project pda

8/8/2019 Project Pda

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Introduction to PDA

How do handhelds and PDAs fit into the wireless Internet landscape? What's thedifference between handhelds and PDAs? Is anytime, anywhere computing actually a

reality with these types of computers? We'll get to these questions in a moment. Butfirst, let's first make sure we're all on the same page.

What's a handheld PC (H/PC)?

Handheld PCs (H/PCs) are small, slim and lightweight portable computers. They looksimilar to a laptop computer. H/PCs come in a variety of forms and sizes with differentdisplays, peripherals and packaged software configurations. They are uniformly small,lightweight, and easy to carry in your hand.

Currently, the two main operating systems (OSs) that are found in H/PCs are WindowsCE and EPOC. Needless to say, there's a battle between the two manufactures of these

companies (Microsoft and Symbian) over which software will lead H/PCs into the wirelessinternet age. We'll look more at operating systems in a moment.

What's a PDA?

By definition, PDA stands for Personal Digital Assistant. PDAs are pocket-sized electronicorganizers (if you've ever used a Franklin Planner or any similar kind of paper boundorganizer, you get the general idea). You'll also hear the names Pocket PC, HandheldOrganizer, or Palms. Pocket PCs are typically PDAs that use the Windows CE OperatingSystem. 'Palms' are PDAs that run on the Palm Operating System. Other PDAs use theirown proprietary OS, such as the RIM Blackberry.

Which is better, a H/PC or a PDA?

Depending on whom you ask, you're going to get different answers. I can tell you this:PDAs far outsell H/PCs. There are a couple reasons for this.


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Many people would rather use a laptop rather than an H/PC. True, laptops are a coupleof pounds heavier than H/PCs. But a laptop utilizes the full version of a Windowsoperating system, rather than a scaled down version. Many people prefer to carryaround a couple of extra pounds rather than sacrifice a full working version of Windows.

A PDA on the other hand is something different that a laptop all together. PDAs contain

essentially anything one might need from a computer when on the move. They containe-mail functionality, fax functionality, and the ability to access special PDA formattedWeb channels, or to browse ordinary Web sites (more on these later in the article).

Plus, PDAs can also easily share information with Windows-based or Macintoshcomputers. PDAs are not self-contained they are designed to synchronize with adesktop PC and keep information up to date on both sides. Thus, what you'll find is thatpeople usually carry a PDA and a laptop. This gives them more flexibility than justcarrying around a H/PC (which is essentially part laptop and part PDA).

The Palm Operating System

In 1996, a product called the PalmPilot was released by US Robotics. The Palm Pilot ranon an operating system made especially for that device, called the Palm OS.

The Palm Operating System (Palm OS) is the current leader in the PDA market,accounting for 70% of the market share. The Palm Pilot (now known as just Palm),became one of the fastest growing computer platforms in history, reaching the million-sold mark faster than the IBM PC or Apple's Macintosh.

Today, the Palm line has grown to include a variety of models. In addition, a number ofother companies such as IBM, Qualcomm, and Symbol Technologies released their ownPalm OS PDA models, with Sony's version hitting the market later this year.

The Windows CE Operating System

Although the Windows CE Operating System is the leader among H/PCs, it holds onlyabout 10% of the PDA market. Those numbers won't stay that low.

The latest version of Windows CE, now known as Windows CE for the PocketPC, iscoming back with a vengeance. Microsoft has a lot of muscle in its corner. They havepartnerships with some key companies in the industry (Casio, HP, and Compaq) -- allmanufactures of PocketPC devices.

But perhaps Microsoft's biggest ace in the hole is the coming onset of broadbandwireless. Most IT departments haven't yet needed to support PDAs. But PDAs are finding

a niche in the workplace. Eventually, IT will have to extend all desktop and laptopsupport issues to pocket devices as well this including network access, application anddata synchronization, security, and virus protection.

Needless to say, compatibility is going to be a major issue in the coming years. And withthe world already utilizing a number of Microsoft products, PocketPCs might just slideinto favor simply due to ease of compatibility.


