project management and soft skills · - to decide how to invest their money, time and energy - to...
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Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Project Management and Soft Skills Roberto Verdone
www.robertoverdone.org [email protected]
www.linkedin.com/in/roberto-verdone
+39 051 20 93817
Office Hours: Monday 4 – 6 pm,
Viale Risorgimento 2 (upon agreement via email)
How to find my office: check on my website
A.Y. 2019-20 Credits: 3
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
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Cognitive Processes and Soft Skills
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Outline
A. Cognitive Processes
B. Soft Skills
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
A. Cognitive Processes
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Brain Left side
• Analytical • Temporal • Language
• Right part of body Right side
• Systemic • Spatial • Associations • Left part of body
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Central Nervous System
brain stem
limbic system
neocortex (left/right)
cerebellum
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
brain stem
limbic system
neocortex (left/right)
cerebellum energetic
intelligence
systemic and analytical intelligence
emotional intelligence
body intelligence
Central Nervous System
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Triune Brain*
brain stem
limbic system
neocortex (left/right)
cerebellum reptilian
superior
* Paul D. MacLean, “The Triune Brain in Evolution. Role in Paleocerebral Functions”, 1990.
intermediate
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems*
brain stem
limbic system
neocortex (left/right)
cerebellum system 1
system 2
* Daniel Kahneman, “Thinking, Fast and Slow.”, 2011.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Halo Effect*
* Edward L. Thorndike, “The Constant Error in Psychological Ratings”, Journ. Appl. Psych., 1920.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
System 1 is fast and inaccurate
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
System 1 is fast and inaccurate
System 1 uses associations (the process managing intuitions)
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
System 1 is fast and inaccurate
System 1 uses associations (the process managing intuitions)
System 1 uses parallel computation
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
System 1 is fast and inaccurate
System 1 uses associations (the process managing intuitions)
System 1 uses parallel computation
System 2 uses sequential and symbolic computation
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
System 1 is fast and inaccurate
System 1 uses associations (the process managing intuitions)
System 1 uses parallel computation
System 2 uses sequential and symbolic computation
System 2 is lazy
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
System 1 is fast and inaccurate
System 1 uses associations (the process managing intuitions)
System 1 uses parallel computation
System 2 uses sequential and symbolic computation
System 2 is lazy
System 2 requires motivation
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
System 1 is fast and inaccurate
System 1 uses associations (the process managing intuitions)
System 1 uses parallel computation
System 2 uses sequential and symbolic computation
System 2 is lazy
System 2 requires motivation
Switching on System 2 requires effort, fatigue
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 comes first
System 1 is fast and inaccurate
System 1 uses associations (the process managing intuitions)
System 1 uses parallel computation
System 2 uses sequential and symbolic computation
System 2 is lazy
System 2 requires motivation
Switching on System 2 requires effort, fatigue
Storing in long term memory requires System 2
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems
Applies to: • Economics • Psychology • Marketing • Communication • AI • Human Resources • Education • …
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Stroop Effect*
I need a volunteer (he/she has to read few lines from my next slides) Please write “HI” on the chat to volunteer The first one will be selected Please switch on your mike and webcam Everyone else can do the exercise in parallel (without mike)
* John R. Stroop, “Studies of interference in Serial Verbal Reactions”, Journ. Exp. Psychol., 1935.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Stroop Effect*
Read as fast as possible the sequence of words in the next slide Do not say what you read: say the color of the font Example: you see Dog and say: “RED”, not “dog” Four colors: RED, GREEN, BLUE, PURPLE
* John R. Stroop, “Studies of interference in Serial Verbal Reactions”, Journ. Exp. Psychol., 1935.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Stroop Effect
Dog Cat Horse Bird Eagle Bear Dolphin Whale Octopus Monkey Snake
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Stroop Effect
Purple Green Red Red Blue Green Red Blue Blue Green Purple
Dog Cat Horse Bird Eagle Bear Dolphin Whale Octopus Monkey Snake
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 and System 2 INTERFERE
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Bouba-Kiki Effect*
* Wolfgang Kohler, “Gestalt Psychology”, 1929.
I will show two shapes (one on the left, one on the right) One is named Bouba, one is Kiki Who is Bouba? Write on the chat: “LEFT” or “RIGHT” You can take few sec to decide, no hurry
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Bouba-Kiki Effect*
* Wolfgang Kohler, “Gestalt Psychology”, 1929.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 and System 2 INTERFERE
System 1 uses memory of your past experiences
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Left and Right
I will show two faces (one on the left, one on the right) One is happy, one is sad Who is happy? Write on the chat: “LEFT” or “RIGHT” Take a decision as fast as possible; then wait two seconds and write on the chat
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Left and Right
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems System 1 and System 2 INTERFERE
System 1 uses information stored in memory of your past experiences
System 1 uses information stored in memory of human experience
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems: Decisions System 1 is better when decisions involve complex situations (e.g. choose a job, buy a house, invest money)
System 2 is better when decisions involve controllable situations (e.g. use a procedure, a model, to design something)
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems: Engi’s vs Humans
(freely taken from Kahneman’s distinction*: Econ’s vs Humans)
Humans tend to be dominated by System 1 - to decide how to invest their money, time and energy - to choose whom to vote at elections - to choose their jobs - …
Engi’s are dominated by System 2 in any situation in professional and personal life (except hopefully for choosing their partners!)
