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DETAIL PROJECT REPORT ON PILOT PROJECT FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF WADI UNDER TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
FUND IN THE AMB BLOCK OF DISTRICT UNA (HP)
Submitted To
NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT,
REGIONAL OFFICE, SHIMLA, HIMACHAL PRADESH
by
ANKUR WELFARE ASSOCIATION
V&PO GAGRET,
UNA(HP)- 177201
Ph. 09816199120
E-Mail – [email protected]
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Content
SNO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1. Executive summery 4
2. The Agrarian scenario of the District Una 6
3. Scenario of Crop Cultivation in the Region 10
4. Objectives of the program 11
5. Profile of the area.
6. PIA-Ankur Welfare Association. 18
7. Wadi components
8. Dairy Development
9. Cost estimates for wadi and dairy development.
10. Soil Conservation measures.
11. Water Resource Development
12. Training and capacity development
13. Health
14. Women development
15. Cost estimates
16. Illustrative budget for 5 years
17. Marketing and processing
18. Project implementation schedule.
19. Partnership with other institutions,
20. Project Risk
Annexure
1 Performa Annexure-VI(A0 (a0 and (b)
2 Performa Annexure-VI9B0
3 Performa Annexure-VI(C)
4 Performa Annexure-VI(d)
5 Performa Annexure-VI(E)
6 Detail of Dairy beneficiaries.
7 Estimates for irrigation supply
8 Detail and treatment wise list of beneficiaries.
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9 Cost and production analysis for 10 yeas
10 Detail of soil samples collected.
11 Package of practices for Mango
12 Package of Practices Citrus.
13 Consolidated budget for 5 years.
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Executive Summary
1. Indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources and poor crop and animal
production practices have to low productivity and degradation of
agricultural land and depletion of forest resources, the main support
system of tribes. As a result of low income and shortage of food, majority
of the tribal’s migrate to nearby towns for sustenance. NABARD is closely
associated with BAIF and its sister organizations in implementation of
KFW assisted WADI projects in Gujarat and Maharashtra. In view of the
success of the approach adopted under the 'WADI' model and its overall
impact on poverty alleviation among the targeted tribal families on a
sustainable basis, NABARD with grant assistant out of it tribal
development found has taken a major initiative to replicate the Gujarat
wadi model in various state. In Himachal Pradesh this is first pilot project
has been sanction by the NABARD.
2. The proposed project area in Una district has been selected in consultation
with the District/Block level officials, NGO, Banks, etc. One cluster
consisting of 220 families spread over 4 villages in Amb block of Una
district has been selected for the project. Discussions were held with the
district & block officials, Banks etc to collect relevant data on various
areas related to the project, Besides the above field visit to the project
area/ selected villages was undertaken for interacting with the selected
local tribal population to ascertain their present status, understand
various issues/ concerns and generally discuss their inclination/
acceptability for the proposed project, During the field visit, basic data on
cropping pattern, land utilization, water resources, infrastructure,
education, health, credit flow, cost of cultivation, area under horticulture
crops, availability and supply of planting material, etc. were collected and
based thereon, the project proposal has been prepared.
3. The core interventions of the programme will be establishment of orchard of
the selected fruit crops as a foundation economic activity and utilization of
border of the orchard for planting of multi purpose forestry and
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economical species to meet the fodder, firewood and timber requirements
of tribal people there by reducing their dependency on forests for land less
families equal amount will be spend for NTFP processing and working
activities to provide them sustainable livelihood & separate report. The
broad components of the project for supporting various interventions and
financial support would be as given below: -
S.
No. Component Financial Support
1. Wadi establishment and maintenance Grant (100%)
2. Soil & water conservation measures Grant (100%)
3. Buildings, equipments, vehicles Grant (100%)
4. Operations & maintenance including project staff, training, women development etc.
Grant (100%)
5. Health components Grant (100%)
6. Women Empowement SHGs, micro Finance, Cooperatives etc.
Grant (100%)
4. The support from the project to landless families will be to the extent of
development of WADI in maximum of one acre per family or equivalent
cost.
5. The project envisages supporting the selected families in 1 batch of 150
families in one go over a period of 5 years each. It is expected that the
project would not only help to bring the targeted families above the poverty
line, but will also spread the concept of 'Wadi' to other tribal areas of the
state
The total fund requirement under the project works out to Rs. 9869426
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Chapter-I
1.0 The Agrarian Scenario of Una District.
The present Una district until 1st Nov., 1966 was one of the Tehsil of the
Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. Consequent upon reorganization of Punjab all the hill
areas including Una Tehsil was transferred to Himachal Pradesh. Ever since, until
September, 1972 it continued to remain as Tehsil of Kangra district. On the 1st
September, 1972 the Himachal Pradesh Govt. reorganized the then Kangra district
into three districts namely Una, Hamirpur and Kangra. Una district consists of two
Sub-Divisions (Una and Amb), three Tehsil (Bangana, Amb and Una) and two Sub-
Tehsil (Haroli and Bharwain) and is having five development blocks, Una, Bangana,
Gagret, Amb and Haroli.
Una has distinct agro-climatic environment as compared to the other parts of the
state. The district is surrounded by Punjab state on one side. The district is spread
over 1549 lakh sq. km comprising of 4 Tehsil, 5 development blocks and 793 villages
having 447967 human population (Table 1) The population density of the district is
291 persons/sq. km and rural populace constitute the major chunk (about 90%).
1.2 Selected Demographic indicators of the district
Sl.
No.
Districts Area(Ha) Population (000) No. of
Tehsil
No. of
Blocks
No. of
villages
Population
Density/
sq km.
Total Rural
1 Una 154893 447967 408545 4 5 793 291
Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main vocations of the people of the district.
Land utilization pattern of the district shows that in the district about 20 %,( 40492
ha) of the total geographical area is under cultivation. The land use pattern shows
that net sown area is about 37664 hectare. About 18153 hectare is under forest
cover.
1.3 Land use pattern of the Una district (Hectare)
Total Geographical area of the district 154893
Forest Land 18153
Area not under cultivation 51077
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Permanent pasture and grazing land 12589
Land under misc. tree crops 6980
Cultivable waste land 5278
Current fallow 2828
Other fallow 2450
Net sown area 37664
Total or cross cropped area 73053
Area cultivated more than once 40492
Cropping intensity (CCA /NSA) 193.00
Out of the total irrigated area of 8868 ha against the potential of 14304
hectare, 7268 hectare is covered by tube well irrigation and 1600 hectare is covered
by other sources like Kuhal and private well.
1.4 Area covered under Irrigation facilities (in hectare)
Total area available for irrigation 16845
Irrigation potential created 14304
Net irrigated areas (at least once) 8868
Area irrigated by canal 0
Area irrigated by wells 7268
Area irrigated by tanks 0
Irrigation by other sources 1600
Irrigation potential utilized (gross irrigated area) 16179
Status of water sources available in the Una district.
District Tube wells Government tub wells for domestic use
For irrigation purpose
Kuhal irrigation
Lift irrigation
Una 1131 1062 182 129 km 29
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1.5 Land holding pattern in the Una District
DISTRIBUTION OF LAND HOLDING
Classification of
Holding
Holding Area
Nos. % to
Total Ha. % to
Total
0— 1 Ha 42571 59 17573 21
>I to —2 Ha 17674 25 16926 20
>2 Ha 11079 16 49924 59
Total 71324 100 84624 100
The above table shows the land distribution percentage among the farm
households. There are sizeable number of farmers (59%) who own less than one
hectare of land and there percentage share in the total land is only 21%. On the
other hand, there are 16% farmers who own more than 2 hectare of land and
possess 59% of the total land available. So there is a big difference in land holding
size. Most of the farmers are marginal farmers and their land use pattern also reflect
that they have to put all their efforts on these small land wherein there is high cost of
production because mechanical inputs are not possible in small holdings.
1.6 Live stock holding in the district.
The other major allied occupation of the rural population is animal husbandry. The
table below indicates the number of animals in the district.
Category of animal Male Female
Cattle - Cross bred 3445 9070
Cattle - Indigenous. 20616 9826
Buffaloes 521 69911
Sheep - Cross bred 121 1767
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Sheep • Indigenous 0 0
Goat 773 20857
Pig - Cross bred 19 120
Pig – Indigenous 0 0
Horse/Donkey/Camel 237 105
Poultry – improved 410 48883
Poultry – Indigenous 1060 20065
Sources-2008 Livestock Census. 1.7 Major Soil Types, climate conditions & rain fall pattern in the district.
The major soil types prevailing in the region are clay loam and loam and
sandy loam. Besides the above soil types, in all the districts mono-cropping system
prevails. The major crops taken in the region are Potato, Pulses, Wheat, Maize,
Vegetables. More objectively, the major cropping sequences prevailing in different
production situations in Una are depicted below. The prevailing cropping pattern of
the region shows that Wheat and Maize crops dominate the scene.
Cropping pattern
SNo. Production Season
Crops
1 Rabi Wheat, Vegetables,
2 Kharif Maize, Pulses, Vegetables
Climatic Pattern
Climatic zone Sub Mountain Low Hills Sub
Topical
Climate Tropical
Soil Type Entisols and Inceptisols
Rainfall Pattern
Rainfall
[in mm]
Year 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Normal 1231 1231 1231
Actual 1210 1104 1025
Variation from Normal 21 127 206
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1.8 Scenario of Fruit Production in the District.
Total 85667 hectare of land is utilized for forestry or gardening. The climate
and soil type of the area gives rich hops to the local farmers to grow Citrus. The local
variety of mango is very suitable for pickles and it is in great demand in the neighbor
states. Now the progressive farmers are growing good variety of mango like Duseri,
Langera. The local market gives them enough opportunity to produce these fruits in
their garden. The state government also supports the grower with fixing Minimum
Support price (MSP) yearly and also buys produce directly from the market.
1.9 Inputs supply for crops production programme:
.