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The EPOC Operating System

The third major player is EPOC, an operating system developed by London-basedsoftware developer Symbian. EPOC has three device designs: one for mobile phones,one for PDAs, and one for H/PCs.

EPOC does have some major advantages. It is an extremely power-efficient operatingsystem -- other operating systems require double to triple the size of a battery. Also,EPOC has a small memory footprint and a compact code, which allows for customization.This potential for customization is a huge advantage over Windows CE.

Recently, Symbian announced a deal with Sony whereby the Japanese giant will use theEPOC platform and possibly a range of applications in its forthcoming line of devices,such as mobile phones. This is in addition to deals already existing with companies suchas Ericsson, Motorola, and Psion.

With a good, flexible product and a support from key companies, EPOC has a lot ofpotential to make it in mobile market

The main purpose of a personal digital assistant (PDA) is to act as an electronic organizer or dayplanner that is portable, easy to use and capable of sharing information with yourPC. It'ssupposed to be an extension of the PC, not a replacement.

PDAs, also called handhelds orpalmtops, have definitely evolved over the years. Not only canthey manage your personal information, such as contacts, appointments, and to-do lists, today'sdevices can also connect to the Internet, act as global positioning system (GPS) devices, and runmultimedia software. What's more, manufacturers have combined PDAs with cell phones,multimedia players and other electronic gadgetry.

As its capabilities continue to grow, the standard PDA device is changing. In this article, we takea look at the PDA -- where it's been, how it is converging with other devices, and where it'sheaded. We'll also examine how PDAs work and give you some pointers on how to select one.

The Birth of the PDAPredecessors of the modern PDA include the Psion Organiser and the Sharp Wizard. These earlydevices, which were intended to be portable computers, came out in the mid- to late 1980s. Theyincluded small keyboards for input, a small display, and basic features such as an alarm clock,calendar, telephone pad and calculator. Support for specialized software such as games and

spreadsheets was also included. The Psion Organiser II, released in 1986, was especially popularand more than half a million were sold.

In 1993, Apple introduced the Newton MessagePad at a price of $700. It provided users with anelectronic notepad, to-do list, calendar, telephone log and address file applications. Some of theNewton's innovations have become standard PDA features, including a pressure-sensitive displaywith stylus, handwriting recognition capabilities, an infrared port and an expansion slot.


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However, the Newton MessagePad was too big, expensive and complicated, and its handwritingrecognition program was poor. Apple discontinued the Newton in 1998.

The original PalmPilot was introduced in March of 1996 by Palm Computing (owned by U.S.Robotics at the time). It cost less than $300, ran on its own Palm operating system, fit in a shirt

pocket and synchronized with consumers' PCs. The PalmPilot ran for weeks on AAAbatteries,was easy to use, and could store thousands of contacts, appointments and notes. Part of its smallsize was due to the lack of a keyboard. Users used a stylus and the Graffiti language to inputdata.

Not to be outdone, Microsoft had been working on various forms of portable computing,including PenWindows and tablet computers. In November 1996, Microsoft released WindowsCE, its first operating system for mobile devices. A number of manufacturers, such as HP,Compaq and Casio, adopted it for what was dubbed the Handheld PC -- the first Windows-basedcompetitor for the PalmPilot.

Types of PDAsTraditional PDAs

Today's traditional PDAs are descendents of the original PalmPilot and Microsoft Handheld PCdevices. Palm devices run the Palm OS (operating system), and Microsoft Pocket PCs runWindows Mobile. The differences between the two systems are fewer than in the past.

Palm PDAs

Most Palm devices are made by palmOne, which offers the Zire and Tungsten product lines. The

company formed in 2003 when Palm Computing acquiredH

andspring, Inc. Sony, whichproduced the Palm-based CLIE, stopped producing PDAs in 2005.


