project report on fodder_singh09
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Internship Project Report on Green Fodder management and Market scenario,TRANSCRIPT
A REPORT ONA REPORT ONA REPORT ONA REPORT ON
“FODDER“FODDER“FODDER“FODDER SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
&&&&
MARKET SCENARIO OF GREEN FODDERMARKET SCENARIO OF GREEN FODDERMARKET SCENARIO OF GREEN FODDERMARKET SCENARIO OF GREEN FODDER IN INDIAIN INDIAIN INDIAIN INDIA”””” IN
PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES LTD.
(DAVE)
A Report submitted towards partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the Post Graduate Diploma in Information
Technology Management in Agriculture
By
Gurjeet Singh
ITMA-0806
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR .S. RAMALINGA RAJU,
ADVISOR
PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES LTD.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS
- TITLE PAGE
- STUDENT DECLARATION
- SUMMER TRAINING CERTIFICATE
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- TABLE OF CONTENT
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT
1.1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
1.1.1 Dairy industry profile
1.1.2 Milk production in India and dairy statistics
1.1.3 Livestock industry of India
1.1.4 Feed and fodder requirement for milk production in India
1.1.5 Scenario of feed and fodder requirement & availability
1.1.6 Status of feed and fodder in India
1.1.7 Demand and supply situation
1.1.8 Limitations
1.1.9 Importance of green fodder feeding for economic milk production
1.1.10 Grassland wealth of India
1.1.11 Sources of Fodder
1.1.12 Role of cultivated fodders
1.1.13 Nutritive Importance of Different Fodder
1.1.14 Common Fodder crops in India& Crop statistics
CHAPTER-2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.3.1 Sources of Data
2.3.2 Research approach
2.3.3 Sampling area
2.3.4 Methodology and presentation of data
2.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER-3 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
3.1 INTERPRETATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER-4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
4.1.1 Cost of Cultivation and Cost of Production of Fodder Crops
4.2 CONCLUSIONS
4.3BIBLOGRAPHY
STUDENT DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report entitled, “Fodder Supply chain Management and
Market Scenario of Green Fodder in India” submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements Post graduate diploma in IT management in Agriculture to Administration to
National Academy of Agricultural Research and management Hyderabad., is my original work
and not submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship, or any other similar
title or prizes.
Place: Hyderabad
(Gurjeet Singh)
PGD-ITMA0806
NAARM
SUMMER TRAINING CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled, “Fodder Supply chain Management and
Market Scenario of Green Fodder in India” submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements Post graduate diploma in IT management in Agriculture to Administration to
National Academy of Agricultural Research and management Hyderabad.
Gurjeet Singh has worked under my supervision and guidance and that no part of this report has
been submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar titles or
prizes and that the work has not been published in any journal or magazine.
Project Guide
Dr. S. Ramalinga Raju
Advisor
Park Dairy Adventures Ltd.
PREFACE
This project is the result of two months training at PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES
LTD.GURGAON .Summer training is an integral part of “PG DIPLOMA IN I T
MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE” course and it aims at providing a firsthand experience
of industry to students. This practical experience helps the students to view the real Business
World closely.
I was really fortunate of getting an opportunity to pursue my Summer Training in,
professionally managed organization like PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES LTD. (DAVE)
Project assigned. Fodder Supply chain Management and Market Scenario of Green
Fodder in India .Required a lot of extensive study, as I did a lot of study of fodder Production,
and Dairy farms
at various places of Western UP. It gave me a great deal of exposure and practical experience.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
An individual cannot do project of this scale. I take this opportunity to express my
acknowledgement and deep sense of gratitude to the individuals for rendering valuable assistance
and gratitude to me. Their inputs have played a vital role in success of this project.
I am grateful to Mr. Kalyan Chakravarthy, who provided me an opportunity to undertake a
project, which enabled me to interact with dairy Farmers, & Farmers to have better
understanding, practical exposure of industry.
I express my sincere thanks to my project guide Dr S. Ramalinga Raju, Advisor of park Dairy
Adventures Ltd. for his generous support, constant direction and mentoring at all stages of
training.
I take this opportunity to thank all Dairy Farmers and Farmer who spared their precious time to
provide me with valuable inputs for project without which it would have not been possible.
I firmly believe that there is always a scope of improvement. I welcome any suggestions for
further enriching the quality of this report.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The object of this management training of Studying imparted is to provide us an insight into the
methods, both culture and the ground realities of an industry. I undertook my training at the
PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES LTD. GURGAON from 24th Aug, 2009 up to 5November, 2009
for a period of 2 months. I was allotted the duty to survey rural area in order to know supply
chain management of green fodder for Cattle and Market scenario of green Fodder .And I was
allotted the duty to survey rural area in order to know farmers view points towards Fodder
Management and Market condition. This report is the reflection of what I have assimilated
during the training period at Park Dairy Adventure Ltd. I have studied about all the Management
aspects and all other expenses of the company. The first few pages talk about the introduction of
the subject and also of the organization. This is followed by literature review followed by the
objectives of the study and research methodology. Then comes real part of the study in which I
have written all what I had learnt there in the bank about the various components of Green
Fodder Management and Market scenario. The last part consists of findings, recommendations,
limitations, conclusion and bibliography.
The objectives of the study, which I undertook in PARK, were to know Status of green fodder
requirement and availability in India, to know existing fodder management system for dairy
farms and supply chain system of green fodder in India and to find out solution for availability of
green fodder for large integrated dairy farm. For this visited many institutions and field and for
this I have made structure questionnaire and interpretation for the same has been done and also in
order to make it more effective I have used tables and pie charts. I went to various farmers
personally and I am able to know about views and their opinion about Fodder Management
system and fodder market.
. I hope that my experience at PARK DAIRY will not only help me in my future in management
field but also in my current studies.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO
SUBJECT
I.I THEROTICAL FOUNDATION
1.1.1 Dairy Industry Profile
Dairy enterprise is an important occupation of the farmer In India nearly 70% of the people
depends on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. It is mainly a rural occupation closely
associated with agriculture. More than 2,445 million people economically active in agriculture in
the world, probably 2/3 or even more 3/4 of them are wholly or partly dependent on livestock
farming. India is endowed with rich flora & fauna & continues to be vital avenue for
employment and income generation, especially in rural areas. The dairy sector in the India has
shown remarkable development in the past decade and India has now become one of the largest
producers of milk and value-added milk products in the world. The dairy sector has developed
through co-operatives in many parts of the country.
Status of dairy industry
� Largest population of livestock (20%) and its contribution to Ag GDP is @ 24%
� Largest producer of milk in the world (104.8 MT)
1.1.2 Milk Production in India and Dairy Statistic
India is the world’s largest milk producer with 104.8million tonnes milk production per year.
Milk production in India is growing at 4% per year, and at present India contributes 15% of the
total global milk production. Out of this, 55% is contributed by buffalo. Though per capita
availability of milk in India has increased from 120 grams in 1960 to 241 grams per day in 2005-
2006, demand for milk is increasing day by day owing to increase in population and individual
income. In 2008 it was 104.8 million tonnes which has already been achieved. The projected
milk demand in India by 2010, 2015 and 2020 will be 120, 140 and 170 million tonnes.
Production of Milk in India
(1990-1991 to 2007-2008)
Production of Milk in India (1990-1991 to 2007-2008)
(' 000 tonne)
Year Cow Milk Buffalo Milk Goat Milk Total
1990-91 22240 28675 2381 53296
1991-92 23038 29600 2348 55686
1992-93 24291 30846 2515 57962
1993-94 25351 32527 2663 60607
1994-95 26122 35637 2749 63805
1995-96 26715 35870 2783 66197
1996-97 27916 37541 2898 69145
1997-98 29128 38708 3041 72128
1998-99 30454 40413 3236 75424
1999-00 32636 42268 3337 78241
2000-01 32967 43428 3266 80607
2001-02 34516 45402 3501 84406
2002-03 34612 46512 3636 86159
2003-04 34973 47979 3708 88082
2004-05 37344 50178 3537 92484
2005-06 39759 52070 3790 97066
2006-07 100.9* - - -
2007-08 104.8* - - -
Note: *: Figures are Million Tonnes.
Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation &
Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. (10517)
Production/Per Capita Availability of Milk in India (1950-1951, 1955-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1969, 1970-1971, 1973-1974, 1979-1980 to 2006-2007)
Production/Per Capita Availability of Milk in
India (1950-1951, 1955-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1969, 1970-1971,
1973-1974, 1979-1980 to 2006-2007)
Year Milk Production (Million Tonne)
Per Capita Availability (gm./day)
1950-51 17.0 124
1955-56 19.0 124
1960-61 20.0 124
1968-69 21.2 112
1970-71 22.0 112
1973-74 23.2 112
1979-80 30.4 127
1980-81 31.6 128
1981-82 34.3 136
1982-83 35.8 139
1983-84 38.8 147
1984-85 41.5 154
1985-86 44.0 160
1986-87 46.1 164
1987-88 46.7 163
1988-89 48.4 166
1989-90 51.4 173
1990-91 53.9 176
1991-92 55.7 178
1992-93 58.0 182
1993-94 60.6 187
1994-95 63.8 194
1995-96 66.2 197
1996-97 69.1 202
1997-98 72.1 207
1998-99 75.4 213
1999-00 78.3 217
2000-01 80.6 220
2001-02 84.4 225
2002-03 86.2 230
2003-04 88.1 231
2004-05 92.5 233
2005-06 97.1 241
2006-07** 100.0 245
Note: From 2004-05 onwards, Population projected by Census India is taken
and approximated for a midpoint of March to February period by
linear method.
**: Anticipated Achievements Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
State-wise Milk Production in India
(2006-2007)
State-wise Milk Production in India (2006-2007)
( ' 000 Tonne)
States/Uts Production
Andhra Pradesh 7939
Arunachal Pradesh 49#
Assam 751
Bihar 5450
Chhattisgarh 849
Goa 57
Gujarat 7533
Haryana 5367
Himachal Pradesh 872
Jammu & Kashmir 1400#
Jharkhand 1401
Karnataka 4124
Kerala 2119
Madhya Pradesh 6375
Maharashtra 6978
Manipur 77
Meghalaya 75
Mizoram 16
Nagaland 67#
Orissa 1431
Punjab 9168
Rajasthan 9375
Sikkim 49
Tamil Nadu 5560
Tripura 89
Uttar Pradesh 18095
Uttarakhand 1213
West Bengal 3982
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 23
Chandigarh 46
Dadar & Nagar Haveli 5#
Daman & Diu 1#
Delhi 289
Lakshadweep 2
Pondicherry 45
India 100869
Note: #: Provisional.
Compiled from the statistics released by : Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 742, dated on 03.03.2008.
Export of Dairy Products from India (2003-2004 to 2007-2008)
Export of Dairy Products from India (2003-2004 to 2007-2008)
(Qty. in MTs; Value : Rs. in Lakh)
Year Qty./Value Dairy
Products
2003-04*
Qty. 8918.38
Value 87.11
2004-05
Qty. 42160.06
Value 35869
2005-06
Qty. 75551.39
Value 67668.25
2006-07
Qty. 45371.84
Value 43457.8
2007-08
Qty. 69415.44
Value 86656.36
Note: *: Rs. in Crore. Source: Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. of India. (10696)
State-wise Share of Milk Production by Cows, Buffaloes and Goats in India (2005-2006)
State-wise Share of Milk Production by Cows, Buffaloes and Goats in India (2005-2006)
(In ' 000 Tonnes)
States/Uts
Cow
Buffalo Goat Total
CB ND Total
Andhra Pradesh 1051 837 1889 5735 - 7624
Arunachal Pradesh 3 4 7 - - 48
Assam 159 468 627 93 27 747
Bihar 749 1626 2375 2473 212 5060
Chhattisgarh 54 458 512 285 42 839
Goa 23 10 33 23 0 56
Gujarat 516 1742 2258 4445 257 6960
Haryana 474 291 765 4491 43 5299
Himachal Pradesh 296 210 506 335 28 869
Jammu & Kashmir* - - - - - 1400
Jharkhand 114 632 746 484 105 1335
Karnataka 1489 1148 2637 1346 39 4022
Kerala 1839 108 1948 36 79 2063
Madhya Pradesh 222 2151 2373 3402 508 6283
Maharashtra 2420 1041 3461 3027 282 6769
Manipur 38 24 63 14 - 77
Meghalaya 45 27 72 2 - 73
Mizoram 12 2 14 1 - 15
Nagaland 59 10 70 3 2 74
Orissa 570 561 1131 208 3 1342
Punjab 2253 107 2360 6511 37 8909
Rajasthan 257 2287 2544 5188 981 8713
Sikkim 38 10 48 0.12 - 48
Tamil Nadu 3890 813 4703 771 - 5474
Tripura 27 55 83 2 2 87
Uttar Pradesh 1344 3109 4453 11884 1019 17356
Uttaranchal 189 272 461 744 0 1206
West Bengal 1091 2377 3469 302 121 3891
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5 9 14 4 2 20
Chandigarh 14 1 15 31 - 46
Dadra and Nagar Haveli* - - - - - 5
Daman & Diu 0.01 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 1
Delhi 61 22 83 227 - 310
Lakshadweep * - - - - - 2
Pondicherry 39 1 41 2 - 43
India 19344 20415 39759 52070 3790 97066
Abbr.: CB: Crossbred.
ND: Non-descript.
Note: - : denotes no production data reported.
*: Breakup not available.
0: negligible.
Compiled from the statistics released by : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Demand Projections of Livestock Products in India
(1993, 2000, 2010 & 2020)
Demand Projections of Livestock Products in India (1993, 2000, 2010 & 2020)
Product 1993 2000 2010 2020 Per cent Annual
Growth Rate (1999-2000)
Milk 46.18 60.77 94.30 147.21 4.77
Mutton and goat meat 0.83 1.36 3.81 12.72 13.25
Beef and buffalo meat 0.49 0.61 0.84 1.15 3.39
Chicken 0.25 0.33 0.52 0.81 4.67
Eggs 9.62 13.88 24.90 44.06 6.02
Note: All Products in million tonne except eggs (billion no.).
Compiled from the statistics released by : Annual Report 2001-2002, Department
of Agricultural, Research and
Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as 1990-91 relates to April 1990 to March 1991.
Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = 100000.
(b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = 10000000.
Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table
Selected State-wise Fund Released/Utilized under Intensive
Dairy Development Programme in India
(2005-2006 to 2008-2009)
Selected State-wise Fund Released/Utilised under Intensive
Dairy Development Programme in India (2005-2006 to 2008-2009)
(Rs. in Lakh)
States/Uts
Funds Released during the Year
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 *
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 0.00 0.00 11.34 0.00 -
Andhra Pradesh 135.00 288.45 298.33 334.53 100.00
Arunachal Pradesh 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Assam 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Bihar 100.00 237.55 0.00. 119.39 -
Jharkhand 146.89 20.00 107.64 0.00 -
Gujarat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Haryana 153.83 657.35 200 400.00 200.00
Himachal Pradesh 0.00 39.00 340.05 0.00 -
Jammu & Kashmir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Kerala 329.44 240.00 465.25 524.76 -
Karnataka 0.00 72.00 0.00 0.00 -
Madhya Pradesh 369.21 100.59 285.00 132.00 -
Chhattisgarh 0.00 50.00 100.00 40.00 -
Maharashtra 500.10 72.00 200.00 0.00 -
Manipur 0.00 160.00 200.00 24.61 -
Meghalaya 65.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 -
Mizoram 74.29 90.00 139.70 50.00 -
Nagaland 256.21 162.70 35.00 0.00 -
Orissa 817.68 104.61 302.56 345.17 -
Rajasthan 322.55 0.00 310.00 284.52 -
Sikkim 350.61 140.21 75.30 274.89 -
Tamil Nadu 0.00 356.47 125.00 273.59 275.00
Tripura 0.00 40.00 90.00 120.44 -
Uttar Pradesh 166.32 19.00 100.00 95.00 -
Uttaranchal 201.12 467.98 0.00 128.96 -
West Bengal 0.00 0.00 70.83 0.00 -
India 3988.30 3347.91 3456.00 3147.86 575.00
Note: *: Up to 23.07.2009.
Source: Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 365, dated 20.10.2008.
Integrated Dairy Development Projects Approved Outlays in India (2000-2001)
Integrated Dairy Development Projects Approved Outlays
in India (2000-2001)
(Amount in Lakh)
States/Uts Year of the Sanction Approved Outlays
Amount
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1995-96 239.41
Andhra Pradesh - I 1995-96 447.32
Andhra Pradesh - II 15.11.2000 934.28
Arunachal Pradesh 1993-94 458.50
Assam 1994-95 1260.76
Bihar –I 1994-95 158.61
Bihar –II 1995-96 729.00
Bihar-III (Kaimur) 1997-98 67.25
Bihar -IV (Madhuban) 1997-98 66.30
Bihar -V (Nalnanda) 15.11.2000 447.73
Gujarat 1993-94 679.95
Haryana 1995-96 203.75
Himachal Pradesh 1997-98 805.95
Jammu & Kashmir -Jammu 1995-96 635.12
Jammu & Kashmir -Kashmir 1995-96 608.17
Madhya Pradesh -I, II & III 1993-94 781.06
Madhya Pradesh -IV 1995-96 599.85
Maharashtra –I 1995-96 1985.24
Maharashtra –II 1997-98 1941.55
Manipur 1993-94 224.10
Meghalaya –I 1994-95 141.29
Meghalaya –II 15.11.2000 472.52
Mizoram –I 1993-94 367.99
Mizoram –II 1995-96 349.19
Nagaland –I 1993-94 668.22
Nagaland –II 1998-99 347.49
Orissa –I 1993-94 631.00
Orissa –II 1994-95 443.21
Orissa –III 1998-99 621.84
Sikkim-I & II 1993-94 678.47
Tamil Nadu 1995-96 336.63
Tripura –I 1993-94 304.90
Tripura –II 1994-95 319.51
Uttar Pradesh -I, II & III 1993-94 1242.89
Uttar Pradesh –IV 15.11.2000 758.44
West Bengal –I 1994-95 498.88
West Bengal –II 1998-99 140.83
India 21597.20
Source: Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.1643, dated 7.3.2001.
Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as 1990-91 relates to April 1990 to March 1991.
Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = 100000.
(b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = 10000000.
Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table.
1.1.3 THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY OF INDIA
India's animal wealth is quite large in terms of its populations of cattle, poultry, sheep and goats,
camels, horses and pets. Recently, aquaculture has also been growing in importance in India.
Livestock type
Population
(millions)
Cattle 204.5
Buffaloes 84.2
Sheep 50.8
Goats 115.3
Pigs 12.8
Horses/ponies 0.8
Mules 0.2
Donkeys 0.9
Camels 1.0
Yaks 0.06
Mithuns 0.15
Total livestock 470.86
TABLE 1
Dairy cattle
Worldwide, India is number one in milk production, at 104.8 million tonnes per annum, and the
dairy industry is spread across the whole country. India has one of the largest populations of
cattle and buffalo in the world. In a total of 288 million head, there are 10 million crossbred
cows, 15 million good milk cows of local varieties and 36 million buffaloes of good milk
varieties. The remainder of the cattle population is of a non-descript variety and a sizeable
proportion consists of bullocks.
TABLE 2
Cattle indicators
Dairy
Cross-bred cows (millions) 10.0
Improved cows (millions) 15.0
Improved buffaloes (millions) 36.0
Milk production (million tonnes) 104.8
Per capita consumption (g/day) 245
Annual growth
Dairy industry 5%
The crossbred population is either Jersey or Holstein-Friesian, crossed with local cows.
Crossbreeding was a natural solution to upgrading the milk yield in the absence of high-value
imported varieties of purebred animals. The buffalo breeds are unique to India, and produce milk
with a fat content of 7 to 8 percent.
Milk is seen as a health drink and a variety of Indian sweets are prepared from milk. The ice-
cream market is growing.
Farms are located on the outskirts of cities and within cities. Almost all villages have a number
of cattle, but there are only a few organized dairy farms. In India, dairy is not so much an
industry as a smallholder farming activity.
Growth in the milk sector has occurred mainly through cooperative efforts. Cooperatives started
by supplying milk collection centre, where milk was collected from villagers in quantities as
small as 1 liter, and gradually started to provide other services to farmers, including education,
artificial insemination, veterinary health support and feeding. The small farmers became
prosperous, loan facilities were made available through banks, and member farmers started to
share the profits from cooperatives. Cooperatives also set up their own modern computerized
feed plants. They have modern milk processing plants from which they produce and market
pasteurized milk, butter, butter oil, chocolate, ice-cream and milk sweets, which are very popular
with Indian consumers. Today, the feed production from cooperatives is about 0.6 million tones
per year.
The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), which has excellent facilities for research on
breeding, nutrition and health care, has played a pivotal role in setting up cooperatives. Without
NDDB and several of the existing dairy cooperatives, the milk sector in India would have
suffered.
The dairy industry in India is expected to grow, but growth will be restricted to individual small
farmers. It is unlikely that India will see the advent of large, organized dairy farming in the near
future.
1.1.4 Feed &fodder Requirement for milk production in India
Livestock production is backbone of Indian Agriculture and source of employment in
rural areas for centuries. This sector has been the primary source of energy for
agriculture operation and major source of animal protein for the masses. Therefore India
has been house to major draught, milk and dual-purpose breeds of cattle. Our whole
system of rural economy has revolved around livestock production.
However, there has been a rapid change in the way agriculture operations are carried out like;
- Agriculture production i.e. cropping system, water resources, diversification of crops,
intensification of agriculture
- Increasing use of mechanical power V/S bullock power
- Transformation from sustenance farming to market oriented farming
- Changing food habits
All this has its impact on animal husbandry practices including breed character requirements of
Indian farmer and thus their feeding. India is house to 15% world cattle population and 16% of
human population to be sustained and Progressed on 2% of total geographical areas. Due to ever
increasing population pressure of human, arable land is mainly used for food and cash crops,
thus there is little chance of having good quality arable land available for fodder production until
milk production is remunerative to the farmer as compared to other crops.
1.1.5 Scenario of feed and fodder requirement & availability
There is tremendous pressure of livestock on available feed and fodder, as land available for
fodder production has been decreasing. Scenario of feed and fodder availability till 2025 is as
below: -
(In million tons)
Year
Supply
Demand
Deficit as % of demand
(actual demands)
Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry
1995 379.3 421 947 526 59.95 (568) 19.95 (105)
2000 384.5 428 988 549 61.10 (604) 21.93 (121)
2005 389.9 443 1025 569 61.96 (635) 22.08 (126)
2010 395.2 451 1061 589 62.76 (666) 23.46 (138)
2015 400.6 466 1097 609 63.50 (696) 23.56 (143)
2020 405.9 473 1134 630 64.21 (728) 24.81 (157)
2025 411.3 488 1170 650 64.87 (759) 24.92 (162)
Source: Draft report of the working group on animal husbandry and dairying for five-year
plan (2002-2007, Govt. of India, Planning Commission, August – 2001).
1.1.6 Status of feed and fodder in India
Feed and fodder are major important input covering 50-75% of the total production costs of milk,
meat and other livestock products feed resource availability has been estimated by several
workers. National institute of animal nutrition and physiology Bangalore in its report (2005)
identified status of feed and fodder (DM basis) in India
Status of feed and fodder (DM basis) in India
NIANP (2005)
And area under permanent pasture and other grazing land was 3.3%as against the
recommendation of 8% of total cultivable area. On the other hand, grazing lands are under
continuous degradation due to exploitative stress but are shrinking due to competing demand of
food and forage under the increasing population pressure, urbanization and industrialization.
Meeting the demand of quality forages of our livestock is a gigantic and challenging task.
Feeds Available
(MT)
Required
(MT)
Deficit (%)
Dry fodder 365 412 11
Concentrate 34 47 28
Green fodder 126 193 35
Total 526 652 19
It is not possible to increase are under fodder production in India due to the increasing demand
for food and commercial crops. In the light of this it is very much important to increase fodder
production by efficiently and effectively utilizing the available resources of land and water as
well as feed and fodder to increase the milk and meat production for the food security of huge
population of the country.
Realizing this fact the country has established seven regional stations in different agro climatic
regions with the objective of quick transfer of technology on all aspects of fodder production,
conservation and utilization and to assist the state agencies in the conduct of their extension
programmes. A significant breakthrough has been achieved in the production of pasture legume
seeds for use in grassland development. Improved varieties of fodder seeds are being multiplied
at the central fodder seed production farm, Nasserghatta. Because growing food and cash crops
are more profitable, major Lands have been diverted toward cultivation of such crops resulting in
inadequate production of green fodder. The cultivated fodder crops occupy only 6.91 million
hectares, which is less than 5 percent of the area under cultivation in the country. It is only in a
few states like the Punjab, where the percentage of area under irrigated cultivated fodder is
around 10 percent. If proper steps are not taken the future of India’s live stock cannot be
satisfactory. More areas are required to be brought under fodder crops for more production of
green fodder to maintain health of the cattle as well as to increase the milk production. It may be
noted that the economics of livestock production based on cultivated fodder production is much
better than feeding of low quality roughage’s / crop residues supplemented with concentrates. To
augment milk production, it is therefore imperative to regenerate the existing grazing areas by
adopting better management practices and also to increase the area under cultivated fodder crops
and establishment of pasture wherever possible.
1.1.7 Demand and supply situation
• There is a deficit of approx. 35% of green fodder and 11 % of dry fodder.
• In absolute terms, shortage is 635 million tonnes of green fodder and 126 million tonnes
of dry fodder
• The deficit situation becomes worse in the event of drought, floods, cyclones etc.
1.1.8 Limitations
• Despite urgent need, cultivation of fodder crops , grasses, etc. not being given due
attention on account of stress on more remunerative agricultural crops like grains,
oilseeds, pulses, Sugarcane etc.
• Pressures on grazing areas are increasing on account of increase in population,
encroachments of pasture areas.
• Tendency of farmer to keep large herds due to low productivity.
• Non-remunerative prices for fodder and fodder like produces.