* Daniel Kahneman, “Thinking, Fast and Slow.”, 2011.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Theory of Two Systems: Engi’s vs Humans
(freely taken from Kahneman’s distinction*: Econ’s vs Humans)
Humans tend to be dominated by System 1 - to decide how to invest their money, time and energy - to choose whom to vote at elections - to choose their jobs - …
Engi’s are dominated by System 2 in any situation in professional and personal life (except hopefully for choosing their partners!)
* Daniel Kahneman, “Thinking, Fast and Slow.”, 2011.
Management roles
Engineering roles
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Test S2 (via Google Form) www.robertoverdone.org à Teaching à PMSS à Test S2 DO YOU FEEL MORE • ENGI or • HUMAN
? In general, while assessing yourself, you have to wander: “if I had to motivate my own assessment, what situation/event could I tell regarding myself?”
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
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B. Soft Skills
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills include the cluster of personality traits, communication, language, personal habits, interpersonal skills, ability in managing people, leadership, etc., that characterize relationships with other people.
Soft Skills
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills
C = 100 * (x*K + y*S + z*A) [%]
0 < K, S, A < 1 0 < x, y, z < 1 ; x + y + z = 1
K S
Competence (C)
A
Soft Skill
Knowledge (K) Skill (S) Aptitudes (A)
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills: Dublin Descriptors Cycle descriptors adopted in 2005 as the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area. A descriptor includes the following five components:
• Knowledge and understanding à K • Applying knowledge and understanding à S • Making judgements à A • Communication à A • Lifelong learning skills à A
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills: Dublin Descriptors Cycle descriptors adopted in 2005 as the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area. A descriptor includes the following five components:
• Knowledge and understanding à K • Applying knowledge and understanding à S • Making judgements à A • Communication à A • Lifelong learning skills à A
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills: World Economic Forum Top ten skills of the future (after 2020)
1. Complex problem-solving 2. Critical thinking 3. Creativity 4. People management incl. leadership 5. Coordinating with others incl. communication, teaming 6. Emotional intelligence 7. Judgement and decision-making 8. Service orientation 9. Negotiation 10. Cognitive flexibility
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/the-skills-needed-to-survive-the-robot-invasion-of-the-workplace
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills: World Economic Forum Top ten skills of the future (after 2020)
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/the-skills-needed-to-survive-the-robot-invasion-of-the-workplace
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills: World Economic Forum Top ten skills of the future (after 2020)
1. Complex problem-solving 2. Critical thinking 3. Creativity 4. People management incl. leadership 5. Coordinating with others incl. communication, teaming 6. Emotional intelligence 7. Judgement and decision-making 8. Service orientation 9. Negotiation 10. Cognitive flexibility
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/the-skills-needed-to-survive-the-robot-invasion-of-the-workplace
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills / Categories • Cognitive:
problem solving creativity …
• Managerial: multitasking project management …
• Relational: communication leadership team working …
• Personal: adaptability …
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills / Categories • Cognitive:
problem solving creativity …
• Managerial: multitasking project management …
• Relational: communication leadership team working …
• Personal: adaptability …
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Soft Skills discussed in this course • Elementary Soft Skills:
- ability to persuade - para- and non-verbal communication - assertiveness - emotional intelligence
• Complex Soft Skills:
- inter-personal communication - public speaking - leadership - team working - precision and timeliness
... plus project management
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
4. Soft Skills: Ability to Persuade
Ref: Christophe Morin, Patrick Renvoisé, “The Persuasion Code”, 2018.
The ability to convince people. Very important in marketing roles, for sales engineers: if you sell something, you need to persuade your customer to buy.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
The ability to convince people. Very important in marketing roles, for sales engineers: if you sell something, you need to persuade your customer to buy. However:
- if you teach, you sell (your knowledge) - if you design, you sell (your project) - if you lead, you sell (your visions) - if you do research, you sell (your achievements) - …
4. Soft Skills: Ability to Persuade
Ref: Christophe Morin, Patrick Renvoisé, “The Persuasion Code”, 2018.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Para-Verbal Communication. The art of using voice: 1) tone, 2) rhythm, 3) volume, 4) timbre. Non Verbal Communication. The art of using the body: 1) gestures, 2) position, 3) gaze, 4) proximity.
4. Soft Skills: Para- / Non Verbal Comm.
Ref: Albert Mehrabian,“Nonverbal Communication”, 1972.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
The ability to express your ideas clearly and efficiently while establishing good relationship with others. Assertiveness allows to build constructive relationships while you: - express properly your feelings; - choose how to behave in situations; - grow your self-esteem; - find the best way to say “no”; - defend your rights; - …
4. Soft Skills: Assertiveness
Ref: Domenico Di Lauro, P, “Manuale di comunicazione assertiva”, 2011.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Emotional Intelligence measures your ability to - express, - recognise, - control emotions (yours, and of others).