Every year agriculture department through their extension offices supply fruit
plants to the local farmers at very cheaper rates. These plants are not only cheaper
but good in variety. The Swan Channelization program of the IPH department also
providing fruit plant and also helping the farmers to establish garden in their waste
land.
Horticulture department and Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Una are creating
awareness regarding soil testing, soil health card, cropping pattern, and land
reclamation, judicious use of fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, and technical awareness
to the farmers. In addition to this, a large number of inputs like fertilizers, pesticides;
seeds are also provided to the farmers by these departments and Primary
Agricultural Credit Societies (PACs). There are two soil testing laboratories in the
district besides facility of mobile van to test soil from HPKVV, Palampur are also
available. In addition to this PACs, Banks in the area are also providing loans to
farmers for agriculture purpose. The state also provides for the crops insurance at
reasonable premium.
Sr. No. Department / Banks/ PACS Inputs availability
1 Horticulture Department, Una
Fertilizers / Plants/ Seeds/ Soil
testing/ micronutrients/
weedicides and Fungicides,
Technical inputs
2 Krishi Vigyan Kendera, Una
Technical inputs, quality
planting material, Soil Health
testing, Agriculture advisory
3 IFFCO, DF&CS KCC, Supply of fertilizers
4
Punjab National Bank, Kangra
Central Cooperative Bank
(KCCB), Local Thrift and
Credit Societies.
KCC, crop loans
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Chapter 2
Objectives
2.1. Broad objective Develop sustainable livelihood opportunities for participating tribal communities
through remunerative self-employment to prevent migration.
2.1.1 Specific objectives
i. Effective utilization of available land, water and manpower resources of
selected tribal families through participatory approach.
ii. Implementation of environmentally friendly income generating activities.
iii. Development through people's organizations.
iv. Participation by women in development process and their empowerment.
v. Improve the health, sanitation and access to drinking water.
vi. Demonstrative merits of a wadi model for replicating the same by various
developmental agencies and also adoption of technology by the other farmers
in the project area.
2.2. Project Interventions
2.2.1 The core interventions of the program will be:
Establishment of orchard of the selected fruit crops as a core economic
activity.
Utilization of border of the orchard (fencing) for planting of multi purpose
forestry and economical species to meet the fodder, firewood and timber
requirement of tribal families thereby reducing their dependency on forest.
Adoption of in situ soil conservation measures to arrest further degradation
of soil and shaping of the land to make it suitable for establishment of
orchard.
Development of water resources individually or on community basis to
provide protective irrigation for fruit plants. The emphasis is on dry land
horticulture providing irrigation during the critical period by adopting the
time-tested water saving pitcher irrigation.
Adoption of improved farming techniques by capacity building of the
participation farmers through technology interventions, training, exposure
visit etc. to improve the crop productivity, production and quality of the
produce.
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Promotion of improved farming techniques, by capacity building of the
participating farmers through technology interventions, training, exposure
visit etc. to improve the crop productivity, production and quality of the
produce.
Promoting of community health by educating the community on basic
hygiene, nutritional aspects of food, primary treatment of minor aliments
and herbal and kitchen gardens in the back yards.
Drudgery reduction measures especially for women by supporting activities,
which will not only reduce the drudgery but also save the time to perform
the routine house hold activities so that they can concentrate more on the
wadi and other economic activities.
2.2.2 Other interventions to be promoted under the program for further
diversification of the activities.
Income generation activities like animal husbandry (backyard poultry,
piggery), non-farm activities to be promoted through Self Help Groups (SHG)
for the wadi families and other land less families.
Microfinance by linking the SHGs to the local banks for expanding income
generation activities and meeting expenses related to marriages, education
and health etc.
Promotion of village institutions, processing through cooperatives and
promotion of the products of the project under common brand for
marketing.
2.2.3 The broad components of the project for supporting interventions and
financial support is as given below (table: 1 )
Table : 1: Financial Supports
S.No. Component Financial support 1. Wadi establishment and maintenance 100% Grant
2. Soil & water conservation measures Grant (100%)
3. Buildings, equipments, vehicles Grant (100%)
4. Operations & maintenance including project staff, training, women development etc.
Grant (100%)
5. Health components Grant (100%)
6. SHGs, micro Finance, Cooperatives etc. Grant (100%)
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2.3 Criteria for selection of villages
Villages having predominant tribal population will be covered
under the program.
Preference will be given to village where percentage of tribal
population is more than 50%.
The physical, ecological and socio-economic characteristics of the
area vis-à-vis their suitability for wadi program will be taken into
account while selecting the area.
Those villages with a known history of coming together for common
causes and villages that have shown concern for resource
conservation will be given priority.
The cluster approach will be adopted while identifying the villages,
so that about 10% of the families could be land less for supporting
under the project.
2.4 Profile of the Area selected for wadi development.
The selected cluster of 4 villages namely Dhargujran, Basuni,
Suhin and Aloh situated in a block Amb of district Una. The Dhargujran and
Basuni are located 45 kilometer away from the main Una -Dharamsala state
highway, and Aloh & Suhin are on the main highway. Community and
population wise these villages are dominated by the Gujjar(ST) community
and there main occupation is only animal husbandry.
2.5 Total area and present practices of cultivation.
Village Total Area(Hec) Under Cultivation
Barren
1 Dhar Gujjaran 82 13 29
2 Basuni 41 14 27
3 Aloh 38 12 26
4 Suhin 105 26 79
176 65
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2.6 Geographical location of the selected cluster of 4 villages
2.6 The population profile of these areas is as under:-
1. A-Tribal Population in the project area and their break up ALOH
SN Name of tribe No. families Population Major occupation
1 Gujjar ST- 58 348 Major occupation
Other communities SC- 15
OBC-13
GEN -7
86
67
34
Dairy, Agriculture
% of tribal population 81/58=70% 535/348=70%
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2 Tribal Population in the project area and their break up - SUHIN
SN Name of tribe No. families Population Major occupation
1 Gujjar ST- 53 347 Major occupation
Other communities SC- 15
OBC- 7
GEN - 31
79
32
154
Dairy, Agriculture
% of tribal population 106/53=50% 612/347=54%
3. Tribal Population in the project area and their break up DHAR GUJJRAN
SN Name of tribe No. families Population Major occupation
1 Gujjar ST- 62 372 Dairy, Agriculture
Other communities SC- -0
GEN -0
0
0
Dairy, Agriculture
% of tribal population 100% 372
4. Tribal Population in the project area and their break up BASUNI,
SN Name of tribe No. families Population Major occupation
1 Gujjar ST- 38 222 Dairy, Agriculture
Other communities SC- 0
GEN 16
0
80
Dairy, Agriculture
% of tribal population 90% 302
2.7. Fruits and other commercial plants available for wadi development.
SN Plants Variety
1 Mangoes Local and Dusheri Variety
2 Lemon Local and Kagzi
3 Ber Local
4 Wild lemon Local
5 Harar Hybrid
6 Behar Hybrid
7 Ambla Hybrid
8 Guava Hybrid
9 Orange Kinoo
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2.7 Soil Health of the proposed cluster.
As per proposal soil health of the proposed cluster per also got
examined at the soil testing of Agriculture department. As per proposal 8
samples covering 25 hectare each were collected and sent for soil health
examination. The report is as under;-
SN Name of the land owner
Village Separates Water holding
capacity
Ph N P K
1 BADARDIN SUHIN MEDIUM General 7.3 L M M
2 SATTARDIN ALOH MEDIUM General 7.8 L L L
3 HUSAN
MOHAMMED
ALOH MEDIUM General 7.4 L M L
4 RAM PARKASH SUHIN MEDIUM General 7.7 L M M
5 FATEH
MOHAMMED
BASUNI MEDIUM General 7.7 L L L
6 LIKE MOHAMMED BASUNI MEDIUM General 7.5 L M L
7 NIYAMAT ALI DHAR MEDIUM General 7.0 L M L
8 NIYAZ DIN DHAR MEDIUM General 7.6 L L M
The nitrogen, phosphorus and other major nutrient condition in the soil
shows that this cluster has good potential for orchard growing.
2.8 Criteria for Selection of Participants
The support from the project will be to the extent of development of
maximum one acre per family or equivalent cost.
The participating families should be agreeable to work together
with other families in groups and also provide family labour
required for completion of core activity.
Further, they should be agreeable to adopt the project discipline.
The tribal participants should commit themselves to make periodic,
regular contributions to create a common village fund and to
constitute, at the village level a representative body for managing
the program and maintaining all the valuable assets created and
generated by the project.
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The families will have to sign a letter of Consent (Appendix 1) for
participating in the wadi project and accepting its various terms
and conditions.
2.7 No. of wadis to be Support Under the project, it is proposed to cover about 150 wadis spread over 4
villages. All the identified villages are within a radius of 10 kms from the
block Headquarters, i.e. AMB. It will be treated as one cluster only for the
sake of convenience of supervision and monitoring. The Project
implementing Agency will have freedom to choose the villages and families in
the phases based on the selection criteria indicated above.
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Chapter-3 3 Project Implementing Agency (PIA): Ankur Welfare Association- Gagret. The development agency in such a scenario is an enabling rather than a delivery
agency. It neither directs, nor delivers, mainly facilitates. It may demonstrate new
ideas, promote new approaches, mobilize the community, experiment jointly with the
community, demystify concepts and technologies, and mediate to bring about
collaboration within and outside the community, and impart skills and foster
conditions for reflection and learning. Ankur Welfare Association Gagret is working
in the field of Rural Development in general and women empowerment and health
improvement in particular through collaboration with Government since last 17 years
The main projects handled or being handled by the agency are;
Watershed development programme
Village development plan.
Micro banking institution.
Farmers club.
Financial literacy.
Small Entrepreneurship development program.
Health.
Advocacy.
Livelihood generation.
Training &Capacity development.