1.1.9 Importance of green fodder feeding for economic milk production
a) Green forage is essential in the feeding of -dairy cattle for economic Milk production.
b) Green fodder feeding practice maintains the normal health and Reproduction of all herbivores.
c) The longevity and production are adversely affected when cattle are reared without green
forage, even though they may be provided with best quality of concentrates. Such animals
usually give birth to weak, stunted or blind calves.
d) Green forages are also praised for their overall cooling effect on the body due to the nature of
being easily digestible, more palatable, being slightly laxative in action and above all provide
fresh nutrients in most natural form resulting in efficient utilization of these feed without any
strain on the body organs.
e) Dairy cattle yielding as high as 5-6 liters of milk can easily be maintained solely on green
fodder without any complaint. This reduces the feed costs by 20 % over normal dry roughage
(straw) and a concentrate mixture.
1.1.10 Grassland wealth of India
According to the land-utilization statistics, the area under permanent pastures and grasslands is
13 million hectares. In addition, there are another 15 million hectares classified as cultivable
wasteland, and still another 7-8 million hectares under the saline and alkaline soils. This large
area, comprising areas affected by soil acidity, salinity and alkalinity, droughts, floods and
ravines, can be utilized for the growing of various fodder species.
The grasslands of our country are essentially the monsoon grasslands and the grasses in them
show their best biological potential for a period of about four months, after which owing to
moisture stress and the advent of winter, the grasses enter dormancy till the next monsoon.
The grasslands normally considered to be the cheapest source of animal feed are in a degraded
and denuded state because of overgrazing and faulty management over the ages. Thus the
amelioration of the natural grasslands and pastures deserve special and careful attention and
priority in our drive for increasing forage production. The Grassland Survey carried out by the
Indian Council of Agricultural Research has led to the recognition of four distinct grass covers in
the plains and the lower hills and one at high altitudes
1.1.11 Sources of Fodder
Three main sources of fodder are:
-Cultivated fodder
-Agriculture/crop residues
-Grass lands, pastures, forests etc.
Cultivated Fodder Crops:
Leguminous and non- leguminous fodder consists of stem and leaves of a group of plants
belonging to “Leguminosae”. These plants by virtue of bacteria of Rhizobium group in their root
nodules fix nitrogen from atmosphere and make it available to themselves, other plants, animal
and man. Legumes contain 2-3% DCP and 10% TPN on fresh basis.
E.g. : CowPea, (Vigna Sinesis) Berseem (Trifolium Alexandriurn) Lucerne (Medicago Sativa)
Sun hump (Crotalaria Juncia).
Legumes always have higher nitrogen content and can form a major source of protein to animals.
For cattle and buffaloes, if legumes are fed liberally, there is no need for any additional supply of
protein. The disadvantage of leguminous fodder is production of gas in the rumen i.e. Bloat, if
large quantities of legumes are fed legumes are low in phosphorus. Non leguminous fodders
contain lower percentage of nitrogen. 0.5 to 1.0% DCP and 11-15°, % TDN: Non Leguminous
fodders consists of many cereal crops, cultivated grasses, indigenous grasses and introduced
grasses.
Cereal Crops Maize (Zea mays) Sorghum (sorghum Vulgare)
Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides)
Permanent Cultivated
Paragrass (Brachiaria Mutica Guine grass
(Panicum maximum) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Indigenous grasses Anjan Grass (cenchrus ciliaris) Dhub grass
(Cynodon dactylon)
Introduced Grass
Orchard grass (Dactylis alomQratr)) Signal
Grass (Brachiaia brizantha)
1.1.12 Role of cultivated fodders
• Feed & fodder cost constitute about 60-70% of cost of milk production thus cultivated
fodder has an important role in meeting requirement of various nutrients & roughage in
our country to produce milk most economically as compared to concentrates
• It needs feed, which not only meet nutrient requirement but also fills the rumen to satisfy
the animal.
• In view of microbial digestion system, feeds have to meet requirement of cattle
maintenance, production and requirement of microbes to promote digestion.
• Cultivation of fodder is important not only for augmenting feed availability but for
maintaining the natural resources base through soil stabilization, preventing soil erosion,
and contributing to soil fertility through microbial nitrogen fixation and organic matter
addition.
1.1.13Nutritive Importance of different green fodder
Fodder crops provide all the critical elements like highly digestible protein,
carbohydrates, fats and minerals. Green fodders are a very good source of B-carotene
(precursor of vitamin A).
• Common cereal fodder crops like Maize, Sorghum and Oats are rich in energy and the
leguminous crops like Lucerne, Berseem & Cowpea are rich in proteins.
• Leguminous crops, like Berseem, Lucerne & Cowpea, are a good source of major
µ minerals, so critical for rumen microbes as well as animal system
• Fodder cultivation has been traditional in most parts of the country since farmers feel that
the fodder crops have some factor, which keeps the animal healthy and productive. And
hence since generations farmers have marked out certain varieties and crops for fodder
production and cultivate these, depending on availability of land and water.
• The green fodder crops are known to be cheaper source of nutrients as compared to
concentrates and hence useful in bringing down the cost of feeding and reduce the need
for purchase of feeds/ concentrates from the market.
• The stage of harvest of crop has profound effect on the nutrient contents of the fodder
crop. The moisture and nutrient contents of the crop decreases and fiber content increases
with maturity and hence harvesting at proper stage is crucial.
• Fodder production program should aim at selecting crops and varieties, which
produce highest quantities of ' Nutrients per unit of land and time period' and hence a
continuous search for improved varieties is crucial.
• Grasses like Hybrid Napier and Guinea grass are known for high yields and their new
varieties produce good quality fodder. These grasses being perennial and high yielding
are useful.
• Shrubs and small trees (like Gliricidia, Desman thus, Luciana, Sesbania spp.) are very
good and cheap source of protein and minerals and can be introduced between farm plots
and have multipurpose utility.
1.1.14 Common Fodder crops in India and Crop Statistics
Various fodder crops are grown in India but fodder crops that are commonly grown & use in
India for livestock feeding are listed below
Annual or seasonal non-legumes
1) Maize or corn
2) Jowar or sorghum
3) Bajra or pearl millet
4) Ragi or finger millet
Winter or Rabi cereals
1) Oats
2) Barley
3) Rye
Perennial non legumes
1) Hybrid Napier
2) Sudan grass
Annual or seasonal legume
1) Cow pea
2) Berseem and Egyptian clover
3) French bean or cluster bean or Guar
Perennial legumes
1) Lucerne
Area under Crops in India (1950-1951 to 2006-2007)
Area under Crops in India - Part I (1950-1951 to 2006-2007)
( ' 000 Hectare)
Year Rice Jowar Bajra Maize Ragi Wheat Barley
1950-51 31056 15554 9744 3250 2254 10010 3198
1951-52 30434 15960 10083 3435 2229 9624 3384
1952-53 29991 18023 11489 3721 2315 9938 3346
1953-54 31186 17876 12727 3877 2423 10745 3547
1954-55 30660 17273 11436 3928 2407 11344 3401
1955-56 31633 17447 10972 3811 2333 12704 3405