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Photo courtesy HowStuffWorks Shopper

palmOne Tungsten T5 Handheld

Known for their ease of use, Palm OS PDAs have:

y A vast library of third-party applications (more than 20,000) that you can add to thesystem (most devices come bundled with e-mail, productivity and multimedia software)

y An updated version of the Graffiti handwriting-recognition applicationy Synchronization with both Windows and Macintosh computers using the Palm Desktopy Smaller displays than Pocket PCs to accommodate a dedicated Graffiti area on the device

(Some higher-end Palm devices now incorporate a virtual Graffiti area in the display,resulting in a larger display area.)

Pocket PCsPocket PC is the generic name for Windows Mobile PDAs. Their standard features include:

y Pocket versions of Microsoft applications such as Microsoft Word, Excel, and Outlook(note that some formatting is lost between Pocket and standard versions of documents)

y Synchronization with Microsoft Outlook on a Windows PC (synchronization with e-mailsystems other than Outlook or with Macintosh computers requires additional software)

y Three handwriting-recognition applications: Transcriber, Letter Recognizer (similar tothe new version of Graffiti), and Block Recognizer (similar to the original Graffiti)

y A virtual writing area, which maximizes the display sizey Windows Media Player for multimedia content

Smartphones


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A smartphone is either a cell phone with PDA capabilities or atraditional PDA with added cell phone capabilities, dependingon the form factor (style) and manufacturer. Characteristics ofthese devices include:

y

A cellular service provider to handle phone service (Aswith cell phones, you typically purchase a cellular planand smart phone from the service provider.)

y Internet access through cellular data networksy Various combinations of cell phone and PDA features,

depending on the device (for example, not all smartphones offer handwriting-recognition capabilities)

y A number of different operating systems, includingWindows Mobile Pocket PC Phone Edition, the PalmOS, the Blackberry OS for Blackberry smart phones, andthe Symbian OS for smart phones from Panasonic,

Nokia, Samsung and others.

Well, it doesn't look like a PDA...Related devices include ultraportable computers, smart watchesand multimedia players. Ultraportable computers range in weight from less than a pound to aboutthree pounds, come with a full desktop operating system (such as Windows XP), and include asmall keyboard. Smart watches offer some PDA functions in a wristwatch form factor.Microsoft's SPOT (Smart Personal Objects Technology)-based watches, for example, can receiveMSN Direct information such as weather and news. They can also receive calendar informationand personal messages. Some multimedia players can combine the functions of a PDA withmultimedia features, such as a digital camera, an MP3 playerand a video player.

In the next section, we'll look at what PDAs do and how they do it.

PDA Features

Even the most basic PDAs handle standard personal information management (PIM) functions,run application software and synchronize with PCs. Here are some additional details about thesebasic features.

Handle Standard PIM FunctionsAll PDAs come with some kind of personal information management (PIM) software thattypically handles the following tasks to keep you organized:

y Store contact information (names, addresses, phone numbers, e-mail addresses)y Make to-do listsy Take notesy Track appointments (date book, calendar)y Remind you of appointments (clock, alarm functions)

Photo courtesy HowStuffWorks Shopper

palmOne Treo 650 Handheld


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y Perform calculations

Run Application SoftwarePDAs can run specialized software applications:

y

Windows Mobile devices come with Pocket versions of Word, Excel, Internet Explorerand Outlook (includes e-mail and PIM functions), along with Windows Media Player andvoice memo recording.

y Most Palm OS devices include applications such as DataViz Documents to Go(compatible with Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint), palmOne Media (for photosand video), VersaMail e-mail software and web-browsing software.

y All types of devices can run other kinds of software including games, multimedia,expense, diet and exercise, travel, medical, time and billing, and reference.

Synchronize With PCsBecause PDAs are designed to complement your PC, they need to work with the same

information in both places. If you make an appointment on your desktop computer, you need totransfer it to your PDA; if you jot down a phone number on your PDA, you should upload it laterto your PC.

Synchronization software on the PDA works with companion software that you install on yourPC. Microsoft Pocket PC devices use ActiveSync and Palm OS devices use HotSyncsynchronization software. On your computer, you also need an application like MicrosoftOutlook or the Palm Desktop that holds PIM information on the PC side.