The main objective of the NGO is to contribute to poverty alleviation programmes
through communities’ participation. The key strategy is in this collaborative
approach is to mobilize community participation; building leadership and
entrepreneurial skills. Since the gravity of poverty alleviation tasks are enormous and
government was found not to be in a position to address it very effectively, Ankur
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Welfare Association. GAGRET with its limited resources preferred to deal with it in
following manners:
Directly working with community.
Collaboration with the Government.
Collaboration with line departments.
HEALTH institutions.
Support to other local organizations.
3.2 Technical Human Resource Available with the organization.
SN Name Qualification Post
1 Deepak Kumar M Sc (Eco & Env) Chief functionary
2 Manisha Sharma MBA Project Coordinator
3 O.S. Koundal B. Sc Agriculture Agri. Specialist
4 Chaner kanta M.A. B. Ed Filed Worker
5 Rakesh Chander BA Filed Worker
6 Abinash BA. B. Ed. Filed Worker
7 Neeraj Bala ANM Health Worker
8 Nisha Rani ANM Health Worker
9 Sunil Kumar Sr. Sec. Filed Worker
10 Salim Mohammed Sr. Sec Filed Worker
11 Ramman Kumar Sr. Sec Filed Worker
12 Madhu Rani Sr. Sec Filed Worker
13 Sonika Devi Sr. Sec Filed Worker
14 Khem Raj Sr. Sec Filed Worker
15 Parveen Kumari Sr. Sec Filed Worker
16 Vinod Jariyal Sr. Sec Filed Worker
17 Kapil Parmar Sr. Sec Filed Worker
In addition to these technical trained personnel there are a large
number of field workers working in the field as field investigators.
3.3 Technical know how collaboration.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Una, a premier wing of ICAR working
for the farmers in the district has kindly consented to provide Technical know
how, Training and Capacity building, Soil Testing Facilities and other out
reach services in the cluster. The agency has a team of four scientists having
specialization in various fields. Further, Agriculture Department would also be
roped in as a member of cluster development agency for additional inputs for
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improving the productivity of the lead crops as also for synergisation of the
different schemes being implemented in the district.
3.4 The Cluster Development Agency.
With the regular interaction with the local farmers, following members have
been nominated by the majority for the Cluster Development Agency. The
names are:-
S.No Name
1 DDM, NABARD, UNA(HP)
2 In--charge KVK/ his representative, Una(HP)
3 Dy. Director, Horticulture Department / Representative, Una
4 Block Development Officer, Amb
5 Niyamat Ali Dhar Gujjrani
6 Bhag Singh Basuni
7 Rukam Din, Suhin
8 Jaan Mohammed, Aloh
9 O.S.Koundal
3.5 The Village level implementing agencies
Farmer Club. : Presently there are 7 farmers club are actively working
in the cluster. These are
1. Dhar gujjran Farmers Club
2. Basuni Farmers Club.
3. Aloh Farmers Club.
4. Suhin Farmers Club.
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Chapter-4
Wadi & Dairy Component
4.1 Wadi Size & development.
The Schedule tribes of Una district includes Gujjars which have been actively
involved in livestock rearing. These tribal’s have adequate wasteland which is
presently being used as grassland for meeting the dry fodder as well as the pasture
requirements. An important aspect of these families is that they are not nomadic and
earn their livelihood from agriculture and sale of milk. Agriculture is mainly
dependent on rainfall. Wheat and Maize are the two main crops of the area.
However, some of the families have ventured into lift irrigation from adjoining check
dam which have all the year around water for meeting the irrigation requirements of
the crops. Hence, in order to provide alternative source of income to these families it
was thought to bring them under folds of horticulture development through ‘ Wadi’
programme.
For each target family, one acre or half acre of waste or uncultivated land as per
availability with the beneficiaries, will be taken up for developing an orchard (Wadi).
The slope of this land varies from 3- 15% with sparse to dense bush/ tree cover. The
tree cover mainly comprises of khair, Pinus, Kachnar, etc. whereas bush comprise of
lantana, morass spp. For wadi purpose wasteland having slope in the range of 3-
15% with sparse tree / bush cover has been identified. Based on the baseline survey
of the proposed programme families it is gathered that 138.5 acre of land covering
150 families can be covered for development of ‘Wadi’s’.
Table 1: Village wise no of wadi proposed to be developed
S.No Village No. of
Wadi
Total
Area(Acre)
Water source
1 Dhar Gujjaran 62 62 Lift Irrigation
2 Basuni 47 47 Lift Irrigation
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3 Suhin 18 12.5 Portable Pump Irrigation
4 Aloh 23 17 Portable Pump Irrigation
Total 150 138.5
During the course of baseline survey, 8 soil samples from proposed wadi sites from
4 villages were collected and analyzed for suitability of the soil for supporting the
horticulture development programme (enclosed). The soil test confirms that the land
is suitable for wadi development.
It is also proposed to promote inter cultivation of green fodder in the wadi until the
plants have attained a good height. It would help the families in getting green fodder
and also help in maintaining moisture & fertility soil.
4.2 Selection of Horticultural crops
Based on discussions with the villagers, Mango & Citrus have been identified as
suitable horticultural crops to the proposed project area. The same have been
corroborated by the Horticulture department considering the following aspects.
Suitability of the agro – climatic conditions of the project area
Mango and Citrus are leading fruit crops cultivated in the district, hence
forward and backward linkages are available.
Mango and Citrus are hardy crops and can survive and perform better under
dry land conditions.
Mango and citrus have got huge demand in the area as table fruit as also for
meeting the requirements of 6 food processing industries in the district which
are into manufacture of Jam, Jelly, juices & Pickles. Hence, marketing of the
produce will not be a problem.
Mango, Citrus offer scope for village level processing into various products
thereby creating scope for setting up of processing units and generation of
local employment.
The Horticulture Department in the district / Horticulture Regional Station
Jach, Jasur, District Kangra are capable of providing necessary planting
23
material as well as extension support. In addition, planting materials can be
sourced from nurseries in Sarahanpur, UP.
4.3 Boundary plantation plants
Majority of the wadi land holdings are continuous without any mutations which are in
the name of the forefathers. As a practice in the area and of the community (i.e.
Muslim), the land is being earmarked to each of the nuclear family and so on. Hence,
there are clusters in each village wherein there would be 5-8 wadi’s. Creation of
boundary fencing of plants in each of such cluster wadi’s will not be practically
possible. Hence, boundary plantation has been proposed in only those wadi which
are segregated. In addition, boundary plantation of fodder tree species is being
proposed under the project to provide green fodder by way of lopping to the animals.
4.4 Crop Combination
As indicated above in between the Mango & Citrus plantation, it is proposed to
cultivate green fodders such as Berseem, Guinea Grass, etc. on the crescent farm
bunds proposed under soil conservation measures. These being leguminous plant
will enrich the soil and irrigation for the horticulture plant will also meet the water
requirements of these plants.
Standard practices and varieties recommended for each of the proposed horticultural
crop in the area are
Crop- 1 Mango
Varieties Dusheri
Plantation Period July-August
Plantation Density 10X10 m
Pit Size 1x1X1 meter
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Plants Selection Plants developed in the nursery through
Vanier Grafting or purchase from
horticulture Department.
Raising Wadi One Acre
Requirement for one acre 40 Mango
Mortality 10% 4
Table 2 -Cost of Mango Wadi (one acre)
Particulars 1st Year 1st Yr
2nd
Yr
3rd
Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr. Total
Unit Qty. Rate Amt. Amt. Amt. Amt. Amt. Amt.
A. Material No.
Grafts of mango crop No. 40 50 2000 200
2200
Boarder Plants No. 50 20 1000
1000
Fertilizers & Manures
0
N Kg 4 10.00 40 80 120 160 200 600
P Kg 2 15.00 30 60 90 120 150 450
K Kg 4 10.00 40 80 120 160 200 600
Compost Kg 200 6.00 1200 2400 3600 4800 6000 18000
Plant Protection Chemicals Liters 0.1 400.00 40 80 120 160 200 600
B. Labour
Ploughing/Land Clearing Day 2 115 230 0 0 0 0 230
Digging Pits No. 40 25 1000 0 0 0 0 1000
Filling of Pits No. 40 5 200 0 0 0 0 200
Pruning (once in a year) Man day 1 115 115 115 115 115 115 575
Spraying @ 3 / year Man day 3 115 345 345 345 345 345 1725
Irrigation Man day 2 115 230 230 230 230 230 1150
Total cost per wadi
6470 3590 4740 6090 7440 28330
A total of 33 Wadi covering a total area of 33 acres are proposed to be set up for
Mango crop in the identified area. The recommended of practices for cultivation of
mango are given in Appendix-2
Crop- Citrus
25
Varieties Kagzi Nimboo
Plantation Period July-August
Plantation Density 5X5 Meter
Pit Size 0.70x 0.70X 0.70 meter
Plants Selection Plants developed in the nursery through Vanier Grafting or purchase from Horticulture department.
Raising Wadi One or half Acre Density of plants 80 Wastage 10% 8
Table 3: -Cost of Citrus Wadi (one acre)
Crop 2 Citrus
Spacing 5x5
Density 80
Sweet lime, Lemon, Acid Lime
Variety
Particulars 1st Year 1st Yrs
2nd
Yr
3rd
Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr. Total
Unit Qty. Rate Amt.
Amt.
Amt.
Amt. Amt. Amt.
