framework
(Anderson et al. 1995, 1996a) (5).
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Cognitive Neoassociation Theory
Aversive events such as frustrations, provocations, loud noises, uncomfortable temperatures, and
unpleasant odors produce negative affect. These negative effects are often generated through
action/violent content in fast paced advertising. Negative affect produced by unpleasant
experiences automatically stimulates various thoughts, memories, expressive motor reactions,
and physiological responses associated with both fight and flight tendencies. The fight
associations give rise to rudimentary feelings of anger and fear. Furthermore, cognitive
neoassociation theory assumes that cues present during an aversive event become associated with
the event and with the cognitive and emotional responses triggered by the event.
In cognitive neoassociation theory, aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behavioral tendencies are
linked together in memory (Collins & Loftus 1975) (6). Cognitive neoassociation theory also
includes higher-order cognitive processes, such as appraisals and attributions. If people are
motivated to do so, they might think about how they feel, make causal attributions for what led
them to feel this way, and consider the consequences of acting on their feelings. Such deliberate
thought produces more clearly differentiated feelings of anger, fear, or both. It can also suppress
or enhance the action tendencies associated with these feelings.
This model is particularly suited to explain hostile aggression, but the same priming and
spreading activation processes are also relevant to other types of aggression.
Social Learning Theory
According to social learning theories (Bandura 1983, 2001; Mischel 1973, 1999; Mischel &
Shoda 1995) (7), people acquire aggressive responses the same way they acquire other complex
forms of social behavior--either by direct experience or by observing others. Social learning
theory explains the acquisition of aggressive behaviors, via observational learning processes, and
provides a useful set of concepts for understanding and describing the beliefs and expectations
that guide social behavior. Social learning theory--especially key concepts regarding the
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development and change of expectations and how one construes the social world--is particularly
useful in understanding the acquisition of aggressive behaviors and in explaining instrumental
aggression.
Script Theory
Huesmann (1986, 1998) (8) proposed that when children observe violence in the mass media, they
learn aggressive scripts. Scripts define situations and guide behavior: The person first selects a
script to represent the situation and then assumes a role in the script. Once a script has been
learned, it may be retrieved at some later time and used as a guide for behavior. This approach
can be seen as a more specific and detailed account of social learning processes.
Scripts are sets of particularly well-rehearsed, highly associated concepts in memory, often
involving causal links, goals, and action plans (Abelson 1981, Schank & Abelson 1977) (9). When
items are so strongly linked that they form a script, they become a unitary concept in semantic
memory. Furthermore, even a few script rehearsals can change a person's expectations and
intentions involving important social behaviors (Anderson 1983, Anderson & Godfrey 1987,
Marsh et al. 1998) (10). A frequently rehearsed script gains accessibility strength in two ways.
Multiple rehearsals create additional links to other concepts in memory, thus increasing the
number of paths by which it can be activated. Multiple rehearsals also increase the strength of
the links themselves. Thus, a child who has witnessed several thousand instances of using a gun
to settle a dispute on television is likely to have a very accessible script that has generalized
across many situations. In other words, the script becomes chronically accessible. This theory is
particularly useful in accounting for the generalization of social learning processes and the
atomization (and simplification) of complex perception-judgment-decision-behavioral processes.
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The General Aggression Model
A Heap of Stones is Not a House
“Science is built up with fact, as a house is with stone. But a collection of fact is no more a
science than a heap of stones is a house.”
- Jules Henri Poincar´e
Poincar´e’s analogy fits the scientific study of aggression. The several current domain-specific
theories are the important stones awaiting blueprints, mortar, and a construction crew to build the
much more useful house, a general theory of human aggression. General aggression model
(GAM) framework was designed to integrate existing mini-theories of aggression into a unified
whole. This general model has at least four advantages over smaller domain theories.
1. It is more comprehensive than the set of existing mini-theories.
2. It better explains aggressive acts that are based on multiple motives, e.g., both
instrumental and affect-based aggression (Bushman & Anderson 2001) (11).