4. Soft Skills: Emotional Intelligence
Ref: Daniel Goleman, “Emotional Intelligence”, 1995.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
4. Soft Skills: Inter-Personal Comm. The ability to behave properly with others. Communicating efficiently. Being accepted by others. Attracting focus and trust. Mostly in face-to-face situations.
Ref: Paul Watzlawick and others, “Pragmatics of Human Communication”, 1967.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
4. Soft Skills: Public Speaking The ability to present in public. Communicating efficiently. Attracting focus and trust. Convincing your audience. In any situation where you are talking in front of an audience: - you are a teacher - you are a trainer in a company - you are called to present your ideas to the rest of the team - …
Ref: Cesare Sansavini, “L’arte del public speaking”, 2018.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
4. Soft Skills: Team Working The ability to work efficiently in a team. Having the “right attitude”: constant desire to achieve team (not individual) results
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
4. Soft Skills: Leadership The ability to be accepted as a leader. Articulating visions. Having the “right attitude”. Achieving visions.
Ref: Ben Horowitz, “The Hard Thing About Hard Things”, 2014.
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
4. Soft Skills: Precision and Timeliness The focus on quality of work, deadlines, scopes. A fundamental attitude for engineers A very useful attitude for all the others
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Test S3 (via Google Form) www.robertoverdone.org à Teaching à PMSS à Test S3 RATE YOURSELF IN TERMS OF …
• Ability to Persuade (PERS) • Para-Verbal & Non Verbal Communication (PNVC) • Assertiveness (AS) • Emotional Intelligence (EI) • Inter-Personal Communication (IPC) • Public Speaking (PS) • Team Working (TW) • Leadership (LEAD) • Precision & Timeliness (PT)
1 = VERY BAD 2 = BAD 3 = AVERAGE 4 = GOOD 5 = VERY GOOD In general, while rating yourself for any of these skills, you have to wander: “if I had to motivate my own rating, what story/event could I tell regarding myself?”
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
The list of soft skills discussed in this course
• PERS The ability to convince people. • PNVC Para-Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication. • AS The ability to express your ideas with good relationships • EI The ability to express, recognise, control emotions. • IPC The ability to behave properly with others. • PS The ability to present in public. • TW The ability to work efficiently in a team. • LEAD The ability to be accepted as a leader. • PT The focus on quality of work, deadlines, scopes.
Soft Skills
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
C = 100 * (x*K + y*S + z*A) [%]
• PERS x = 0.2 y = 0.4 z = 0.4 • PNVC x = 0.1 y = 0.4 z = 0.5 • AS x = 0.1 y = 0.3 z = 0.6 • EI x = 0.1 y = 0.2 z = 0.7 • IPC x = 0.1 y = 0.4 z = 0.5 • PS x = 0.4 y = 0.4 z = 0.2 • TW x = 0.3 y = 0.4 z = 0.3 • LEAD x = 0.1 y = 0.1 z = 0.8 • PT x = 0.1 y = 0.5 z = 0.4
Soft Skills
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Which of the two systems dominate?
• PERS System 2 over others’ System 1 • PNVC System 1 • AS System 1 • EI System 1 • IPC System 1 • PS System 2 over others’ System 1 and 2 • TW System 1 and 2 • LEAD System 1 • TP System 2
Soft Skills
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Message of the Day
If you are an Engi, be aware that most of your life you will meet Humans
and they will judge you based on their pov
If you are a Human, be aware that you might often deal with Engi’s
and they will behave with you based on their pov
Whatever you are, be aware of others’ pov
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Don’t forget your homework!
• Test S2 and S3 (via Google Form) by Apr 22, 12 am www.robertoverdone.org
à Teaching à PMSS
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Example of questions for the written text • The limbic system is primarily responsible for:
1. emotions 2. cognitive intelligence 3. motion intelligence 4. memory
• The “halo” effect shows that
1. often people recognise what is nice and what is ugly 2. often people believe that a nice person is also happy 3. often people believe that a nice person is sad 4. often people believe that a nice person is intelligent
• The Stroop effect:
1. shows there is interference between System 1 and System 2 2. shows System 1 and System 2 do not interfere 3. shows beautiful persons are luckier in life 4. shows that we always look left first
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
Example of questions for the written text • According to Kahneman:
1. System 1 is lazy 2. System 2 uses associations 3. System 1 comes first 4. System 1 is slow
• The Dublin descriptors include:
1. leadership 2. communication 3. ability to persuade 4. emotional intelligence
• Emotional intelligence is the ability to...
1. feel like the other feels 2. express emotions 3. express, recognise emotions 4. express, recognise, control emotions
Prof. Roberto Verdone www.robertoverdone.org
See you next week