A. Material No.
Plant cost No. 80 40 3200 320 3520
Border Plants No. 50 20 1000 1000
Fertilizers & Manures 0
N Kg 4 10.00 40 80 120 160 200 600
P Kg 2 15.00 30 60 90 120 150 450
K Kg 4 10.00 40 80 120 160 200 600
Manure Kg 160 6.00 960 1920 2880 4800 5400 15960
Plant Protection Chemicals 50 ml/lt 0.1 400.00 40 80 120 160 200 600
B. Labour
Ploughing/Land Clearing Day 2 115 230 0 0 0 0 230
Digging Pits No. 80 20 1600 0 0 0 0 1600
Filling of Pits No. 80 4 320 0 0 0 0 320
Pruning once in a year No. 1 115 115 115 115 115 115 575
26
Spraying @ 3 in a year No. 3 115 345 345 345 345 345 1725
Irrigation (Average in 5 yrs) No. 2 115 230 230 230 230 230 1150
Total cost per wadi 8430 3430 4220 6290 7040 28330
A total of 150 wadi’s, of which 23 wadi’s of 0.5 acre and 94 Wadi’s of 1 acre covering
an area of 138.50 acre are proposed under the project. The recommended of
practices for cultivation of citrus are given in Appendix-3
4.5 Source for the supply of wadi material.
i. Department of Horticulture Nursery at Saloh, Una for citrus plants.
ii. Y.S.Parmar Horticulture University, Solan / Regional Horticultural
Station Jach, Jasur for mango plants.
iii. Private Nurseries at Sarahanpur, UP for Mango
iv. Department of Forest (HP) Bharwain for forestry plants.
4.6 Requirement and Supply of planting material with 10% plant Wastage
The planting material requirement of each crop has been worked out taking into
consideration 10% mortality based on the planting programme as indicated above.
Average farm gate cost of quality grafts is considered at Rs. 50/- for the Mango and
Rs. 40/- for Lemon. The digging labor cost for pit is approximately Rs. 25/- & 20/- per
plant respectively.
4.7 Dairy farming for Tribal families.
Out of total 220 tribal families which have been surveyed, there are only 150 families
who have sufficient wasteland land to develop wadi. In addition, there are 70 families
which have not got sufficient waste land to support wadi programme for augmenting
their livelihood. However, from a social mobilization as also a measure of conflict
resolution, it is proposed that these families would be supported for dairy farming
under the programme. Though these families’ rear livestock which are mostly non
descript buffaloes. Providing quality germ plasma to these animals under the project
will improve the progeny of the livestock as also will increase the income by way of
sale of milk and breeding animals. The ST families are traditional live stock owners
hence it is proposed to provide two animals as support to their families, who do not
have land for wadi development. Under this intervention, an amount equal to the cost
of wadi i.e. 29000/- shall be given for the purchase of two animals as a grant. As per
proposal grant under TDF will be synergized with GoI Dairy Entrepreneurship
27
Development Scheme so that they can avail facility of 33% subsidy. It is also
proposed to organize the dairy farmers into a cooperative society for better income
and developing their own processing and vermin compost units.
Table 4 :-Dairy farming cost sharing estimates per families.
S.no Particulars Total Cost Cost
sharing
1st year
1 Cost for two animals 58000.00
2 Margin money from farmer 5800.00
3 TDF Support 29000.00
4 Bank Loan (40%) 23200.00
5 Subsidy under DEDS @ 33% 19140.00
6 Total Farmer Contribution
(incl. margin money & loan amt.
excluding subsidy)
9860.00
28
Chapter-5
Soil Conservation
5.1 Soil and water conservation activities are vital for the establishment of
orchards. The topography of proposed project area is undulating and with non
descript vegetation. Looking towards these circumstances it becomes necessary to
undertake soil and water conservation activities each wadi.
5.2 Soil Conservation Works (SCW)
The general topography of the lands in the project area is undulating with slope
between 5 to 15%. During the project planning, an exercise was undertaken to adopt
the usual soil conservation measures i.e. Farm Bunds, Contour Bunds, Continuous
Contour Trenches, Gully plug, etc. The cost estimation worked out to be more than
10000/ acre. However, keeping in view the limitation in the cost as also adequate
natural grass cover on these wasteland since these lands are being used as a
source of local dry fodder as also for pasture alternative in situ soil and moisture
conservation treatment has been proposed.
5.3 Crescent Farm Bunds
As indicated earlier, the plant would be raised in pit of stipulated size depending
upon the plant species. It is proposed to provide for “U” shaped Farm bund around
each plant (Crescent Farm Bund - CFB). CFB will be placed across the slope of the
plant pit and would be having an average size of 3m. This will help in reduction of
soil erosion from the pit as also act a moisture conservation structure. The CFB will
also help in increased retention of irrigated water given during regular irrigation of the
plants. The area on the bund as also on the side towards the plant would be used for
cultivation of green fodder.
The size and cost estimates per wadi for formation of CFB is given below
Table 5: Estimates for Soil Conservation Works through Crescent Farm Bund
29
Sr.
No.
Particulars Specifications Amt
Required/
acre
1 Base width of bund (m) 0.60
2 Top width of bund (m) 0.30
3 Height of bund (m) 0.30
4 Cross section of bund (sq.m) 0.18
6 Length of the CBF (rm) 3 meter
7 Total earth work (cu. m) 0.54
8 Earth work rate (Rs. 62/- cum)
62/- 33.48
5.4 The total estimated cost to be covered in the 150 wadi is as per table given
below:
Table 6: Estimation of soil conservation works
S.No Treatment Plant No. of plants Crossection
Total EW (cum)
Rate (Rs.)
Total cost (Rs.)
1 Crescent FB Mango 1320 0.18 712.8 62.00 44193.60
Lemon 8440 0.18 4557.6 62.00 282571.20
Total for the Project 326764.80
Cost per wadi
2178.43
30
Chapter-6
Water Resources Development
Due to scarcity of irrigation sources, focus will be on providing infrastructure for
protective irrigation to the plants in initial years. To provide protective irrigation to the
plants, provision of water lifting is required from near by sources. Of the four
identified villages, 2 are having many water storage structures around the selected
wadis, where the rain water is stored by Check Dams (CD) and available through out
the year. These CDs would be in the range of 300-350 m of the respective wadi
clusters (4). The vertical head of these wadi’s would be around 50-70 m. Power
supply is available in these water source areas. Hence, in these clusters (4), four
electricity operated pump set having 2 HP power have been proposed for providing
lift irrigation. In addition, portable folding PVC pipe of 1.5 inch dia has been proposed
for lifting water to the highest elevation to form a delivery point. The water from this
delivery tank will be then sources through gravity by flexible pipes of 1 inch dia.
In other two villages, the water source is perinea river stream i.e. choe. This river
stream is away from the wadi and the vertical head would be around 100m with wadi
located about 500-600m away from the source. There is no electricity source at this
lift point. Hence, it would not be possible for installing fixed pump set for lifting as the
site is located away from the inhabitation. Keeping in view the topography and
demography, a portable pumpset of 3 HP motor has been proposed under the
project. This will meet the water requirement of the plants.
Table 7: Irrigation measures proposed in TDF villages.
S.No Village Source of irrigation No of wadi
1 Dhar gujjran Electric pump Lift Irrigation 62
2 Basuni Electric pump Lift Irrigation 47
3 Suhin Portable Diesel Pump Irrigation 18
4 Aloh Portable Diesel Pump Irrigation 23
150
31
It is estimated to provide 10 litres of water per plant per week in the first year and
thereafter reduction in irrigation frequency. The cost estimates depending upon the
fuel used are presented in the tables below:
Table 8 : Cost estimate for irrigation (electricity and Diesel)
Wadi Development Programme -Una District Cost Estimates for irrigation supply
S.No Particulars RATE/P No./m 1st Years 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year Total
1 Usha/Crompton / Kirlosker 2hp 53 meter head mono block single phase electric pump.
8000 4 32000
32000
2 Accessories
A Hose Pipe 1.5 ", Nosle reducer, etc 700 4 2800 700 1050 1400 2800 8750
B 1' Plastic Pipe pipe base to main point 300 meter per point with provision for bear and tear.
50 1200 60000
60000
C Flexible Pipe 500 meter for each point 30 2000 60000 3000 3000 3000 3000 72000
D Electric wire 4mm( copper ) 30 800 24000 3000 3000 3000 3000 36000
E Switch Board for motor with MCB fitting 1000 4 4000 1000 1000 1000 1000 8000
F Service and maintenance 500 4 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 15000
3 Electric Consumption : Irrigation@ Weekly For 4 points
Total discharge 4000 liters/hrs
Electricty per hectare=10 units
Rates=2/- units /hectare=10*2=20
Cost per year 45344 34008 22672 11336 11336 124696
Sub-total 230144 44208 33722 23236 25136 356446
4 Portable Pump irrigation
Cost of usha portable motor 1 20000 20000 20000
Accessories 1 5000 5000 5000
Portable pipe 500 40 20000 20000
Repair and maintenance 1 500 500 500 500 500 500 2500
Diesel Expenses 82836 62127 41418 20709 20709 227799
Sub-total 128,336
62,627
41,918 21,209 21,209 275,299
Total 358480 106835 75640 44445 46345 631745
32
Cost of electricity
Yr. Year wise requirement of water units/h rate Area(hec)
cost/h weeks Cost
1 Units /hours /hectare/ 52week 20 1
43.60
872 52 45344
2 Units /hours /hectare/39 week 20 1
43.60
872 39 34008
3 Units /hours /hectare/ 26week 20 1
43.60
872 26 22672
4 Units /hours /hectare/ 13week 20 1
43.60
872 13 11336
5 Units /hours /hectare/ 13week 20 1
43.60
872 13 11336
Total 124696
Diesel pump irrigation
1 Pump out put 4000 lt/hrs
2 8000 lts /hectare /week
Yr Total area 4 hectare Diesel
rate/lt
Area(H Cost/h Weeks Cost
1st Diesel Consumption=.600ml/hrs=1.200 ml/hec
1.20 45.00
29.50
1,593.00 52.00 82836
2nd
Diesel Consumption=1.200ml/hec
1.20 45.00
29.50
1,593.00 39.00 62127
3rd
Diesel Consumption=1.200ml/hec
1.20 45.00
29.50
1,593.00 26.00 41418
4th
Diesel Consumption=1.200ml/hec
1.20 45.00
29.50
1,593.00 13.00 20709
5th
Diesel Consumption=1.200ml/hec
1.20 45.00
29.50
1,593.00 13.00 20709
227,799
33
Chapter-7
Training and Capacity Building
7 A number of interventions are planned for capacity building and imparting
training for skill development with a view to aid the effective implementation of
wadi project in the district. The interventions planned are:
7.1 Program promotion and community mobilization.
NGO is already working with the villagers for the promotion of the Tribal
Development programme. Consequent to the sanction of the project, it is
proposed to discuss the project components and proposed schedule of
implementation with each village by the PIA along with the DDM. It is
proposed to conduct one such camp in each village at the start of the program
with the cost of Rs. 2500/- per camp. District Horticulture Department,
Agriculture Department, IPH department, etc. will be invited to the camps so
as to develop a confidence level as also to seek synergies of different
activities for better and effective implementation of the programme.