3. It aids in the development of more comprehensive interventions designed to treat
individuals who are chronically aggressive; many current treatment attempts fail because
they focus on only one specific type of aggression or use only one mini-theoretical
approach to treatment (Tate et al. 1995) (12).
4. It provides broader insights about child rearing and development issues, thus enabling
parents, teachers, and public policy makers to make better decisions about child-rearing
practices (Zigler et al. 1992) (13).
GAM provides a useful integrative framework for domain specific theories of aggression,
transforming a heap of stones into a house. It focuses on the “person in the situation,” called an
episode, consisting of one cycle of an ongoing social interaction. Figure 1 presents a simplified
version of the main focus of the model. The three main foci concern
(a) Person and situation inputs
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(b) Cognitive, affective, and arousal routes through which these input variables have their impact
(c) Outcomes of the underlying appraisal and decision processes.
Figure 1: The General Aggression Model
I. Inputs
Aggression research focuses on discovering what biological, environmental, psychological, and
social factors influence aggressive behavior, and on how to use these discoveries to reduce
unwarranted aggression. These factors can be categorized as features of the situation or as
features of the person in the situation. The following is the list of personological and situational
input variables
1. Person Factors
Person factors include all the characteristics a person brings to the situation, such as
personality traits, attitudes, and genetic predispositions. Stable person factors are those
that display consistency across time, across situations, or across both. This consistency is
largely the result of the person’s consistent use of schemata, scripts, and other knowledge
structures (Mischel 1999, Mischel & Shoda 1995) (14). Following is the list of a few person
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a. Traits - Certain traits predispose individuals to high levels of aggression. One recent
breakthrough, for example, a type of high self-esteem (and not low self-esteem) produces
high aggression. Specifically, individuals with inflated or unstable self-esteem
(narcissists) are prone to anger and are highly aggressive when their high self-image is
threatened (Baumeister et al. 1996, Bushman & Baumeister 1998, Kernis et al. 1989) (15).
b. Sex - Males and females differ in aggressive tendencies, especially in the most violent
behaviors of homicide and aggravated assault. The ratio of male to female murderers in
the United States is about 10:1 (FBI 1951–1999) (16). Laboratory studies often show the
same type of sex effect, but provocation dramatically reduces sex differences in physical
aggression, and specific types of provocation differentially affect male and female
aggression (Bettencourt & Miller 1996) (17). The preferred types of aggression also differ
for males and females. Males prefer direct aggression, whereas females prefer indirect
aggression.
c. Beliefs - Many types of beliefs play a role in preparedness to aggress. Efficacy related
beliefs are particularly important (e.g., Bandura 1977) (18). Those who believe that they
can successfully carry out specific aggressive acts (self-efficacy) and that these acts will
produce the desired outcomes (outcome efficacy) are much more likely to select
aggressive behaviors than those who are not so confident of the efficacy of aggressive
acts. Aggression-related beliefs significantly predict future levels of aggressive behavior
(Huesmann & Guerra 1997) (19). The source of such beliefs in children is often the family
(Patterson et al. 1989, 1992) (20) and exposure to media (Children, adolescents, and the
media, 2004) (21).
a. Attitudes - Attitudes are general evaluations people hold about themselves, other people,
objects, and issues. Positive attitudes towards violence in general also prepare certain
individuals for aggression.
b. Values - Beliefs about what one should or ought to do—also play a role in aggression
preparedness. For many people, violence is a perfectly acceptable method of dealing with
interpersonal conflict, perhaps even a preferred method.
c. Long-Term Goals - Long-term, abstract goals also influence the preparedness of the
individual for aggression. For example, the overriding goal of some gang members is to
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be respected and feared (Horowitz & Schwartz 1974, Klein & Maxson) (22) similarly, a
personal life goal of obtaining wealth can increase one’s preparedness for instrumental
aggression.
d. Scripts - The interpretational and behavioral scripts a person brings to social situations
influences that person’s preparedness for aggression (Huesmann 1988, 1998) (23). Scripts
are composed of many of the preceding elements.