1956-57 32365 16663 11301 3834 2292 13625 3518
1957-58 32292 17298 11185 4146 2355 11758 3072
1958-59 33195 17935 11405 4259 2454 12616 3314
1959-60 33888 17715 10852 4348 2472 13384 3379
1960-61 34056 18426 11470 4401 2478 12931 3140
1961-62 34656 18220 11275 4501 2459 13565 3309
1962-63 35734 18402 10961 4646 2426 13589 3021
1963-64 35745 18370 11103 4586 2420 13519 2774
1964-65 36359 18023 11916 4617 2410 13453 2675
1965-66 35338 17623 11959 4794 2408 12539 2638
1966-67 35060 18117 12787 5119 2419 12775 2859
1967-68 36108 17900 12798 5612 2417 14926 3377
1968-69 35864 17633 12447 5590 2411 15612 2828
1969-70 37141 16985 12570 5717 2545 16782 2780
1970-71 37381 16871 13391 5856 2474 18293 2556
1971-72 37843 16489 11961 5588 2452 19095 2456
1972-73 36894 16705 12287 5807 2385 18684 2453
1973-74 38215 17059 14132 6011 2344 18641 2656
1974-75 37804 16238 11468 5815 2428 17940 2889
1975-76 39372 16062 11598 5912 2632 20339 2810
1976-77 38477 15740 10806 5978 2502 20876 2244
1977-78 40280 16100 11006 5712 2682 21277 2003
1978-79 40511 16052 11400 5784 2682 22540 1837
1979-80 39542 16618 10798 5754 2603 22098 1771
1980-81 40237 16412 11658 6032 2504 22225 1799
1981-82 40778 16817 11826 5916 2555 21992 1728
1982-83 38424 16343 11155 5720 2345 23523 1493
1983-84 41485 16608 11796 5837 2561 24545 1383
1984-85 41167 16179 10659 5821 2379 23488 1247
1985-86 41220 16338 10854 5797 2372 23179 1361
1986-87 41154 16184 11497 5955 2394 23196 1224
1987-88 38866 16116 9171 5645 2242 23213 1139
1988-89 41756 14499 12156 5894 2275 24065 1087
1989-90 42178 14602 11056 5946 2299 23461 1001
1990-91 42687 14358 10477 5904 2171 24167 962
1991-92 42661 12481 10268 5878 2109 23378 964
1992-93 41896 13222 10856 6086 2040 24642 924
1993-94 42653 12942 9738 6098 2018 25202 810
1994-95 42814 11514 10223 6136 1764 25700 891
1995-96 42837 11326 9319 5979 1774 25011 824
1996-97 43433 11431 9980 6260 1784 25887 757
1997-98 43446 10801 9668 6321 1657 26696 858
1998-99 44802 9794 9297 6204 1758 27523 793
1999-00 45162 10251 8897 6422 1634 27486 725
2000-01 44712 9856 9829 6611 1759 25731 778
2001-02 44904 9795 9529 6582 1647 26345 660
2002-03 41176 9300 7740 6635 1415 25196 702
2003-04 42593 9331 10612 7343 1666 26595 657
2004-05 41907 9092 9233 7430 1553 26383 617
2005-06 43660 8667 9581 7588 - 26484 -
2006-07(P) 43814 8473 9508 7894 - 27995 -
Percentage Distribution of Gross Cropped Area under Different Crops in India
(1995-1996 to 2005-2006)
Percentage Distribution of Gross Cropped Area under Different Crops in India (1995-1996 to 2005-2006)
Crops
% Share of Area to Gross Cropped Area
1995- 96
1996- 97
1997- 98
1998- 99
1999- 00
2000- 01
2001- 02
2002- 03
2003- 04
2004- 05
2005- 06
Rice 22.81 22.94 22.87 23.26 23.88 24.03 23.60 23.79 22.39 22.11 22.71
Wheat 13.77 13.69 14.02 14.29 14.50 13.84 13.79 14.26 13.95 13.88 13.79
Jowar 6.30 6.07 5.72 5.11 5.43 5.32 5.16 5.29 4.90 4.76 4.49
Bajra 5.49 5.41 5.16 4.93 4.79 5.38 5.11 4.49 5.63 4.86 5.01
Maize 3.25 3.37 3.36 3.27 3.45 3.65 3.55 3.83 3.92 3.96 4.00
Ragi 1.01 0.97 0.91 0.95 0.91 0.99 0.91 0.86 0.92 0.85 0.85
Barley 0.48 0.40 0.46 0.42 0.39 0.42 0.39 0.40 0.35 0.33 0.33
Other Cereals & Millets
0.96 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.77 0.80 0.71 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.54
Coarse Cereals
17.49 17.09 16.46 15.52 15.75 16.55 15.83 15.58 16.34 15.34 15.22
Total Cereals
54.06 53.72 53.35 53.00 54.13 54.43 53.22 53.62 52.69 51.33 51.72
Gram 3.99 3.74 3.92 4.42 3.32 2.79 3.39 3.35 3.70 3.52 3.59
Tur 1.75 1.85 1.75 1.75 1.81 1.97 1.76 1.90 1.84 1.84 1.84
Other Pulses 7.18 6.68 6.83 6.45 6.49 6.64 6.99 6.82 7.27 7.07 6.15
Total Pulses 12.91 12.27 12.50 12.62 11.62 11.40 12/15 12.08 12.81 12.43 11.58
Total Foodgrains
66.98 65.99 65.84 65.62 65.74 65.83 65.37 65.70 65.50 63.76 63.31
Sugarcane 2.27 2.34 2.20 2.26 2.36 2.46 2.46 2.70 2.30 2.10 2.41
Condiments & Spices
1.42 1.49 1.57 1.49 1.52 1.50 1.72 1.73 1.66 1.61 1.46
Total Fruits 1.61 1.62 1.72 1.74 1.78 1.87 1.61 2.11 1.97 2.05 2.02
Potatoes 0.57 0.66 0.63 0.68 0.70 0.67 0.67 0.78 0.69 0.72 0.75
Onions 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.11 0.26 0.32 0.34
Total Vegetables
2.39 2.36 2.38 2.49 2.54 2.52 2.72 2.96 2.79 2.89 2.82
Groundnut 4.24 4.07 3.73 3.87 3.67 3.63 3.34 3.40 3.24 3.52 3.55
Sesamum 1.17 1.12 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.99 0.88 1.02 1.13 1.05
Rapeseed & Mustard
3.05 3.27 3.23 3.05 3.16 2.45 2.66 2.44 2.85 3.70 3.81
Linseed 0.48 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.37 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.22
Other Oil Seeds
5.54 6.01 6.34 6.50 9.62 6.21 5.95 6.56 6.43 7.28 7.41
Total Oil Seeds
14.48 14.88 14.66 14.76 14.10 13.56 13.22 13.54 13.79 15.85 16.04
Cotton 3.76 4.83 4.69 4.92 4.74 4.61 4.76 4.36 4.01 4.38 4.47
Jute 0.40 0.48 0.48 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.40
Mesta 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.07
Total Fibres 4.80 5.48 5.32 5.51 5.34 5.22 5.37 5.00 4.59 4.90 4.97
Tobacco 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.19 0.19
Other Crops 5.83 7.14 6.06 5.87 6.83 6.89 7.33 6.04 7.18 6.65 6.78
Gross Cropped Area
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Abbr. : P : Provisional. Compiled from the statistics released by: Ministry
State-wise Area under Fodder Crops and Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands in
India
(1992-1993 to 1996-1997, 1998-1999 and 1999-2000)
State-wise Area under Fodder Crops and Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing
Lands in India (1992-1993 to 1996-1997, 1998-1999 and 1999-2000)
( ' 000 Hectare)
States/UTs
Fodder Crops Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land
1992
-93
1993
-94
1994
-95
1995
-96
1996
-97
1998
-99
1999
-00
1992 -93
1993 -94
1994 -95
1995 -96
1996 -97
1998 -99
1999 -00
Andhra Pradesh
149 150 156 132 138 124 130 820 779 763 748 763 686 682
Assam 3 12 10 8 8 8 8 184 163 158 158 170 167 167
Bihar 14 14 16 11 14 14 11 126 120 116 114 107 106 105
Goa - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Gujarat 1229 1148 1239 1203 1230 1318 1318 848 849 848 848 849 849 849
Haryana 506 561 568 439 449 511 510 31 29 27 24 24 24 22
Himachal Pradesh
10 1 10 10 10 10 10 1203 1198 1194 1204 1204 1493 1472
Jammu & Kashmir
42 43 41 43 42 46 46 125 125 126 126 126 126 126
Karnataka 82 77 71 65 62 50 55 921 899 1048 1028 1017 987 979
Kerala 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 (a)
Madhya Pradesh
824 801 789 759 757 720 700 2710 2713 2695 2683 2643 2568 2524
Maharashtra 734 707 768 1047 812 1807 1290 1180 1173 1173 1358 1357 1341 1341
Manipur - - - - - - 1 - - -
Mizoram - - - - - 4 4 4 - - 23 23
Orissa - - - - - 663 635 635 514 534 534 534
Punjab 735 796 780 742 742 653 653 4 7 3 6 6 4 4
Rajasthan 2890 2752 2909 2723 2556 2272 3491 1771 1763 1751 1745 1735 1718 1714
Sikkim (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
Tamil Nadu 201 180 184 159 186 186 179 121 122 124 125 125 123 123
Uttar Pradesh
982 1015 1011 977 966 969 969 300 301 291 300 296 296 296
West Bengal 3 3 3 2 2 5 2 7 7 6 7 8 7 5
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
(a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
Chandigarh 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - -
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Daman & Diu
- - - - - (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)
Delhi 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)
Lakshadweep
(a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) - - - - -
Pondicherry (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)
India 8413
8267
8562
8327
7981
8700
9379
11096
10966
11038
11064
11040
11128
11041
Note: (a): Below 500 hectares.