7.2 Exposure visit to existing WADI areas
About 10% representatives of the total participating families, i.e. a total of 30
participants will be taken far exposure to an existing WADI project being
implemented in other states for providing exposure to participants, so that
they can get an insight and understanding about the project as a whole and its
components, practices, their role and responsibilities, etc. The visits will be
organized before taking up the project in the villages. 30 farmers from 4
identified villages will be taken for exposure visit in two phases 15 per batch.
The entire cost of travel, stay, etc. @ Rs. 5000/- per farmers will be met out of
the project cost. Any excess expenditure cost would be borne by NGO/
participants. The exposure visit will be use full for experience sharing and
provide better insight to the wadis’ farmers.
7.3. Training and orientation to the PIA staff.
The PIA staff will be provided with inputs like planting, after care of the plants,
developing nursery through the regional horticulture center, Jach, / HPKVV,
34
Palam Pur. In addition to this PIA staff will also be provided with training on
scientific animal management and dairy processing. It is proposed to provide
such training in the start and orientation in the 3rd year of program. These
training programs shall be of 3 to 5 days duration and of residential nature.
Hence it is decided to put the cost PIA training and capacity building in the
budget.
7.4 Training to farmers and demonstration of new cropping practices
The farmers will be provided on-field inputs on proper aftercare of fruit plants.
The cost will be mainly on the technical experts who will interact with the
farmers and demonstrate the ways of doing things as also educate them on
the need, importance, periodicity, etc of aftercare. Services of 2 experts will
be taken for the purpose. It is proposes to provide one training in each
villages for the 1st two years. For this purpose budget for 8 such training
@5000/- per training is kept in the budget.
7.5 Capacity building on Animal Husbandry
Around 70 ST families are going to be benefitted under this program and they
are promoted for dairy farming for their livelihood. So the need to provided
input on animal husbandry for better up keep of the animal is felt. It is
proposed to provide such training every year. In the villages where dairy
farming is being promoted, there is no Travis to handle the animals for
examination. The same will be provided in the programme budget. It would be
permanent asset for the villagers.
7.6 Training in Farm produce processing.
In the fourth year of plantation, the plants will start bearing fruits. Inured to
handle surplus crop as also to provide value addition it is proposed to provide
training to the stake holders in processing of the fruits into various forms.
These training will be provided in the fourth and fifth year of the program.
7.7 Detail of budget for training and capacity building is illustrated in the
table given below.
35
Table 12 : Cost of Capacity Building and Training
Sr.
No.
Particulars Cost 1st yr 2nd
year
3rd
year
4th
year
5th
year
Total
cost
1 Programme
promotion /
Mobilization
4 Program @
Rs. 2500/- per
Program
10000 10000
2 Exposure visits to
WADI project
areas for 30
farmers
@ Rs. 5000/-
per
participant
150000 -- -- 150000
3 Training &
orientation of PIA
staff on wadi
management
Rs. 5000/-
per training
20000 -- 20000 40000
4 Farmers training,
demonstrations,
etc.
@ Rs. 5000
per program
20000 20000 40000
5 Live stock health
camp.
1 in a
year@10000/-
camp.
10000
10000 10000 10000 10000 62000
Cost of Travis
(2)
15000 15000
6 Training in farm
products
processing
@ 5000/- per
training in the
last year of
the program
10000 10000
Total 220000 30000 30000 10000 20000 312000
36
Chapter - 8
Health and women Empowerment.
8 Health.
The major issues related to the health of the community is addressed by the health
department but still there are certain aspect of health where such education and
treatment is not given to the women at large. Being a muslim community, the women
in the identified villages are reclusive and not forthcoming in interaction with
outsiders. There are so many infection that the women carry but do not disclose due
lack of awareness and social taboo. The PIA would be create linkages with these
women through formation of SHGs and develop a social rapport and embark upon
confidence building exercise. Keeping in view the issues and problems among the
women in the villages it is proposed to conduct health check camp and provide
medicine to the women and adolescent girls in the villages under this programme.
The major components of the health programmers’ would be:
i. Mother and Child immunization.
ii. Post Natal care.
iii. Reproductive track infection treatment & Nutrition and Health
education.
iv. Adolescent hygiene and health.
All these health component shall be addressed in a single camps organized on
quarterly basis in each village.
Table 13 : Cost Estimated of Women Health Component.
Description Cost
per
Unit
1st yr 2nd
yr
3rd yr 4th yr 5th yr Total
Health Awareness & examination program on A. immunization B. Mother Health. C. RTI Medical Examination. D. Adolescent Hygiene &
Health 3 camp in a year in each village. Total 12 camps
3000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
180000
Total 180000
37
Chapter-8
8.1 Women Empowerment Development.
Empowerment of women will be crucial for their committed involvement in the project
implementation. The component is aimed at empowerment, income generation,
sanitation, drudgery reduction. The activities planned under the program are:
i. Group formation through SHPI program
ii. Training inputs under the program.
iii. Income generation activities.
8.2 Income Generation Activities (IGA)
In the program villages women with be provided with an opportunity to supplement
existing income levels and the chance to lead a better life by fulfilling basic
requirements of food, education and health. Income generation activities will be
undertaken both at group and individual levels. The selection of IGA will be such that
it will synergise the project activities such as vermi-compost, nursery raising,
vegetable production, fisheries, dairy etc. Milk societies and nursery raising would be
taken up as group activity. Vermi compost will be taken up by taking benefit of
existing scheme promoted by the Block Development Department and DRDA.
Table 14:- Cost estimates for women development
Description No. of
camps
Cost per
Unit
Year wise Expenditure
1st
year
2nd
year
3rd
year
4th
year
5th
year
Total
Milk collection societies Formation.
2 Rs.20000/- 20000 20000 40000
Nursery Raising Training. 2 Rs.10000/- 10000 10000 20000
Vermin Compost Training 4 Rs.5,000/- 20000 20000
Income generation trainings – Food Processing, Preservation, Packing and storage
5 Through DRDA, SDP
Total 80000
38
Chapter –9
Cost Estimates
The abstract of the cost estimated for funding the program for the period of 5 years is
given below. The fund requirement for the various components of the proposed
project is as under.
Table 15: Abstract of funding of the TDF program for 220 families.
Summary of cost estimates and funding
S.No Programme component Year 1 Year 2 Year3 Year 4 Year 5 Total
1 Horticulture, SMC and WRD and maintenance
a Plantation 1073335 459235 580530 843465 967140 3923705
b Soil conservation 326765 326764.8
c water Resource Development 358480 106835 75640 44445 46345 631745
2 Dairy Development 4060000 0 0 0 0 4060000
3 Health 36000 36000 36000 36000 36000 180000
4 Animal Health 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 40000
5 Women Development 0 40000 40000 0 0 80000
6 Training and Capacity Building 202000 50000 10000 30000 20000 312000
7 Sub-total 6064579.8 700070 750170 961910 1077485 9554214.8
8 Project management Cost 380400 380400 380400 380400 380400 1902000
9 Sub-total (7+8) 6444980 1080470 1130570 1342310 1457885 11456215
10 Contigencies@5% 303228.99 35003.5 37508.5 48095.5 53874.25 477710.74
11 Total Project Out lay 6748209 1115473.5 1168078.5 1390405.5 1511759.25 11933925.54
12 Bank Loan 284200 284200
13 Family contribution 440500 440500
14 Subsidy 1339800 1339800
Total Project grants 4683709 1115474 1168079 1390406 1511759 9869426
Average cost per acre of wadi and one dairy works out to Rs.44861/- per families.
39
10. Marketing and Processing
10.11 Mango
6.1.1 Under the project, production of about 1000 MT of fresh fruit is
expected on stabilization of yield i.e. after 10 years of planting. In order to
realize higher returns for the farmers, proper and timely marketing of
produce is very critical. Keeping in view the demand of local market and
markets outside the State, the variety of Dasheri has been identified.
6.1.2 Looking at the present demand in the local and neighboring markets,
there will be no difficulty in marketing of produce. However, if felt necessary,
the wadi farmers will be encouraged to form cooperative societies to take up
the marketing of their product to get better returns. Apart from marketing of
the fresh fruits, the societies will be encouraged to set up processing units
for processing of mango pulp and other products.
10.2 Lemon
10.3Lemon Syrup: - Ripe fruits are selected. After washing, peel and cut
into halves. With the manual extractor the juice is separated from the skin
and pips. Dissolve sugar (60% by weight) in clean water, boil for five
minutes, stirring all the time; then filter the impurities from the sugar
solution. Add the lemon juice and boil for two minutes. Move from the heat
and fill the bottle while hot. Cooling, cleaning and labeling are the last
operations before storage.
10.2.3 Lemon Preserve (Sour):- Blanch lemons for fifteen minutes and
repeat this three times. Soak in boiled water for one day. The following day,
drain off the water and dry in the sun dryer.