2. Situational Factors
Situational factors include any important features of the situation, such as presence of a
provocation or an aggressive cue. Like the person factors, situational factors influence
aggression by influencing cognition, affect, and arousal.
a. Aggressive Cues - Aggressive cues are objects that prime aggression-related concepts in
memory. For instance, Berkowitz & LePage (1967) (24) found that the mere presence of
guns (versus badminton racquets and shuttlecocks) increased the aggressive behavior of
angered research participants (see Carlson et al. 1990 for a meta-analytic confirmation of
this phenomenon). More recently, our understanding of the weapons effect has been
enhanced by the discovery that weapon pictures and words automatically prime
aggressive thoughts (CA Anderson et al. 1998) (25).
b. Provocation - Perhaps the most important single cause of human aggression is
interpersonal provocation (Berkowitz 1993, Geen 2001) (26). Provocations include insults,
slights, and other forms of verbal aggression, physical aggression, and interference with
one’s attempts to attain an important goal, and so on. One emerging line of research
concerns workplace violence, aggression, and bullying (Cowie et al. 2001, Folger &
Baron 1996) (27).
c. Frustration - Frustration can be defined as the blockage of goal attainment. Most
provocations can be seen as a type of frustration in which a person has been identified as
the agent responsible for the failure to attain the goal. Even frustrations that are fully
justified have been shown to increase aggression against the frustrating agent (e.g., Dill &
Anderson 1995) (28) and against a person who was not responsible for the failure to attain
the goal (e.g., Geen 1968) (29).
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d. Pain And Discomfort - Other research has shown that even nonsocial aversive
conditions (e.g., hot temperatures, loud noises, unpleasant odors) increase aggression
(Berkowitz 1993) (30). Acute aversive conditions, such as pain produced by immersing a
hand in a bucket of ice water, increase aggression (e.g., Berkowitz et al. 1981) (31).
General discomfort, such as that produced by sitting in a hot room, can also increase
aggression; this effect appears to be mediated primarily by increasing negative affect,
though there may be cognitive and arousal processes at work too (Anderson et al. 2000) (32).
e. Drugs - Various drugs such as alcohol and caffeine can also increase aggression
(Bushman 1993) (33). These effects appear to be indirect rather than direct; Bushman
(1997) (34) found that aggression-facilitating factors (e.g., provocation, frustration,
aggressive cues) have a much stronger effect on people who are under the influence of
drugs than on people who are not.
II. ROUTES
Input variables influence the final outcome behavior through the present internal state that they
create. For instance, trait hostility and exposure to violent movie scenes interactively influence
accessibility of aggressive thoughts (Anderson 1997) (35), aggressive affect (Bushman 1995) (36),
and aggressive behavior (Bushman 1995) (37). The internal states of most interest concern
cognition, affect, and arousal.
1. Cognition
a. Hostile Thoughts - Some input variables influence aggressive behavior by increasing the
relative accessibility of aggressive concepts in memory. Frequent activation of a concept
results in its becoming chronically accessible, whereas an immediate situational
activation results in making the concept accessible for a short time (e.g., Bargh et al.
1988; Sedikides & Skowronski 1990) (38). The temporary increase in the accessibility is
often called priming. A host of factors, such as media violence, can prime aggressive
thoughts (e.g., Anderson & Dill 2000, Bushman 1998) (39).
b. Scripts - Huesmann (1998) (40) has described in detail the basic processes underlying the
development of highly accessible aggressive scripts. Similarly, the hostile attribution
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biases characteristic of aggressive children can be seen as instances of hostility-related
scripts (Crick & Dodge 1994, Dodge & Coie 1987) (41).
2. Affect
a. Mood And Emotion - Input variables can also directly influence affect, setting the stage
for later effects on aggressive behavior. For example, pain increases state hostility or
anger (Berkowitz 1993, K.B. Anderson et al. 1998) (42). Uncomfortable temperatures
produce a small increase in general negative affect and a larger increase in aggressive
affect. Exposure to violent movie clips also increases hostile feelings (Hansen & Hansen
1990) (43). Many personality variables are related to hostility-related affect. For example,
trait hostility as measured by self-report scales is positively related to state hostility
(Anderson 1997, K.B. Anderson et al. 1998) (44).