The beauty of synchronization is that you always have a backup copy of your data, which can bea lifesaver if your PDA is broken, stolen, or completely out of power.

To synchronize (also called sync) a PDA:

y Connect your PDA to a PC with a cable or cradle/cablecombination, normally throughUSB ports or serial portslocated on the PDA and your PC. Some devices alsosupport synchronization and data transfer throughwireless connections such asBluetooth.

y Push the sync button (on the device or cradle) to start thesynchronization process.

y Wait as the process compares the files and informationbetween the PDA and PC, and then copies the mostcurrent versions of the files to both the PDA and the PC.

Common PDA Functions

Today, most PDAs incorporate wireless and multimedia functions of some type. Functions foundon most (but not necessarily all) devices include:


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y Short-range wireless connectivity using Infrared(IR) orBluetooth technology, IR is found onmost PDAs and requires a clear line of sight. It'scommonly used to sync with a notebookcomputer that has an IR port. Bluetooth

wirelessly connects (it's a radio frequencytechnology that doesn't require a clear line ofsight) to other Bluetooth-enabled devices, such asa headset or a printer.

y Internet and corporate network connectivitythrough Wi-Fi and wireless access points

y Support for Wireless WAN (Wide AreaNetworks); the cellular data networks thatprovide Internet connectivity for smart phonedevices

y A memory card slot that accepts flash media such

as CompactFlash, MultiMediaCard, and SecureDigital cards (Media cards act as additionalstorage for files and applications.)

y Audio support forMP3 files and a microphone,speaker jack and headphone jack

Bells & WhistlesHigh-end PDAs offer multimedia, security and add-onfeatures not found on less expensive devices:

y A Secure Digital Input/Output (SDIO) card slot for add-on peripherals contained in anSDIO card, for example, a Bluetooth card, a Wi-Fi card, or a GPS (global positioningsystem) card

y Built-in GPS capabilities

y The PDA Computery Microprocessors and Memoryy Like standard desktop and laptop computers, PDAs are powered by microprocessors. The

microprocessor is the brain of the PDA, and it coordinates all of the functions accordingto programmed instructions. Unlike desktop PCs and laptops, PDAs use smaller, cheapermicroprocessors. Although these microprocessors tend to be slower than their PCcounterparts, they're adequate for the tasks that PDAs perform. The benefits of small sizeand price outweigh the cost of slow speeds.

Photo courtesy HowStuffWorks ShopperSanDisk 256 MBSecure Digital

Card


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The parts that can make upa PDA

y A PDA doesn't have a hard disk. It stores basic programs (address book, calendar, memopad and operating system) in a read-only memory (ROM) chip, which remains intacteven when the machine shuts down. Your data and any programs you add later are stored

in the device's random-access memory (RAM). Information in RAM is only availablewhen the device is on. Due to their design, PDAs keep data in RAM safe because theycontinue to draw a small amount of power from the batteries even when you turn thedevice off.

y Less powerful PDAs have lower amounts of RAM. However, many application programstake up significant memory space, so most models have more memory. Also, Pocket PCdevices generally require more resources and have even more RAM. To provideadditional memory, many PDAs accept removable flash media add-on cards. These arehandy for storing large files or multimedia content, such as digital photos.

y Some newer PDAs, such as the Palm Tungsten E2, use flash memory instead of RAM.Flash memory is non-volatile, which means it preserves the data and applications it stores

-- even when all battery power is depleted.y Operating Systemsy The operating system contains the pre-programmed instructions that tell the

microprocessor what to do. The operating systems used by PDAs are not as complex asthose used by PCs. They have fewer instructions, which require less memory.


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Here's an inside view ofa PDA. The circuit board folds awayfrom the screen. In themiddle of the single-layer circuit board

is the microprocessor, and to the left and above are thememory chips.

y PDAs and smartphones typically have one of two types of operating systems: Palm OS orWindows Mobile. However, RIM makes a specific OS for its BlackBerry devices, andthe Symbian OS operates some smartphones.

y In the next section, we'll look at the other parts that make up a PDA.