10.2.4 Lemon Preserve (Sweet):- Soak the lemons in the boiled water and
drain off after 12 hours, repeat twice a day for three days. The following day,
blanch and cut into quarters, soak in 5% salt solution for five days and
drain. 100% by wt of sugar are melted, filtered, and then mixed with the
lemon quarters for one night. The next day, lemon quarters are removed
from the sugar solution and then the sugar solution is boiled on low,
medium heat until the volume becomes half. The lemon is mixed with the
syrup and placed on a low fire until all the water boils out. Move from the
heat and cool down before packing.
10.2.5 Lemon Pickle :- Blanch the lemon for fifteen minutes and
repeat this three times. Soak in the boiled water for one day. The following
day, drain off the water and dry in the sun dryer. Roast the mustard seeds
40
and grind. Cook the edible oil and cool down. The dried lemon is mixed with
the sliced ginger, small piece of garlic, chili and spices. The product is cooled
down before packing
10.2.6 Packing / processing units
In view of the above, no provision is made for processing of wadi produce
under the project. However, if felt necessary, processing of fruits into high
value consumer products could be planned by formation of apex cooperative
federation after wadis start yielding substantial quantities of fruits.
41
11. Project Implementation Schedule.
The project implementation will have four phases such as:
Phase-I - Preparatory phase
Base line and selection of area.
Formal agreement with PIA
Mobilization/recruitment of staff and deployment
Baseline survey
Soil Testing
Phase-II – Final Planning
Detailed plan of operations
Program awareness campaign
Planning and design
Tendering and awarding contracts
Identification of wadi farmers
Phase-III – Implementation
Setting up of Offices
Formation of wadi groups
Water resource development
Capacity building of staff, wadi participants
Wadi implementation
Soil and water conservation
Health promotion scheme
Formation of processing cooperatives
Phase-IV – Monitoring and Impact Evaluation.
The project implementation schedule is based on the project components
and phasing of the implementation.
42
Project Implementing Agency (PIA)
12. Administrative Set up and People’s
organization
Administrative set up
The project will have an administrative/project implementing set-up
exclusively for planning and implementation of project during the nine years
of the project period. The set up envisaged in the project include:
i. Management Team & implementation team will consist of a Program
Coordinator, Program specialists, Accountant & Ground Staff. The
team will be located at Dhar Gujjaran. The team will consist of a
project coordinator, subject matter specialists, accounts and audit
staff. As exclusive office will be set up by the ANKUR for
implementation of Project. The project proposes to support the entire
establishment and other administrative expenditure of the
implementation team.
ii. Field Staff: One field guide will cater to 100 wadi farmers and one field
supervisor will oversee/monitor the area covered by 2 field guides.
There will be teams of Agri. Assistants, health inspectors, community
worked and accountant. The project supports the entire establishment
and other administrative expenditure of the field staff / teams.
iii. Community Support Team: The community support team will
basically consist of field guides, health guides and barefoot
accountants. It is proposed that for every 50 wadis there will be one
field guide, for every 3-4 villages there will be one health guide and for
every 50 wadis there will be one barefoot community mobilizer. The
nominal salary of the community support team is met from the
project.
Peoples Organizational set up
The suggested peoples organizational set up for implementation of the
project is given below:
i. Wadi Participant Groups: The core activity will be a family based
program and will be undertaken by the individual tribal family. For
better planning, execution and management, the individual project
43
participant will come together as small groups of about 10 members
each.
ii. Village Planning Committee: These participant groups in turn will
form village level organization, Village Planning Committee.(VPC), for
better coordination with the help / facilitation by the RSS. The VPC
will be formed once the stability in operations of the PGs are reached
and when coordinated actions at the village level will be felt
necessary. The VPC consists of persons nominated by a consensus by
the programme participants. For every 10 participants (one PG), one
member will be nominated for the VPC. It should have due
representation of women (minimum30%). This body actually “owns”
the project and is responsible for the planning, implementation,
monitoring and maintenance of the project.
iii. Cooperative Societies: The village level organizations will federate
and form a cooperative at the cluster level. This cooperative will take
shape once the base level institutions have fully stabilized and
become functional. Each cooperative will be instrumental in providing
technical assistance to the project in inputs procurement, marketing
of produce and necessary guidance to VPC for effective management
of the program.
iv. Apex Co Operative Federation: All the Cooperative societies of the
project area will be federated into an apex cooperative body mainly to
take care of the processing, brand promotion and marketing of the
produce. From the project, The support will be extended for product
development, brand creation and promotion, support for the initial
stabilization period.
44
Chapter-13
13 Partnership with Institutions
Under the project, the following institutions have been identified for
partnership in implementation of the project (Table 31).
Table Partnership with Institutions
Sr. No.
Organization Role of organization in the project
1 ANKUR WELFARE ASSOCIATION, GAGRET
o Implementing Agency
2 Agriculture (Horticulture) Department, Govt. of
Himachal Una.
o Technical advise on production technology of Mango, Cashew
and Agro forestry o Training support to the project
staff and wadi farmers
o Supply of planting material
3 Krishi Vigyan Kendera, UNA
o Technical advise on production and processing of Mango and Cashew
o Training support to the project staff and wadi farmers
o Supply of planting material
4 National Bank for
agriculture and Rural Development
o Providing funds
o Monitoring of the project o Overall guidance
5 State Govt. Departments
like Co operative, Animal husbandry, health, horticulture, agriculture,
forestry.
o Extension service
o Support the wadi farmers through their scheme
o
45
Chapter-14
14. Project Risks
Spurious planting material: Mango, lemon, Ambla have gestation of
about 4 to 5 years and performance of the plants is known only after
the gestation. Hence greater care is required to ensure supply of
quality planting material of the selected varieties to realize the benefits
of wadi. The success of the project is directly correlated to the
successful establishment of wadi.
Non adoption of Package of practices: Non adoption of proper
practices may retard the growth of the plants resulting in delayed
yield and reduced production from the wadi.
Prolonged drought during initial two to three years of
establishment of wadi : Drought for two or more years continuously
during the wadi establishment phase may lead to large scale mortality
of the fruit plants.
Outbreak of pest and diseases: Though there is no previous history
of pest and disease attack, the outbreak of disease may affect the
production and income of the wadi.
Perish ability: Mango is perishable in nature and the post harvest
losses would be very high. If harvesting standards and post harvest
management techniques are not adopted.
High price fluctuation: Fluctuation in the price may affect the
income generation of the wadi.
Conflicts in people’s organizations: Conflicts among the members of
the people’s organization after PIA with draws from the project may
affect the sustainability of the project.
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Summary and Conclusion
Poverty is closely linked to a degraded environment and this is true with the
tribes of Una district. Indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources and
poor crop and animal production practices have led to low productivity,
degradation of agricultural land and depletion of forest resources. As a
result of low income and shortage of food, majority of the tribes migrate to
nearby towns for sustenance.
The above situation clearly indicates the need for implementation of the
projects aimed at achieving remunerative self employment to prevent
migration, develop sustainable livelihood and improve the quality of life.
The proposed development of 200 wadis under WADI project in Amb Block
of Una district covering 4 villages in Amb block will be major initiatives in
this direction. The project supports wadi development in 0.5 to 1.00 acre
land of each tribal family with the combination of Mango, Lemon, as base
crops and multipurpose forest species on the boundaries of the wadi. Other
major components are soil and water conservation, water resource
development, capacity building of the participants and PIA, health and
women development, The total fund requirement under the project works
out to Rs. 75.81 lakh for the project period of 5 years.
The financial analysis of the project clearly indicates that the wadi family
will be able to cross the minimum family income of Rs. 30000 mark by the
10th year of the project. However it is possible to minimize the gestation
period required for achieving the minimum family income by introducing
diversification in the farms of wadi farmers.
“Ankur” is a young, dynamic and dedicated State level NGO with enough
experience in implementing Natural Resource Management projects, health
and hygiene programmes, capacity building, awareness creation and other
developmental activities in the backward areas of the State, especially
among the tribes. Being fully aware about the field level conditions including
the topography and the problems/issues involved strength in the
management of natural resources through peoples organizations like SHGs
and other community based organizations (CBOs).
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The strong people’s organization expected to be promoted under the project
for implementation of the project will be the foundation to carry the project
forward to:
Create opportunities for remunerative self employment to meet the
basic requirements;
Develop sustainable livelihood opportunities;
Improve the quality of life; and
Become contributors to the economy from present status of
dependents on the economy.
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ANNEXURE-A
Mango Cultivation
Mango (Mangi fera indica) is the leading fruit crop of India and considered to be the
king of fruits. Besides delicious taste, excellent flavour and attractive fragrance, it is
rich in vitamin A&C. The tree is hardy in nature and requires comparatively low
maintenance costs.
Mango occupies 22% of the total under fruits comprising of 1.2 million hectares, with
a total production of 11 million tones. Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh are having
the largest area under mango each with around 25% of the total area followed by
Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Mango fruit is utilized at all stages of its development both in its immature and
mature state. Raw fruits are used for making chutney, pickles and juices. The ripe
fruits besides being used for desert are also utilized for preparing several products
like squashes, syrups, nectars, jams and jellies. The mango kernel also contains 8-
10 percent good quality fat which can be used for soap and also as a substitute for
cola in confectionery.
Fresh mangoes and mango pulp are the important items of agri-exports from India.
India's main export destinations for mango are UAE, Kuwait and other Middle East
countries with a limited quantity being shipped to European market. Although, India
is the largest mango producing country, accounting about 60% of world production,
the export of fresh fruit is limited to Alphonso and Dashehari varieties. India's share
in the world mango market is about 15 percent. Mango accounts for 40 percent of
the total fruit exports from the country. There is good scope for increasing the area
and productivity of mango in the country.
Climate :
Mango can be grown under both tropical and sub-tropical climate from sea level to
1400 m altitude, provided there is no high humidity, rain or frost during the flowering
period. Places with good rainfall and dry summer are ideal for mango cultivation. It is
better to avoid areas with winds and cyclones which may cause flower and fruit
shedding and breaking of branches.