3. Arousal - can influence aggression in three ways.
a. Arousal from an irrelevant source can energize or strengthen the dominant action
tendency, including aggressive tendencies. If a person is provoked or otherwise instigated
to aggress at the time that increased arousal occurs, heightened aggression can result
(Geen & O’Neal 1969) (45).
b. Arousal elicited by irrelevant sources (e.g., exercise) can be mislabeled as anger in
situations involving provocation, thus producing anger motivated aggressive behavior.
This mislabeling process has been demonstrated in several studies by Zillmann, who has
named it excitation transfer. Excitation transfer theory suggests that this type of arousal
effect may persist over a long period. Even after the arousal has dissipated, the individual
may remain potentially aggressive for as long as the self-generated label of “angry”
persists.
c. A third, and as yet untested, possibility is that unusually high and low levels of arousal
may be aversive states, and may therefore stimulate aggression in the same way as other
aversive or painful stimuli.
A large number of situational variables influence both physiological and psychological arousal.
Exercise increases both, whereas alcohol decreases both. Interestingly, changes in physiological
and psychological arousal do not always coincide. Hot temperatures increase heart rate while
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simultaneously decreasing perceived arousal. This suggests that heat might increase aggression
through the arousal route (Anderson et al. 2000) (46).
Interconnections
As shown in Figure 1, the contents of these three routes are highly interconnected. That
cognitions and arousal influence affect is an idea that goes back several generations, through
Schachter & Singer (1962) and William James (1890). Research has shown that people often use
their affective state to guide inference and judgment processes (Schwarz & Clore 1996) (47). At a
theoretical level, one can view affect as a part of semantic memory that can be primed via
spreading activation processes. Thus, hostile cognitions might make hostile feelings more
accessible, and vice versa.
III. OUTCOMES
The third focus, on outcomes, includes several complex information processes, ranging from the
relatively automatic to the heavily controlled (e.g., Smith & Lazarus 1993) (48). As shown in
Figure 1, results from the inputs enter into the appraisal and decision processes through their
effects on cognition, affect, and arousal. In Figure 2 the more automatic processes are labeled
“immediate appraisal,” whereas the more controlled processes are labeled “reappraisal.”
Figure 2: Appraisal & Decision Process
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The outcomes of these decision processes themselves determine the final action of the episode.
The final outcomes then cycle through the social encounter to become part of the inputs for the
next episode, as depicted in Figure 1. The appraisal and decision processes depicted in Figure 2
are taken from research on spontaneous inferences (Krull & Dill 1996) (49) and on explanation and
attribution processes (Anderson et al. 1996) (50). Immediate appraisal is automatic, i.e., relatively
effortless, spontaneous, and occurring without awareness. Depending on the circumstances,
immediate appraisal may produce either an automatic trait or situational inference. For example,
if a person (target) has been thinking aggressive thoughts and is bumped by another person
(actor), the target is likely to perceive the bump as an aggressive act by the actor. However, if the
target has been thinking about how crowded the room is, the same bump is likely to be
immediately perceived as an accidental consequence of the crowded situation. The present
internal state determines, to a great extent, which type of automatic inference is generated. And
of course, both person and situation factors determine the present internal state. Thus, Crick &
Dodge’s hostile-attribution-bias children bring to the situation a readiness to see intentional
affronts where none exists. Immediate appraisals include affective, goal, and intention
information. An aggressive appraisal may include anger-related affect, a retaliation goal, and a
specific intention to carry out that goal. However, the exact response will differ considerably
from person to person, depending on the person’s social learning history (i.e., their personality)
and present state of mind (i.e., which knowledge structures are currently most accessible). What
happens after immediate appraisal depends on other resources. If the person has sufficient
resources (time, cognitive capacity) and if the immediate appraisal outcome is both important
and unsatisfying, then the person will engage a more effortful set of reappraisals. Otherwise,
impulsive action results, action that may be aggressive or nonaggressive depending on the
content of the immediate appraisal. Reappraisal involves searching for an alternative view of the
situation. It can include a search for relevant information about the cause of the event, a search
for relevant memories, and a search for features of the present situation. Reappraisal may include
numerous cycles as alternatives are considered and discarded. At some point the recycling
process ceases and a thoughtful course of action occurs. If reappraisal leads the person to believe
that the bump was an intentionally harmful act, the person may well respond with a thoughtful
aggressive action, which may be coldly calculating or may still have hot affective characteristics.