Compiled from the statistics released by : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
State-wise Area under Crops in India – FODDER CROPS
(2000-2001 to 2006-2007)
State-wise Area under Crops in India - Part X
(2000-2001 to 2006-2007)
('000 Hectare)
States/UTs/Year Fodder Crops
Green Manure Crops
Other Nonfood Crops
Total Nonfood Crops
Total Area Sown
(Under all
crops)
Area Sown More than Once
Net Area Sown
Andhra Pradesh
2000-01 114 3 85 4250 13545 2431 11115
2001-02 104 5 83 4113 12756 2347 10410
2002-03 100 3 83 3666 11559 1944 9615
2003-04 117 5 78 3938 12366 2248 10118
2004-05 151 9 47 4635 12519 2191 10327
2005-06 207 15 29 4553 13362 2617 10745
2006-07 212 18 28 3827 12811 2664 10147
Arunachal Pradesh
2000-01 - - - 26 245 81 164
2001-02 - - - 28 251 87 164
2002-03 - - - 28 258 94 164
2003-04 - - 6 34 258 57 201
2004-05 - - 5 32 260 59 202
2005-06 - - 11 38 270 65 206
2006-07 - - 3 35 275 66 209
Assam
2000-01 8 4 35 758 4092 1298 2793
2001-02 8 4 35 755 3984 1209 2774
2002-03 8 4 34 743 3958 1205 2753
2003-04 8 4 35 743 3957 1204 2753
2004-05*** 8 4 35 718 3757 1005 2753
2005-06*** 8 4 35 710 3763 1011 2753
2006-07*** 8 4 35 705 3553 801 2753
Bihar
2000-01 11 - 8 356 7992 2330 5663
2001-02 9 - 27 355 7897 2233 5664
2002-03 10 - 11 353 7957 2232 5725
2003-04 13 - 15 362 7882 2170 5712
2004-05 15 - 6 339 7399 1827 5572
2005-06 14 - 5 324 7396 1840 5556
2006-07*** 14 5 324 7582 2026 5556
Chhattisgarh
2000-01 0 - 1 277 5327 564 4763
2001-02 0 - 2 290 5595 796 4800
2002-03 0 - 1 271 5446 692 4754
2003-04 0 - 1 300 5707 928 4779
2004-05 0 - 1 303 5716 946 4770
2005-06 0 - 1 321 5746 982 4764
2006-07 0 1 325 5732 1010 4722
Goa
2000-01 - - - 28 171 30 141
2001-02 - - - 26 168 27 141
2002-03 - - - 28 164 22 141
2003-04 - - - 29 169 27 141
2004-05 - - - 29 169 36 134
2005-06 - - - 29 170 34 137
2006-07 29 172 35 137
Gujarat
2000-01 1095 - 276 6070 10440 1007 9433
2001-02 1103 - 266 6137 10734 1112 9622
2002-03 1049 - 216 6025 10631 1149 9481
2003-04 1081 - 258 6304 11421 1570 9852
2004-05*** 1081 - 258 6422 11009 1158 9852
2005-06*** 1081 - 258 6438 11304 1453 9852
2006-07*** 1081 258 6718 12202 2351 9852
Haryana
2000-01 570 - 15 1565 6115 2589 3526
2001-02 634 - 17 1834 6318 2752 3566
2002-03 647 - 7 1802 6032 2574 3458
2003-04 686 - 11 1864 6388 2854 3534
2004-05 656 - 9 2009 6425 2898 3527
2005-06 658 - 6 1991 6504 2938 3566
2006-07 684 - 5 1843 6394 2838 3556
Himachal Pradesh
2000-01 10 - 0 31 948 393 555
2001-02 10 - 0 32 956 406 550
2002-03 9 - 0 30 945 401 545
2003-04 10 - 0 31 956 415 541
2004-05 10 - 0 32 953 410 543
2005-06*** 10 - 0 31 940 397 543
2006-07*** 10 0 31 947 405 543
Jammu & Kashmir
2000-01 44 - 2 123 1115 367 748
2001-02 45 - 0 127 1106 358 748
2002-03 49 - 0 119 1078 345 733
2003-04 54 - 0 120 1102 355 747
2004-05 52 - 1 121 1102 349 752
2005-06*** 52 - 1 121 1090 338 752
2006-07 55 1 124 1126 385 742
Jharkhand***
2000-01 - - 3 93 2054 285 1769
2001-02 - - 3 93 2088 319 1769
2002-03 - - 3 69 2000 231 1769
2003-04 - - 3 82 2158 389 1769
2004-05 - - 3 77 2065 295 1769
2005-06 - - 3 76 2108 339 1769
2006-07 - - 3 158 2643 874 1769
Karnataka
2000-01 47 2 175 3284 12284 1874 10410
2001-02 46 2 182 3224 11670 1638 10031
2002-03 52 2 174 3282 11532 1694 9838
2003-04 54 1 164 3477 11450 1604 9847
2004-05 53 2 159 4076 12807 2308 10499
2005-06 35 1 151 4143 13027 2517 10509
2006-07 47 2 146 3638 12438 2333 10105
Kerala
2000-01 3 16 109 1673 3022 816 2206
2001-02 3 17 114 1657 2992 802 2191
2002-03 3 18 112 1649 2970 782 2189
2003-04 3 19 114 1657 2954 765 2190
2004-05 4 20 113 1653 2996 841 2155
2005-06 4 20 111 1667 2986 853 2132
2006-07 5 21 136 1677 2918 816 2101
Madhya Pradesh
2000-01 684 - 5 6728 17870 3207 14664
2001-02 666 - 3 6810 19044 4185 14859
2002-03 626 - 3 6341 18078 3560 14518
2003-04 607 0 6 6549 19788 4843 14945
2004-05 582 0 4 7155 20203 5228 14975
2005-06 588 0 5 7259 19608 4637 14971
2006-07 539 0 3 7339 20113 5378 14735
Maharashtra
2000-01 838 11 14 6571 21619 3774 17844
2001-02*** 967 12 16 6908 22382 4763 17619
2002-03*** 1060 20 20 7483 22387 4808 17579
2003-04*** 1051 20 22 7539 22190 4758 17432
2004-05*** 1059 20 22 7532 22368 4878 17490
2005-06*** 1068 20 23 7544 22556 5083 17473
2006-07*** 969 20 23 7749 22571 5096 17475
Manipur
2000-01 - - - 3 209 - 209
2001-02 - - - 1 216 0 216
2002-03 - - - 3 212 0 212
2003-04 - - - 1 217 0 217
2004-05*** - - - 3 238 0 238
2005-06*** - - - 2 225 0 225
2006-07*** - - - 1 224 0 224
Meghalaya
2000-01 - - - 26 277 46 230
2001-02 - - - 27 278 47 230
2002-03 - - - 27 285 55 230
2003-04 - - - 28 272 46 227
2004-05 - - - 27 265 46 219
2005-06 - - - 28 258 46 212
2006-07 - - - 28 265 52 213
Mizoram
2000-01 - - - 8 82 0 82
2001-02 - - - 9 91 0 91
2002-03 - - - 8 92 0 92
2003-04 - - - 8 98 0 98
2004-05 - - - 7 96 0 96
2005-06 - - - 7 97 0 97
2006-07*** - - - 6 92 - 92
Nagaland
2000-01 - - - 49 336 35 301
2001-02 - - - 54 378 45 333
2002-03 - - - 67 370 45 324
2003-04 - - - 69 370 65 305
2004-05 - - - 73 380 71 309
2005-06 - - - 75 387 78 309
2006-07 - - - 76 406 84 322
Orissa
2000-01 - - - 837 7878 2049 5829
2001-02 - - - 1016 8799 2954 5845
2002-03 - - - 723 7853 2173 5680
2003-04 - - - 934 8637 2842 5795
2004-05 - - - 987 8718 2979 5739
2005-06*** - - - 989 8710 2971 5739
2006-07*** - - - 983 8677 2938 5739
Punjab
2000-01 671 - 143 1378 7941 3691 4250
2001-02 715 - 90 1493 7941 3687 4254
2002-03 607 - 153 1318 7773 3571 4201
2003-04 631 - 149 1326 7907 3666 4240
2004-05 575 - 143 1323 7931 3731 4200
2005-06*** 575 - 143 1358 7945 3703 4243
2006-07*** 575 - 143 1397 7983 3741 4243
Rajasthan
2000-01 3982 0 4 7303 19230 3365 15865
2001-02 3387 0 3 7165 20798 4033 16765
2002-03 932 0 2 3945 13218 2410 10807
2003-04 3227 0 3 6967 21664 4270 17394
2004-05 2679 0 4 8438 21062 4514 16549
2005-06 2768 0 3 8685 21699 4863 16836
2006-07 3172 1 4 8277 21534 4770 16764
Sikkim***
2000-01 - - - 10 117 10 106
2001-02 - - - 10 123 11 112
2002-03 - - - 10 119 11 108
2003-04 - - - 10 121 11 110
2004-05 - - - 10 123 11 112
2005-06 - - - 10 123 11 112
2006-07 - - - 10 123 11 112
Tamil Nadu
2000-01 188 8 125 1803 6338 1035 5303
2001-02 200 8 97 1733 6226 1054 5172
2002-03 246 6 79 1491 5191 601 4590
2003-04 224 4 79 1598 5316 627 4689
2004-05 221 2 88 1663 5889 792 5097
2005-06 207 2 87 1634 6033 789 5244
2006-07 188 1 109 1509 5843 717 5126
Tripura***
2000-01 - - - 26 301 21 280
2001-02 - - - 20 299 19 280
2002-03 - - - 21 309 29 280
2003-04 - - - 21 291 11 280
2004-05 - - - 21 297 17 280
2005-06 - - - 22 299 19 280
2006-07 - - - 11 294 14 280
Uttaranchal
2000-01 40 0 2 69 1226 456 770
2001-02 39 0 2 67 1221 445 776
2002-03 36 1 3 67 1212 453 759
2003-04 38 0 0 71 1222 461 761
2004-05 38 0 1 73 1235 468 767
2005-06 37 0 1 73 1212 445 768
2006-07*** 37 0 1 69 1241 473 768
Uttar Pradesh
2000-01 885 24 22 1967 25304 8479 16825
2001-02 878 26 28 1948 25447 8635 16812
2002-03 855 21 20 1868 24311 7714 16597
2003-04 891 23 24 1896 25425 8675 16750
2004-05 888 25 23 2038 25524 8841 16683