PDA BatterySo far, we've looked at the PDA's microprocessor, memory and operating system. Now let's lookat the other parts of a PDA.

BatteriesPDAs are powered bybatteries. Some models use alkaline (AAA) batteries, while others userechargeable batteries (lithium, nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride). The battery lifedepends on what kind of PDA you have and how you use it. Here are some of the things that candrain batteries:

y Operating system (PocketPC requires more power by virtue of its increased memoryrequirements)

y More memoryy Wireless connections, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetoothy Backlighting on the display

Battery life can vary from hours to months, depending upon the PDA model and its features.Most PDAs have power management systems in place to extend the battery life. Even if the


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batteries are so low that you can no longer turn the machine on (it will give you plenty ofwarning before this happens), there's usually enough power to keep the RAM refreshed.

Here are the parts of the PDA -- the case, the LCD screenandthe circuit board. This model comes in basic black, but you

can buy interchangeable covers in various colors.

If the batteries do run completely out of juice or if you remove them, most devices have aninternal backup battery that provides short-term power (typically 30 minutes or less) until youinstall a replacement. If all power sources are depleted, PDAs lose all of the data in RAM. Thismakes backing up or synchronizing your PDA extremely important.

In addition to battery power, many PDAs come with AC adapters to run off household electriccurrents. A car adapter is also generally available as an accessory.

LCD DisplayPDAs use an LCD (liquid-crystal display) screen. Unlike the LCD screens for desktop or laptopcomputers, which are used solely as output devices, PDAs use their screens for output and input.


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The LCD screens of PDAs are smaller than laptop screens, but vary in size. Almost all PDAsnow offer color displays.

PDA displays have the following features:

y

Transflective TFT (thin-film transistor) LCD for indoor and outdoor usey Different pixel resolutions with higher resolutions for better qualityy Color screeny Backlighting for reading in low light

Input MethodsPDAs vary in how you input data and commands. Some devices use a stylus and touch screenexclusively in combination with a handwriting recognition program. Using a plastic stylus, youdraw characters on the device's display or dedicated writing area. Software inside the PDAconverts the characters to letters and numbers. On Palm devices, the software that recognizesthese letters is called Graffiti. Graffiti requires that each letter be recorded in a certain way, and

you must use a specialized alphabet. For example, to write the letter "A," you draw an upside-down V. The letter "F" looks like an inverted L. To help Graffiti make more accurate guesses,you must draw letters on one part of the screen and numbers in another part.

Pocket PC PDAs offer three handwriting-recognition applications: Transcriber, LetterRecognizer and Block Recognizer. Letter Recognizer and Block Recognizer are similar toGraffiti and require specialized alphabets. By contrast, Transcriber recognizes your "regular"handwriting, as long as you write legibly. It is similar to the handwriting recognition capabilitiesfound on Tablet PCs.

If you can't get the hang of PDA handwriting, you can use a miniature onscreen keyboard. It

looks just like a regular keyboard, except you tap on the letters with the stylus. In addition, manydevices now include a small (and usually cramped) QWERTY keyboard. Some of these requireyou to use your thumbs to type. And you can use a full-size keyboard by connecting it to thePDA via Bluetooth or a USB port. Each model also has a few buttons and navigation dials tobring up applications and scroll through files.

PDA Display and Input

LCD DisplayPDAs use an LCD (liquid-crystal display) screen. Unlike the LCD screens for desktop or laptop

computers, which are used solely as output devices, PDAs use their screens for output and input.The LCD screens of PDAs are smaller than laptop screens, but vary in size. Almost all PDAsnow offer color displays.

PDA displays have the following features:

y Transflective TFT (thin-film transistor) LCD for indoor and outdoor usey Different pixel resolutions with higher resolutions for better quality


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y Color screeny Backlighting for reading in low light

2007 HowStuffWorksThis BlackBerry has a large LCD

display screen.