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Indeed, the reappraisal can increase the level of anger as past wrongs are dredged up from
memory or as the damage to one’s social image becomes more apparent. Note that the “present
internal state” is affected by both types of appraisal, indicated by the double-headed arrow in
Figure 2.
Affect of commercial advertising on children
Advertising can affect cultural values. Some advertising messages, encourage aggressive
individualism, which may clash with the traditional cultural values of a country where the
collective or group is emphasized over the individual or humility or modesty is preferred to
aggressiveness.
For Example, Alcohol and tobacco companies have seemingly targeted low-income
minority communities with a heavy preponderance of outdoor advertising for their
products. These advertisements when shown to children would definitely affect the
behavior.
With the increase in viewing time and the trend towards more violence on TV, researchers need
to revise that statistic upwards. Contrary to public perception, cartoons are some of the most
violent programs on TV. Cartoon violence is especially pernicious, because it trivializes the
violence, often making it humorous.
For example, after one of his numerous attempts to kill the Roadrunner, Wile E. Coyote
plummets to the ground. He gets up, and his body starts wiggling up and down like an
accordion. It looks funny, but it teaches children that violence is not serious. It also
teaches them that violence does not have serious, genuine consequences.
Granted most children will not grow up to be murderers and criminals. Nonetheless, according to
the American Psychological Association, they may:
• Become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others
• Be more fearful of the world around them
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• Behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others
• Be less likely to see anything wrong with violence
Watching violent ads on TV may also have serious, long‐term consequences. According to a
long‐term study by Dr. Leonard D. Eron, watching television violence at age 8 was the strongest
predictor of aggression 22 years later‐‐stronger even than exhibiting violent behavior as children.
The groundbreaking study statistically controlled for initial aggressiveness, intelligence, and
social class.
A later study of students from the first through the fourth grade reached similar frightening
conclusions. Men, who were heavy viewers of violent TV ads as children, were twice as likely
as males, who were light viewers of violent TV, to push, grab, or shove their spouses and three
times as likely to be convicted of criminal behavior by the time they were in their early 20s.
Women, who were heavy viewers of violent programs as children, were more than twice as
likely to have thrown something at their partner and more than four times as likely to have
punched, beaten, or choked another adult.
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3.2 Role of Child / Children on Purchase Decision under the Influence of Advertising
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Figure 4.3.1
Figure 3: Role of Children in Purchase Behavior of Parents
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Advertising Using Kids / Children
Children Influence Stimulated By Advertising
Consumption Process
Consumption
Experience Formation
Purchase Decision Based on Child’s / Children’ Influence + Personal Discretion + Societal Influence
Idea Generator
Price Influence
Experience Influence
Taste Influence
Initiation
General Decision
Choice Decision
Purchase Act
Health Influence
Information Collector
Convenience Influence
Purchase Act Influence
The amount of influence exerted by children varies by product category and stage of the decision
making process. For certain products they are instrumental in initiating a purchase, while for
others, they make the final selections themselves. The purchasing act is governed by how they
have been socialized to act as consumers.
Family, peers and media are key socializing agents for children wherein family-specific
characteristics such as parental style, family's Sex Role Orientation (SRO), and patterns of
communication play key roles. The structure of Indian families has been previously
characterized as joint families with traditional SRO (that is, the husband predominated in all
family affairs). However, owing to influences from the West, the structure of Indian families has
changed to nuclear or extended families (nuclear families plus grandparents). The Indian families
have become more modern in SRO, such that the decision making has become more egalitarian.