Soil :
Mango comes up on a wide range of soils from alluvial to laterite provided they are
deep (minimum 6') and well drained. It prefers slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5 to 7.5)
Varieties :
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Though there are nearly 1000 varieties of mango in India, only following varieties are
grown in different states : Alphonso, Bangalora, Banganpalli, Bombai, Bombay
Green, Dashehari, Fazli, Fernandin, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog,Langra,
Mankhurd, Mulgoa, Neelam, Samarbehist, Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Vanaraj and
Zardalu.
Recently some mango hybrids have been released for cultivation by different
institutes / universities. A brief introduction to such varieties is presented below :
Mallika - It is a cross between Neelam and Dashehari. Fruits are medium sized
cadmium coloured with good quality, reported to be a regular bearer.
Amrapali - It is a cross between Dashehari and Neelam. It is a dwarf vigorous type
with regular and late bearing variety. It yields on an average 16 t/ha and about 1600
plants can be accommodated in one hectare.
Mangeera : It is a cross between Rumani and Neelam. It is a semi vigorous type
with a regular bearing habit. Fruits are medium sized with light yellow coloured skin,
firm and fibreless flesh and sweet to taste.
Ratna : It is a cross between Neelam and Alphonso. It is a regular bearer and free
from spongy tissue. Fruits are medium sized with excellent quality. Flesh is firm and
fibreless, deep orange in colour with high TSS (19-21 Brix).
Arka Aruna : It is a hybrid between Banganapalli and Alphonso with regular bearing
habit and dwarf in stature. About 400 plants can be accommodated per hectare.
Fruits are large sized (500-700 gm) with attractive skin colour. Pulp is fibreless,
sweet to taste (20-22 Brix). Pulp percentage is 73 and the fruits are free from spongy
tissue.
Arka Puneet : It is a regular and prolific bearing hybrid of the cross between
Alphonso and the Banganapalli. Fruits are medium sized (220-250 gm) with
attractive skin colour, having red blush. Pulp is free from fibre, pulp percentage being
70 percent. Fruits are sweet to taste (20-22 Brix) with good keeping quality and free
from spongy tissue. It is a good variety for processing also.
Arka Anmol : It is a semi-vigorous plant type from the cross between Alphonso and
Janardhan Pasand. It is also a regular bearing and free from spongy tissues. Fruits
ripen to uniform yellow colour. Keeping quality of the fruit is very good and it is
suitable for export. It has got excellent sugar and acid blend and fruits weigh on an
average about 300 g Pulp is orange in colour.
Propagation :
Farmers should always get vegetatively propagated, true to type plants from
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recognised nurseries. Inarching, veneer grafting, side grafting and epicotyl grafting
are the popular methods of propagation in mango.
Planting : Land should be prepared by deep ploughing followed by harrowing and
leveling with a gentle slope for good drainage. Spacing varies from 10 m x 10 m, in
the dry zones where growth is less, to 12 m x 12 m, in heavy rainfall areas and rich
soils where abundant vegetative growth occurs. New dwarf hybrids like Amrapali can
be planted at closer spacing. Pits are filled with original soil mixed with 20-25 kg well
rotten FYM, 2.5 kg single super phosphate and 1 kg muriate of potash.
One year old healthy, straight growing grafts from reliable sources can be planted at
the centre of pits along with the ball of the earth intact during rainy season in such a
way that the roots are not expanded and the graft union is above the ground level.
Plants should be irrigated immediately after planting. In the initial one or two years, it
is advisable to provide some shade to the young plants and also stake to make them
grow straight.
Training and pruning :
About one meter from the base on the main trunk should be kept free from branching and the main stem can be allowed thereafter spaced at 20-25 cm apart in such a way that they grow in different directions. Branches which cross over/rub each other may be removed at pencil thickness.
Fertilizer Application :
In general, 170 gm urea, 110 gm single super phosphate and 115 gm muriate of potash per plant per year of the age from first to tenth year and thereafter 1.7 kg, 1.1 kg, and 1.15 kg respectively of these fertilizers per plant per year can be applied in two equal split doses (June-July and October). Foliar spray of 3% urea is recommended before flowering in sandy areas.
Irrigation :
Young plants are watered frequently for proper establishment. In case of grown up trees, irrigation at 10 to 15 days interval from fruit set to maturity is beneficial for improving yield. However, irrigation is not recommended for 2-3 months prior to flowering as it is likely to promote vegetative growth at the expense of flowering.
Inter cropping :
Inter crops such as vegetables, legumes, short duration and dwarf fruit crops like papaya, guava, peach, plum, etc. depending on the agro-climatic factors of the region can be grown. The water and nutrient requirements of the inter crops must be met separately.
Plant Protection :
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Mango is prone to damages by a large number of pests, diseases and disorders. The recommended control measures for most important and common among them are briefed below :
Mango hopper : Two sprays (at panicles emergency and at pea size of fruits) of carbaryl (0.15%), monocrotophos (0.04%) or phosphamidan (0.05).
Mealy bug : Ploughing inter spaces in November and dusting 2% methyl parathion @200 g per tree near the trunk and fixing 20 cm wide 400 gauge polythene strips around the trunk with grease applied on the lower edge in January as prophylactic measures and two sprays of monocrotophos (0.04%) at 15 days interval as control are needed.
Powdery mildew : Two to three sprays of wettable sulphur (0.2%) or Kerathane (0.1%) at 10-15 days interval.
Anthracrose : Two sprays of Baristin (0.1%) at fortnight interval.
Malformation : One spray of 200 ppm NAA in October followed by deblossoming at bud burst stage in December - January.
Fruit drop : Regular irrigation during fruit development, timely and effective control of pests and diseases and spraying 20 ppm NAA at pea size of fruits.
Harvesting and yield :
Graft plants start bearing at the age of 3 - 4 years (10-20 fruits) to give optimum crop from 10-15th year which continues to increase upto the age of 40 years under good management.
Post Harvest Management :
Storage : Shelf life of mangoes being short (2 to 3 weeks) they are cooled as soon as possible to storage temperatue of 13 degree Celcius. A few varieties can withstand storage temperature of 10 degree Celcius. Steps involved in post harvest handling include preparation, grading, washing, drying, waxing, packing, pre-cooling, palletisation and transportation.
Packaging : Mangoes are generally packed in corrugated fiberboard boxes 40 cm x 30 cm x 20cm in size. Fruits are packed in single layer 8 to 20 fruits per carton. The boxes should have sufficient number of air holes (about 8% of the surface area) to allow good ventilation.
Financial institutions have also formulated mango financing schemes in potential areas for expansion of area under mango. Individual mango development schemes with farm infrastructure facilities like well, pumpset, fencing and drip irrigation system etc. have also been considered.
Unit Cost : The unit cost varies from state to state. The cost presented here is indicative only. The entrepreneurs and the bankers are requested to consult our
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Regional Offices for the latest information in this regard. The unit cost estimated for this model scheme is Rs.34400/- per ha capitalized up to the fifth year.
Annexure-B
Citrus
Citrus is native to a large area, which extends from Himalayan foot hills of northeast India to north central China, the Philippines in east and Burma, Thailand, Indonesia and New Caledonia in Southeast. In India, in terms of area under cultivation, citrus is the third largest fruit industry after Banana and Mango. Over the last 30 years, the area and production under citrus cultivation has increased at the rate of 11 and 9%, respectively, which shows that the expansion of citrus industry was quite sustainable. The average yield of citrus fruits in India is alarmingly low (10.1 t/ha) compared to other developed countries like Brazil, USA, China, Mexico and Spain (30-40 t/ha). Among mandarins, Nagpur mandarin (Central India), Kinnow mandarin (North–West India), Coorg mandarin (South India) and Khasi mandarin (North-East India) are the commercial cultivars of India. Whereas, Mosambi (Maharashtra), Sathgudi (Andhra Pradesh) and Malta and Jaffa (Punjab) are the sweet orange cultivars traditionally grown.
Citrus cultivation in India is plagued with various problems due to limiting growing conditions, limiting water resources and high incidence of pests and diseases warranting great care from planting till the plants come to bearing in order to sustain a productive life of a minimum of 15-20 years. There is growing interest/awareness among the citrus growers for adoption of latest technologies for commercial cultivation of citrus. The National Research Centre (NRC) for Citrus (ICAR), Nagpur has come out with the package of practices for citrus cultivation in different regions of the country. In the present bankable project on citrus, recommendations of the NRC for Citrus and the views of the citrus growers and their experience has been taken into consideration.
3. Package of Practices 3.1 Climatic and soil requirements
Citrus fruits in India are cultivated under varied agro-ecological conditions right from arid and semiarid areas of southwest region to humid tropical climate of northeast India.
3.1.1 Climate
Citrus trees are evergreen, grown in truly subtropical climates of the world although in tropical regions of the world they tend to produce cyclic growth flushes and hence regulating cropping in tropical areas for forcing them into concentrated bloom needs judicious management of water deficit stress according to soil type and growing season. Citrus fruits grow best between a temperature range of 130C to 370C. Temperatures below – 40C are harmful for the young plants. Soil temperature around 250C seems to be optimum for root growth. High humidity favours spread of many diseases. Frost is highly injurious. Hot wind during summer results in
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desiccation and drop of flowers and developing fruits. Barring these limitations citrus is grown in all subtropical and tropical areas of the world. The sub-tropical climate is best suited for citrus growth and development. Khasi and Darjeeling mandarins are grown in high altitudes upto 2000 m as it is adapted to a cooler climate.
3.1.2 Soil
Citrus plants are grown in a wide range of soils ranging from sandy loam or alluvial soils of north India to clay loam or deep clay loam or lateritic/acidic soils in the deccan plateau and north-eastern hills. Citrus orchards flourish well in light soils with good drainage properties. Deep soils with pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 are considered ideal. However, they can also be grown in a pH range of 4.0 to 9.0. High calcium carbonate concentration in feeder root zone may adversely affect the growth.