2005-06*** 891 23 24 2209 25129 8495 16633
2006-07*** 891 23 24 2372 25800 9167 16633
West Bengal
2000-01 8 - 30 1520 9117 3699 5417
2001-02 8 - 25 1560 9779 4257 5522
2002-03*** 8 - 25 1460 9457 4103 5354
2003-04 4 - 30 1609 9661 4234 5428
2004-05 3 - 26 1542 9523 4149 5374
2005-06 2 - 27 1504 9533 4238 5295
2006-07 7 - 21 1607 9635 4339 5296
Andaman & Nicobar Islands***
2000-01 - - - 2 15 1 13
2001-02 - - - 2 15 1 13
2002-03 - - - 2 15 1 13
2003-04 - - - 2 15 2 13
2004-05 - - - 2 14 1 13
2005-06 - - - 2 14 1 13
2006-07 - - - 2 14 2 13
Chandigarh
2000-01 - - 1 1 3 1 2
2001-02 - - 1 1 3 1 2
2002-03 - - 1 1 3 1 2
2003-04 - - 1 1 2 1 1
2004-05 - - 1 1 2 1 1
2005-06 - - 1 1 2 1 1
2006-07*** - - 1 1 2 1 1
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
2000-01 1 - - 1 30 7 23
2001-02 1 - - 1 30 7 23
2002-03 1 - - 1 30 7 23
2003-04 1 - - 1 30 7 22
2004-05 1 - - 1 29 6 23
2005-06 1 - - 1 28 6 22
2006-07*** 1 - - 1 28 6 22
Daman & Diu***
2000-01 - - - 0 3 0 3
2001-02 - - - - 3 0 3
2002-03 - - - - 3 0 3
2003-04 - - - - 3 0 3
2004-05 - - - - 3 0 3
2005-06 - - - - 3 0 3
2006-07 - - - - 3 0 3
Delhi
2000-01 1 - - 3 53 19 34
2001-02 1 - - 5 52 23 29
2002-03 1 - - 4 45 15 29
2003-04 1 - - 5 44 18 27
2004-05 1 - - 5 45 18 28
2005-06 1 - - 5 44 16 28
2006-07 1 - - 5 43 20 23
Lakshadweep***
2000-01 - - - 3 3 0 3
2001-02 - - - 3 3 0 3
2002-03 - - - 3 3 0 3
2003-04 - - - 3 3 0 3
2004-05 - - - 3 3 0 3
2005-06 - - - 3 3 0 3
2006-07 - - - 3 3 0 3
Pondicherry
2000-01 0 1 2 7 43 19 24
2001-02 0 1 2 7 39 15 24
2002-03 0 1 1 6 36 15 22
2003-04 0 1 1 6 37 17 21
2004-05 0 1 1 7 39 18 21
2005-06 0 1 1 6 36 16 21
2006-07 0 1 1 5 36 15 20
India
2000-01 9199 69 1057 46847 185344 43980 141365
2001-02 8826 76 996 47510 189680 48268 141412
2002-03 6300 75 950 42916 175530 42939 132591
2003-04 8701 78 1003 47585 190082 49137 140945
2004-05 8078 84 951 51358 191164 50090 141074
2005-06 8210 86 926 51859 192611 50800 141810
2006-07 8498 92 951 50883 193723 53425 140298
Note : *** : Area under Crops : The figures related to total cropped area
are either estimated based on the latest available data received from state/Uts or are based on advance/forecast
estimates received from the states. 0: means area is less than 500 hectares. - : denotes no reporting of data from the States/UTs. 2. Figures of 2000-2001 to 2003-2004 are Provisional. Compiled from the statistics released by : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Area under HYV Crops in Northern States of India (1998-1999 to 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 to 2006-2007)
Area under HYV Crops in Northern States of India (1998-1999 to 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 to 2006-2007)
(Lakh ha.)
States Rice Wheat Maize Jowar Bajra
1998-1999
Uttar Pradesh 51.13 90.93 6.05 N.A. 5.02
Punjab 23.84 33.55 1.43 N.A. 0.03
Haryana 6.95 21 0.12 N.A. 4
Rajasthan 0.6 20.6 1.62 0.64 13.88
Himachal Pradesh 0.82 3.78 1.21 - -
Jammu & Kashmir* 1.12 2.45 2.01 - 0.08
1999-2000
Uttar Pradesh 55.88 N.A. 0.80 N.A. N.A.
Punjab 24.79 33.88 1.15 - 0.03
Haryana 6.20 22.77 0.11 - 4.90
Rajasthan 1.12 15.39 1.87 0.73 18.02
Himachal Pradesh 0.82 3.67 1.85 -
Jammu & Kashmir* 1.14 2.52 1.35 - 0.04
2000-2001
Uttar Pradesh N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Punjab 25.06 34.08 1.54 - 0.05
Haryana 6.88 22.95 0.08 - 4.62
Rajasthan 1.08 12.81 3.13 0.99 18.56
Himachal Pradesh 0.78 3.67 1.98 - -
Jammu & Kashmir* N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
2001-2002
Uttar Pradesh N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Punjab N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Haryana 6.67 23.10 0.09 - 4.70
Rajasthan N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Himachal Pradesh 0.74 3.30 2.20 - -
Jammu & Kashmir* 1.04 2.07 1.43 - 0.05
2004-2005
Uttar Pradesh 51.91 89.03 N.A N.A N.A
Punjab 26.47 34.44 1.44 - 0.06
Haryana 7.41 23.15 0.10 - 4.83
Rajasthan 0.55 12.60 3.90 1.18 16.45
Himachal Pradesh 0.75 3.53 2.42 - -
Jammu & Kashmir* 1.07 2.44 1.58 - 0.05
Uttaranchal 1.41 1.78 N.A N.A N.A
2005-2006
Uttar Pradesh 54.53 90.41 N.A N.A N.A
Punjab 26.42 34.68 1.45 N.A 0.05
Haryana 7.85 21.90 0.08 - 5.45
Rajasthan N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Himachal Pradesh 0.71 3.46 2.73 - -
Jammu & Kashmir# 1.47 0.07 0.90 - N.A
Uttaranchal 1.52 1.80 N.A N.A N.A
2006-2007
Uttar Pradesh 57.96 9.49 N.A N.A N.A
Punjab 26.21 34.67 1.50 N.A N.A
Haryana 7.85 23.00 0.09 - 5.50
Rajasthan N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Himachal Pradesh 0.72 3.49 2.80 - -
Jammu & Kashmir# 1.08 2.44 1.67 - -
Uttaranchal N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
CHAPTER-2
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
&
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives
• To know Status of green fodder requirement and availability in India.
• To know existing fodder management system for dairy farms and supply chain system of
green fodder in India.
• To better understand the relationships between the various market actors and identify
their constraints and opportunities. Particular attention will be paid to the relationship
between price and nutritive quality of fodder.
• To find out solution for availability of green fodder for large integrated dairy farm
2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of study was not limited up to one existing Fodder supply chain management system
but it also covers the survey of the sample that represents the whole population. It is done in
order to know the Scenario of fodder crops and fodder market of green fodder.
2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLGY
2.3.1 SOURCES OF DATA
i) Primary data:
Primary data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time, and thus
happen to be original in character. It is the backbone of any study. It is obtained from
respondents with the help of widely used and well-known method of survey, through
a well-structured questionnaire.
ii) Secondary data:
Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and
which have already been passed through the statistical process. In this case one is not
confronted with the problems that are usually associated with the collection of
original data. Secondary data either is published data or unpublished data. Secondary
data is collected from govt. publications, journals, magazines, financial records, web
sites and annual publications of the company. In this study secondary source used is
websites.
2.3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH
The research approach was used survey method which is widely used method for data collection
and best suited for descriptive type of research survey includes research instrument like
questionnaire which can be structured and unstructured and survey also includes observation
method of data collection. Target population is well identified and various methods like personal
interviews and telephone interviews are employed.