Compared to this, the West is experiencing an increase in the number of single parent or female-
headed households. Such a shift in family composition and structure has a bearing on the
strength in the role that children are expected to play as buyers in the family.
Children enjoy greater discretion not only in making routine consumption decisions for the
family but also in pestering their parents to buy other products desired by them. Contemporary
researchers express that children constitute a major consumer market, with direct purchasing
power for snacks and sweets, and indirect purchase influence while shopping for big-ticket items
(Halan, 2002; Singh, 1998) (51). Indian children have recently attracted considerable attention
from marketers because the market for children's products offers tremendous potential (pegged at
Rs. 5000 crore/$1110mn) and is rapidly growing. According to available industry data, the
chocolate and confectionary market is estimated at Rs. 1300 crore/$290mn, the apparel market at
Rs. 480 crore/$110mn and kids footwear at Rs. 1000 crore/$220mn (Bhushan, 2002) (52). In
addition to this, 54% of India is estimated to be under the age of 25 (Bansal, 2004) (53).
Children constitute three different markets: the primary, the influencer, and the future market
(Figure 3). Certain products are simply children's products for which they are the primary
users/buyers. They sometimes either purchase a product themselves or select the product before
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it is purchased by the parents. For other products, such as ones which are used by the entire
family unit, they may influence purchases made by the parents. There are some products where
children wield direct influence or pester power by overtly specifying their preferences and
voicing them aloud. For other products, parents' buying patterns are affected by prior knowledge
of the tastes and preferences of their children. This 'passive dictation' of choice is prevalent for a
wide variety of daily consumed product items as well as products for household consumption.
Also, decision making in households is seen to change with the mere presence of children. The
nature of joint decisions in couple decision making units and family decision making units is
seen to be different (Filiatrault and Ritchie, 1980) (54). It is also observed that children are
socialized by their parents to act as rational consumers. After years of direct or indirect
observation of parental behavior in the marketplace, they gradually acquire relevant consumer
skills from their parents
A greater access to pocket money and a bigger say in purchase decisions has resulted in children
being more informative and demanding. Impulse category brands are always being evaluated.
The need for something new, something novel makes them experimenting on the retail front
and keeps marketers on their toes, trying hard to keep their brands in the top-of-mind-recall at all
days of the week and all times of the day.
Example:
Suppose a family wants to buy a new personal computer than they may definitely take the
opinion of their children/child. The child may help his parents by telling them about the features,
best brand and other important facts.
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CHAPTER - 4
ANALYSIS &
INTERPRETATION
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4.1 What is your child's primary source of information regarding new products and services?
Answers No. of respondents
Television 26
Newspapers 5
Magazines 5
Internet 11
Peers (Family / Friends) 3
PIE CHART
5.1
Interpretation:
A large size of population is influenced by Television and Internet.
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4.2 Which form of advertisement does your child prefer?
Answers No. of respondents
Still ads 9
Moving ads 41
PIE CHART 5.2
Interpretation:
Audio visual ads have a greater impact on children.
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4.3 Do you consult your child before making a major purchase decision?
Answers No. of respondents
Yes 36
No 13
PIE CHART 5.3
Interpretation:
73% parents consult with their children before purchasing a product.
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4.4 Does information provided in advertisement affects your child’s opinion about the product?
Answers No. of respondents
Yes 43
No 7
PIE CHART 5.4
Interpretation:
86% of parents are of the view that information provided in the advertisement helps a child
frame up a positive perception about the product.
4.5 Does your child pursue you to purchase products by getting influenced by advertisements?
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Answers No. of respondents
Yes 45
No 5
PIE CHART 5.5
Interpretation:
Most of the children pursue their parents to purchase products by getting influenced by the
advertisements.
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4.6 Do you think advertisements make children more aggressive or stubborn in their behavior?