Input Methods

PDAs vary in how you input data and commands. Some devices use a stylus and touch screenexclusively in combination with a handwriting recognition program. Using a plastic stylus, youdraw characters on the device's display or dedicated writing area. Software inside the PDAconverts the characters to letters and numbers. On Palm devices, the software that recognizesthese letters is called Graffiti. Graffiti requires that each letter be recorded in a certain way, andyou must use a specialized alphabet. For example, to write the letter "A," you draw an upside-down V. The letter "F" looks like an inverted L. To help Graffiti make more accurate guesses,you must draw letters on one part of the screen and numbers in another part.

Pocket PC PDAs offer three handwriting-recognition applications: Transcriber, LetterRecognizer and Block Recognizer. Letter Recognizer and Block Recognizer are similar toGraffiti and require specialized alphabets. By contrast, Transcriber recognizes your "regular"handwriting, as long as you write legibly. It is similar to the handwriting recognition capabilitiesfound on Tablet PCs.

If you can't get the hang of PDA handwriting, you can use a miniature onscreen keyboard. Itlooks just like a regular keyboard, except you tap on the letters with the stylus. In addition, manydevices now include a small (and usually cramped) QWERTY keyboard. Some of these requireyou to use your thumbs to type. And you can use a full-size keyboard by connecting it to thePDA via Bluetooth or a USB port. Each model also has a few buttons and navigation dials tobring up applications and scroll through files


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The Future of PDAsTraditional PDAs appear to be less popular than they have been in the past. Severalmanufacturers have exited the PDA market, including Sony and Toshiba. Sales of traditionalPDAs have declined in recent years, according to IDC's Worldwide Handheld QView pressrelease dated February 2, 2005.

For the future, PDAs need to continue to add to their core PIM functions in order to survive. Theemergence and gaining popularity of smart phones and devices that combine other features suchas wireless Internet, GPS and multimedia capabilities seem to back this trend.

PDA Software

Most PDAs come with a sync program that synchronizes and updates information on both your

computer and yourPDA. Microsoft Pocket PCs use software called ActiveSync; Palm OSproducts use HotSync; and BlackBerry has Desktop Software.


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Photographer: Elena Elisseesa | Agency: Dreamstime

PDA software programs let professionals

in a number of industries work remotely.

For all PDAs, the process of downloading and installing new software is more or less the same:

1. Download the software file onto your computer's desktop.2. Connect your PDA to your computer, either through a cradle or directly into a USB port.3. Run your sync software: press a button on your PDA, a button on the cradle, or open the

sync program on your computer.4. On your desktop, double click on the downloaded file you want to install on your PDA.5. The software will open an installation wizard that'll walk you through the process.


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PDAs have always been an essential tool for the busy executive. Today's PDA software allowsprofessionals to say organized as well as connected. They can work no matter where they are.

Most PDAs come standard with an office application suite (word processor, spreadsheet, etc.), aWeb browser and an e-mail program. Traveling executives can open e-mail attachments with

their PDA, edit documents and send them back to associates while on the road.

Now that most PDAs have Internet connectivity, PDA software applications allow access to real-time online data.

Some of the professionals using PDA software applications are:

y Travelersy Shipping managersy Salesmen and real estate agentsy Doctors and nursesy

Lawyersy Police officers databases

But PDAs aren't used just for business. The same software can be used to download and playgames like chess, Sudoku and backgammon.

There's also PDA software that allows you to record DVDs for playback on your handhelddevice, and other programs that turn your PDA into a portable photo album, MP3 player or

eBook read So, if you use your PDA for business or pleasure, just remember that there's softwareworking behind the scenes to make it all possible.

WORKING MECHANISM OF PDAS

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conclusionAdvances in hardware and software have made PDAs capable of

storing, accessing, retrieving, and

sharing data, and theiruse is becoming increasingly evident in the health care field.

Recent articles show

radiology users are using PDAs not onlyas their walking library but also as a portable tool for patient

data and image management [1-4]. In this article, I describea use for the PDA that will further increase

its value and efficiencyin daily academic and teaching activities.