2.3.3 SAMPLING AREA
Sample is taken from MEERUT & GAZIABAD DISTRICT. These include those farmers who
have diaries are taken to be consideration.
SAMPLE PLAN
• SAMPLE SIZE : A sample of minimum respondents will be selected from various areas
of MEERUT & GAZIABAD an effort has been made to select respondents evenly. The
survey is carried out on 50 respondents
• SAMPLING UNIT: - It indicates who is to be surveyed. The researcher must define the
target population that will be sampled. In this project sampling unit is all the farmers,
dairy farmers, fodder buyers, etc of Meerut.
• SAMPLING TECHNIQUE : For the purpose of research random sampling is being
used. Randomly we catch the different people from different areas of Meerut &
Ghaziabad District Every respondent has his different viewpoint about the topic and they
fill the questionnaire accordingly. The entire respondents are chosen randomly.
2.3.4 METHODOLOGY & PRESENTATION OF DATA
The data so collected is than coded in the tables to make the things presentable in more effective.
The results of various statistical tools that is CHI SQURE shown through Bar Diagrams and
Charts which helps me out in easy and effective presentation and hence results are being
obtained.
2.4 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Carrying the survey was a general learning experience for us but we also faced some problems,
which are listed here:
• The market of Green Fodder is too vast and it is not possible to cover each and every
dealer, dairy farmer and Fodder grower in the available short span of time.
• Generally the respondents were busy in their work and were not interested in responding
rightly.
• Most respondents were not maintaining proper records of their feed & Fodder
consumption, so they were unable to provide exact information.
• Due to human behavior information may be biased.
CHAPTER-3
DATA ANALYSIS
&
INTERPRETATIONS
3. I NTERPRETATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Q1: - How many cattle do you have?
Option
A) 0-10
B) 10-20
C) 20-30
D) More than 30
Interpretation: - From the above table I come to know that most of the people have
20-30cows or buffalos, who are engaged in dairy business in the area.
Q2:- What is the source of green fodder for your animals?
Options
A) Cultivated green fodder
B) Grassland, pastures, forests etc.
23
4
3. I NTERPRETATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE How many cattle do you have?
Option No. of selected
08
15
23
04
From the above table I come to know that most of the people have
30cows or buffalos, who are engaged in dairy business in the area.
What is the source of green fodder for your animals?
No. of selected
Cultivated green fodder 50
Grassland, pastures, forests etc. 0
8
15
A)1-10
B)10-20
C)20-30
D) More than 30
From the above table I come to know that most of the people have
Interpretation: - From the above table I come to know that all dairy farmers
are depending on cultivated fodder.
Q3:- Do you have your own land for fodder crops cultivation?
Option No. of Selected
A) Yes 27
B) No 6
C) Leased ( rented land ) 17
0
50
0
Cultivated green fodder
Grassland
,pastures,forests
Interpretation: - The above table shows that there are only 12% dairy farmers who
don’t have their own land to grow fodder crops and 34 % farmers have leased land for
growing fodder. 54% dairy farmers have their own land for fodder production.
Q4:- Do you buy fodder from market?
Option No of Selected
A) Yes 6
B) No 39
C) Partially depend on market 5
27
6
17
Yes
No
Leased (Rented)
Interpretation: - The above table shows that there are only 12% dairy farmers are
completely depend on market for green fodder and 10% are partially depend on
market for green fodder.
Q5: - How much quantity (kg) of green fodder you are giving per cattle/ day?
Option No. Of Selected
A) 10-20 kg 4
B) 20-30kg 46
C) 30-30kg 0
6
39
5
Yes
No
Partially depend on
market
Interpretation: - The above table shows that there most of dairy farmers give 20-30
kg green fodder per day to per cattle.
10-20 kg
20-30kg
30kg to above
CHAPTER-4
SUMMARY
&
CONCLUSION
4.1 Finding of the study
• There is no same cropping pattern for fodder production. Every farmer has their own
view about it, but the pattern is similar to each other in this area. Some of cropping
patterns of this area are given below-
A) Jowar(Chari) - Berseem- oat/Wheat
B) Cow pea(Lobia)- Maize/ Jowar (Chari)- Oat
C) Bajra- Maize/Chari –Berseem
Along with these crops some of them also cultivate Napier Grass (perennial) for green
fodder
• Market of green fodder is unstructured and supply of green fodder is depending on
production of fodder crops.
• Growers don`t know exact requirement of green fodder in market and there is no
prediction about prices so they don’t want to go blindly for production of fodder crops.
• There is no surety the fodder quality is good always because it is not necessary the crop is
harvested on right stage of their growth (right stage is when it is having full nutritive
value), and also it may or may not be fresh.
• Price of green fodder is varying season to season and also depends on demand and supply
of green fodder. Generally prices are .75 Rs/ kg to1.50Rs./kg in market.
• Most of the farmers grow fodder crops for their own cattle few farmers grow fodder for
sale in market. And common view of farmers is growing fruits and cash crops are more
profitable. Than growing fodder crops.
• There is difficulty for dairy farmers to quantify the variation in nutritive value of different
varieties/cultivars of fodder crops in relation to market availability and perceptions.
4.1.1 Cost of cultivation and cost of production of green fodder crops for one
year
Calculation includes cost of production and average total production of green fodder on one acre
land. Here I have taken a cropping pattern of fodder crop is- bajra - Chari – barseem and all
values are based upon assumption & field visit, farmer interview, and input shops visit, here I
have used observation method of data collection .
Production and cost of green fodder on one-acre land
Fixed cost for one year-Rent of land@ 15000 Rs/ acre for one year = 15000
Crop- Bajra
Land preparation- 500 Rs
Seed cost- 4-5 kg @25 Rs 125
Manure and fertilizer 800
Others-(include labor and harvesting etc) - 500
Weed control cost- 400
Irrigation cost- 200
Plant protection cost- 200
Total cost- 2725/-
Production - 100-150 Quinta
Average production = 125 quintal
Crop 2 – Berseem
Cost-
Land preparation- 600
Seed cost- 8-10 kg @ 100 1000
Manure and fertilizer- 500
Others-
Application cost- 200
Weed control cost- 400
Irrigation cost- 450
Plant protection cost- 300
Others- 200
Total- 3650/-
Production- 60 -80 quintal
Average production =70 quintal
Crop3 – Chari
Cost-
Land preparation- 600
Seed cost- 18-20 kg @ 30 kg 600
Manure and fertilizer- 1000
Application cost- 400
Weed control cost- 200
Irrigation cost- 400
Plant protection cost- 200
Others- 200
Total- 3600/-
Production- 150-200 quintal
Average production 175 quintals
Total cost of three-fodder crops production for one year on one acre land
=Rent of land for one year + cost of crop1 (bajra) +cost of crop2 (Bersem) +cost of
crop3 (Chari)
= 15000+2725+3650+3600
= 24975/-
Total Average production of green fodder from one acre land in a year
= Average Production of Crop1 (bajra) + Average Production of Crop2
(Berseem)+ Average Production of Crop3 (Chari)
= 125+75+175
= 375 quintal Green fodder (AVG production of green Fodder from one Acre land.
Market price of 375 Quintal green Fodder @ of Rs 1 per kg Green fodder is =
37500 Rs
Calculation Result
• Average Total Cost of Green Fodder production on one acre land with three
Crop is = 24975 /-
• Average Total production =375 Quintal
• Market price of total Average Production = 37500/-
4.2 CONCLUSION
• Majority of the dairy farmers are maintaining dairies with green fodder produced in
their own lands.
• There is lot of scope for Dairy development in India. People are willing to grow green
fodder and supply on cost if there is assured market, and get reasonable price.
• The climatic conditions of many states are suitable to take up three annual fodder
crops in a year from the same land.
• Good fodder varieties are available to suite to the needs of different states, only
extension methodology and supply of good quality fodder seed is required to
popularize the fodder production.
• Many dairy farmers are of the opinion that sweet sorghum grass is good as a green
fodder and also dry fodder.
4.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY
4.3.1 Referred Books
1. Animal nutrition and feeding practices in India. (Dr. S .K. Ranjhan)
2. Management of dairy enterprises.(Dr .J Ram)
3. Economic and ecological dimensions of livestock economy (Syed. A. Pasha)
4.3.2 Articles
• Improved milk and meat production through increased feed &fodder production and
utilization in India (D. Srinivasa Rao , J .Rainaprasa and Z.Prabhakara Rao )
Department of Animal nutrition, College of veterinary Science, ANGRAU,
• Sustainable Animal production Eds. R.A .Singh, R.P. Singh And A. S. Khanna
SSARM, CCS HAU, Hisar 2001, PP 99-108
4.3.3 Websites
www.krishiworld.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.nianp.res.in
www.love4cow.com
www.igfri.ernet.in
www.naarm.ernet.in
www.indiastat.com