Answers No. of respondents
Yes 37
No 13
PIE CHART 5.6
Interpretation:
74% parents are of the view that children get influenced by watching certain ads which may be
reflected on their behavior.
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CHAPTER - 5
FINDINGS
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5.1 FINDINGS:
Advertisements having aggressive content, if seen frequently, are absorbed by children
and used later on as primary response to a similar episode in real life.
Advertisements affect the behavior of children in two ways
o Acts as information provider
o Sublimely alters long term behavior patterns
Children pursue their parents to purchase products after getting influenced by the
advertisements.
Parents consult with their children before purchasing a product.
Television is the primary source of information regarding new products and services,
followed by internet.
Advertisements with moving ads are more effective than advertisement with still ads.
Information in advertisements, graphical or vocal, helps in forming a child’s perception
about the product.
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CHAPTER – 6
CONCLUSION
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6.1 CONCLUSION
After concrete review of past research data, it can be concluded that, advertising on television
has a considerable affect on upbringing of children. Frequent exposure to aggressive/violent
content on television can be absorbed very rapidly by them through sublimal learning.
It can also be concluded that children affect purchasing behavior in family by performing three
kinds of roles, listed as following:
1. Primary Consumer
2. The Influencer
3. Future Consumer
Advertising acts as the information provider, thus affecting knowledge process of children.
Children in India may not have the purchasing power comparable to their Western counterparts,
but they are still the center of the universe in the Indian family system, and they can actually pull
the parents to visit a place time and again. Children are an enormously powerful medium for
relationship building in India. They not only influence markets in terms of the parental decision-
making to buy certain kinds of products, they are also future consumers. Hence more
investigation of children's roles in family decision making is imperative.
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CHAPTER – 7
SUGGESTIONS
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7.1 SUGGESTIONS
Advertisement should be made keeping in mind the factors that influence/attracts
children. This is a must in case of products exclusively for children.
Advertisement should be according to the product and its suitability with different age
groups.
Advertisers should try to refrain from showing activities inflicting aggressive behavior.
Parents should try to divert their child’s attention from advertisements that may
negatively affect their behavior.
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ANNEXURE
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(53) Bansal, 2004
(54) Filiatrault and Ritchie, 1980
Websites
• http//www.scribdconceptofadvertising.com, Advertising – B. N. Ahuja, Surjeet, New
Delhi
• http//www.google.com, children's Understanding of TV advertising effect on age and
parental influence.pdf file by Tammo H.A. Bijmolt’Wilma Claassen
• http://www.buzzle.com/articles/effects-of-advertising-on-children
• http//www.slideshare.comhttp://wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_to_children
• http://www.accessmylibrary.com
• http://www.books.google.com
• http://www.paulbeelen.com
• http://hll.com
• http://hul.co.in
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Books
Kotler. Philip : Marketing Management 12th edition, Prentice-Hall India Pvt Ltd New
Delhi
Kanuk Leslie, Schiffman Leon: Consumer behavior 9th edition, Dorling Kindersley
(India) Pvt Ltd.
S.L.Gupta, V.V.Ratra: Advertising and Sales Promotion Management
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QUESTIONNAIRE
Name ____________________________________
Designation ____________________________________
Address ____________________________________
Contact No. ____________________________________
1. What is your child's primary source of information regarding new products and
services?
a. Television [ ]
b. Newspapers [ ]
c. Magazines [ ]
d. Internet [ ]
e. Peers (friends/family) [ ]
2. Which form of advertisement does your child prefer?
a. Still ads (Magazines / Newspapers) [ ]
b. Moving ads (Television / Internet) [ ]
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Name _______________________________________
Designation ____________________________________
Address ____________________________________
Contact No. ____________________________________
3. Do you consult your child before making a major purchase decision?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
4. Does information provided in advertisement affects your child’s opinion about the
product?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
5. Does your child pursue you to purchase products by getting influenced by advertisements?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
6. Do you think advertisements make children more aggressive or stubborn
in their behavior?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
If yes, why
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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