3.2 Planting Material
Availability of quality planting material is of utmost importance in citrus cultivation. Citrus plants are very sensitive to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore selection of an ideal rootstock is a continuing challenge for the citrus industry of India. Currently used rootstocks viz. rough lemon and Rangpur lime have gone through a lot of variation over the last five decades. Therefore ideal selections developed from the conventional rootstocks by National Research Centre for Citrus (NRCC), Nagpur and at other places under State Agriculture Universities may be obtained for propagating quality planting material. For budwood selection, disease free mother plants developed from the elite progeny of known pedigree through shoot tip grafting method available at NRCC, Nagpur may only be used.
Primary nursery beds are prepared on light fertile soils or in the HDPE trays under shade net structures. Selection of nucellar seedlings is done by eliminating weak seedlings, off types and non uniform seedlings in 2-3 stages in the nursery beds. Secondary nursery seedlings may be raised in polythene bags also as they become ready for plantation in the main field after attaining the height of about 30-40 cm after one year.
3.3 Land preparation
Land needs to be thoroughly ploughed and leveled. In hilly areas, planting is done on terraces against the slopes and on such lands, high density planting is possible as more aerial space is available than in flat lands. Since citrus trees are highly sensitive to water logging and water stagnation during rainy season providing drainage channels of 3-4 feet depth along the slopes around the orchard is essential.
3.4 Plant density
a. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Normal spacing – 6 m x 6 m ; Plant population – 277 / ha
b. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis osbeck) Normal spacing - 5 m x 5 m, 5.5 x 5.5 m; Plant population – 400/330 per ha
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c. Limes/lemons (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle & Citrus limon) Normal spacing – 6 x 6 m / 5 x 5 m, Plant population – 277/400 per ha
In light soils, spacing will be 4.5 x 4.5 m or 5 x 5 m
3.5 Planting
The best season of planting is June to August. Pits of the size of 75 cm x 75 cm x 75 cm may be dug for planting seedlings. 15-20 kg of FYM and 500 g of super phosphate is applied per pit while planting. With good irrigation system, planting can be done in other months also.
3.6 Irrigation
Citrus requires critical stage watering in the initial year. It further reduces fruit drop and increases the fruit size. Diseases like root rot and collar rot occur in flooded conditions. Light irrigation with high frequency is beneficial. Irrigation water containing more than 1000 ppm salts is injurious. Quantity of water and frequency of irrigation depends on the soil texture and growth stage. Micro irrigation systems not only saves water and nutrients but also ensure good retention of fruits during crucial stages of crop growth in March – April even in situations where water is not a limitation.
3.7 Manures & fertilizers
Manuering is done in three equal doses three times in a year in February, June and September. The recommended manurial and fertilizers doses are given in Table 4 & 5 respectively.
Table 4 : Year wise requirement of farm yard manure (FYM) (Kg/plant/year)
FYM Year I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Year VI Year VII onwards
Kg/plant 20 10 15 20 25 30 40
Table 5 : Year wise requirement of various nutrients (g/plant/year)
Nutrients Year I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Year VI Year VII onwards
Nitrogen 100 200 300 400 450 500 500
P 50 100 150 200 200 250 250
K 25 50 75 200 200 250 250
ZnSO4 25 25 50 50 100 150 150
FeSO4 25 25 50 50 100 150 150
MnSO4 25 25 50 50 100 150 150
One or two sprays of micro nutrient mixtures if required may be given.
3.8 Inter culture
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Ploughing, spading of basins, weed control, etc., are important inter-culture operations for soil aeration and health. Chemical control of weeds with pre-emergence weedicides like diuron (3 Kg/ha), simazine (4 Kg/ha), glyphosate 4 l/ha, paraquat (2 l/ha), etc. may also be adopted.
3.9 Intercrops
Leguminous crops like soybean, gram, groundnut, cow peas, french bean, peas etc., may be grown in citrus orchards. Intercropping is advisable during the initial three-four years after planting.
3.10 Training and Pruning
In order to allow the growth of a strong trunk, initially shoots upto 40-50 cm from the ground level should be removed. The centre of the plant should remain open. Branches should be well distributed to all sides. Cross twigs and water suckers are to be removed early. The bearing trees require little or no pruning. All diseased, injured and drooping branches and dead wood are to be removed periodically.
3.11 Pests and Diseases Management
3.11.1 Pests
Important insect-pests of citrus are citrus blackfly and whitefly, citrus psylla, Citrus thrips leaf miner, scale insects, bark eating caterpillar/trunk borer, fruit fly, fruit sucking moth, mites, etc. Other pests attacking citrus particularly mandarin orange, specially in humid climate are mealybug, nematode, etc. Control measures of major pests are indicated below:
Leaf miner: Foliar sprays either with quinalphos 1.25 ml or fenvalerate 0.5 ml or monocrotophos 1.0 ml/litre of water at weekly intervals on new flush as soon as infestation is noticed.
Citrus blackfly and white fly : One spray against adults and two at 50% egg hatching stage (I half of April & Dec. and II fortnight of July) at 15 days interval either with acephate 1.25 g or quinalphos 1.5 ml or imidacloprid 0.5 ml/ litre of water.
Citrus psylla: Foliar spray either with quinalphos 1.0 ml or acephate 1.0 g or monocrotophos 0.5 ml/litre of water at bud burst stage or as and when infestation is noticed during Feb, - Mar., Jun., - Jul. & Oct, - Nov.
Citrus thrips : Foliar spray either with dimethoate 1.5 ml or monocrotophos 1 ml/litre of water at bud burst stage and berry size fruits. Scale insects: Spraying of parathion (0.03%) emulsion, dimethoate 150 ml and 250 ml kerosene oil in 100 litre of water or malathion @ 0.1 % or carbaryl @ 0.05% plus oil 1 %.
Trunk borer: Swabbing of tunnel either with dichlorvos (0.1%) or carbaryl (1%) or monocrotophos (0.02%) kills the grub effectively.
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Bark eating caterpillar: Plugging of larval tunnels with cotton wad soaked either in dichlorvos (0.1%) or carbaryl (1%) or monocrotophos (0.01%) effectively checks the pest.
3.11.2 Diseases
The important diseases of citrus are Phytophthora gummosis, citrus tristeza virus, citrus greening (HLB-Huang Long Bing), citrus canker, powdery mildew, anthracnose, etc. Control measures of these diseases are stated briefly below:
Phytophthora Gummosis : Scraping of the affected area and application of Bordeaux paste or copper oxifluoride paste or ridomil + carbendazim.
Citrus greening (HLB--Huang Long Bing): Removal of infected branches/unproductive trees and their replacement by disease-free plants. Application of ledermycin 600 ppm with ZnSO4 and FeSO4. Meticulous control of citrus psylla vector.
Citrus tristeza virus: Control of aphids and use of cross protected grafts and shoot tip grafted plants or disease free grafts are recommended.
Citrus canker: Cutting of infected twigs followed by spraying of 1 % Bordeaux mixture or copper fungicide. Foliar spray application of 100 ppm streptomycin sulphate is also effective.
Powdery mildew: Pruning of dead twigs followed by foliar spray of wettable sulphur @ 2 g/litre, copper oxychloride @ 3 g/litre of water in April and October.
Anthracnose: Pruning of dead twigs followed by two foliar sprays of carbendazim @ 1 g/litre or copper oxychloride - 3 g/litre at fortnightly interval.
3.12 Harvesting.
There are two main crops in mandarins and sweet oranges. One is called as Ambia bahar (mango flowering) the flowering of which occurs in the month of January (at the time of flowering of mango hence the name Ambia) the fruits of which are available in the months of October-December The other crop is Mrig bahar (Monsoon bloom) the flowering of which occurs in the month of June-July and the fruits are harvested during February-April. Mandarins and sweet oranges normally take 240-280 days to arrive at maturity. Mature fruits at colour break stage are picked up in 2 - 3 intervals of 10-15 days. Limes and lemons take 150-160 days for maturity. There may be 2 or 3 crops in a year in limes and lemons.
4. Yield
Mandarin: Commences from the 5th year with about 50 fruits per tree. Stabilizes in the 8th year. Average production is about 700-800 fruits per tree after stabilization.
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Sweet Orange: Commences from 5th year with 40-50 fruits per tree. Stabilizes around the 8th year. Average production is about 500-600 fruits per tree after stabilization.
Lime/Lemon: Commences from the 3rd year with 50-60 fruits per tree. Stabilizes in the 8th year. Average production is about 1000-1500 fruits per tree after stabilization.
Economic life of plantation: 15 to 25 years
5. Post-harvest management
For imparting uniform yellow-orange colour to the fruits application of ethephon @ 250 ppm along with 1 % calcium acetate as foliar spray at maturity stage is recommended. Sweet oranges and mandarins may be treated with ethylene gas for degreeing and development of colour. A temperature of 6-7°C, 5-10 ppm of ethylene and 90-95% RH in a degreeing chamber can set a change in colour in about 48 hours. The cold storage conditions for long term storage for different citrus fruits are available. Pre-cooling of citrus is done by forced air system. The storage conditions for each group are stated below. Oranges may be packed in well ventilated CFB boxes - 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm.
The storage conditions for various citrus fruits are as under:
Mandarins: Mandarins can be stored at 5- 7°C with 85-90 % RH for 4-8 weeks.
Sweet Oranges: Sweet oranges can be stored at 7-8°C with 85-90% RH for 4-8 weeks.
Lime/Lemon: Limes and lemon can be stored for 6-8 weeks at 9-10oC storage temperature with 80-90% RH. Limes are subjected to pitting after storage at temperature below 7°C. Waxing treatment further reduces moisture loss extends shelf life in all citrus fruits.