Sd

Cuadro de teSecretaría Ejdel Medio Ma

PRO

Finaan

critic

exto: Comisijecutiva del arino y Área

OJECT: BRMARINE

al report of nd GIS anacal habitats

ión PermanePlan de Accs Costeras d

ROAD-SCAMAMMAL

the implemalysis of das and hum

PE

ente del Pacífión para la P

del Pacífico S

LE SPATIACORRIDOTHE EAST

mentation ata on largan threats

re

Prepared byEastern Pac

Ju

fico Sur (CPPProtección Sudeste

AL PLANNORS AND CTERN PAC

of Compoge marine m

in the Souegions

y Fernando cific Coordily 2012

PS)

ING FOR MCRITICAL HIFIC

onent 1: intmammal mutheast and

Félix nator

MANAGEMHABITATS

tegration, mmigration ro

d Northeas

MENT OF IN

mapping outes, st Pacific

2  

CONTAINS I. BACKGROUND 3II. INTRODUCTION 3III. PROJECT OBJECTIVES 4IV. ACTIVITIES 5

4.1. Administrative matters 54.2. Inventory data and relevant socio-economic information 54.3. Organization of the Regional Workshop on Integration, Mapping

and GIS Analysis Of Large Cetacean Migration Routes, Critical Habitats And Human Threats In The Eastern Pacific

5

4.4. List of marine mammal experts of the region 64.5. Information and dissemination 6

4.5.1. Logo 4.5.2. Web site

4.6. Other activities 7V. OUTPUTS 8

5.1. mapping and modeling 85.2. Atlas 95.3. Technical reports and presentations

VI. CHALLENGES 10VII. LESSONS LEARNED 11VIII. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 11 ANNEX 1. Personnel contracts 13ANNEX 2. Contract CPPS-GRID-Arendal 23ANNEX 3. List of marine mammal experts and MPA management specialist in the Eastern Pacific 

27

ANNEX 4. Agreement on terms of use of data and confidentiality 29ANEX 5. Abstract submitted to the 19th Biennial Conference on the Biology Of Marine Mammals 

31

ANNEX 6. Decision 12 of the Lima Convention COP 32ANNEX 7. Abstract submitted to Symposium and Workshops the Living Whales in the Southern Ocean 

33

ANNEX 8. Elements to be considered in future activities related to scenarios on marine mammal management in the east pacific 

34

3  

I. BACKGROUND In February 2011, the United Nations Environment Programme (PNUMA) and the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (CPPS), signed a Small-Scale Funding Agreement SSFA/2010/DEPI/MCEB-RSP/002 to implement the following two projects: A) Design and conduct an economic valuation of selected marine and coastal ecosystem services (demonstration sites) in the region that includes the following countries: Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile; and B) Coordination and implementation of the "Broad-Scale Marine Spatial Planning of Migration Routes and Critical Habitats for Marine Mammals in the Eastern Pacific Project (UNEP/Spain)” project Component 1: integration, mapping and GIS analysis of data on large marine mammal migration routes, critical habitats and human threats in the Southeast and Northeast Pacific regions. The former is being implemented thought the CPPS Economic Affairs Direction and the second one through the Coordination Office of the Southeast Pacific Action Plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas. In December 2012, UNEP and CPPS agree to make an amendment to extend the SSFA until June 2012, without additional cost. This report includes the activities conducted in implementation of project B. II. INTRODUCTION The Marine Mammal and Marine Spatial Planning Project was conceived to support management and conservation of marine mammals with an ecosystem approach. Through large-scale spatial planning, including the mapping of critical habitats and migration routes, supplemented by socio-economic human activities in coastal areas of Southeast and Northeast Pacific, the project will help planners and decision makers to develop management plans through capacity building, technical assistance and best practices on regional governance. The project is framed on the LifeWeb Initiative, a partnership platform to strengthen financing for protected areas to conserve biodiversity, secure livelihoods and address climate change, through implementation of the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas. Objectives and scope of the Marine Mammal Corridors and Critical Habitats Project are in concordance with regional conservation priorities as established through legal instruments such as the Protocol for the Conservation and Management of the Coastal and Marine Protected Areas of the Southeast Pacific (Art- 2 “General Obligations”), the Action Plan for the Conservation of the Marine Mammals in the Southeast Pacific, the Regional Network on Coastal and Marine Protected Areas of the Southeast Pacific, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor for Conservation and Sustainable Development, and the Information System on Marine Biodiversity and Marine Protected Areas of the Southeast Pacific (SIBIMAP). Project Component 1 included the compilation of biophysical and socio-economic information and conducting GIS analyses to identify concentration areas, migration routes, main threats and habitat modeling in the Eastern Pacific. Management of migratory and widely distributed marine mammals represents an enormous challenge for the region, not only because they occur simultaneously along jurisdictional areas of many countries, but also because in most cases their presence is seasonally-based. Being highly mobile animals, large whales requires of vast oceanic spaces to complete the different stages of their life cycle, connecting areas separated by thousands of kilometers. Their distribution is not restricted to jurisdictional waters neither their movements are limited exclusively to latitudinal migrations.

4  

The major constraint to define critical habitat for highly migratory marine mammals is the lack of available scientific information. Additionally, nutritional requirements and habitat use are different for each species and are often associated with changing environmental conditions, which demand the consideration of dynamic variables for proper management. III. PROJECT OBJECTIVES The following project objectives were established in the CPPS-UNEP SSFA for the implementation of project Component 1:

a) Facilitate and coordinate an inventory and integration of ecological, biophysical, socio-economic information, as well as existing area-based management measures relevant to large marine mammals migration corridors, critical habitats and human impacts in the Southeast and Northeast Pacific region. Focus regions: (i) Eastern Tropical Pacific; (ii) Long-distance MM migration between ETP and Northeast Pacific (focus on Baja region, Mexico plus USA and Canada, where feasible) and Southeast Pacific (focus on Peru, Chile plus Antarctic, where feasible). Mode of work: Initial online communication and sharing of information and regional data analysis workshop(s). CPPS shall provide access to the SIBIMAP Regional Cetacean Database for the work.

b) Serve as Co-chair, jointly with a Co-chair representing the Northeast Pacific region, and provide technical secretariat support for the LifeWeb ad-hoc Data and & Mapping Working Group on MM Migration and Human Impacts in Southeast and Northeast Pacific including assist, in consultation with UNEP, identification and engagement of relevant experts and marine planners from above-listed target regions.

c) Convene a regional workshop, including provide financial resources to cover travel and accommodation of 10-15 experts [to be identified in consultation with UNEP] from relevant national agencies and organisations in Southeast and Northeast Pacific, along with project partners and UNEP, to facilitate data integration and mapping of data listed under (a) for design of strategic communication products. Time and place TBD [tentatively April 2011, Guayaquil, Ecuador or Panama back-to-back with CPPS Southeast Pacific marine mammal working group meeting].

d) Facilitate and provide financial resources for GRID-Arendal participation and technical input in GIS analysis and mapping of MM migration corridors, human threats, existing area-based management measures in the target regions.

e) Facilitate and provide financial resources to GRID-Arendal for the production of attractive maps of MM migration corridors, human threats, and existing area-based management measures in the target regions aimed for use by planners and decision-makers in national and regional policy and management planning processes

f) Convene a technical consultation with experts and planners to review the outputs of point (a)-(e).This includes online communication plus possibly one 2ndworking group meeting [Place and time TBD, tentatively in conjunction with the 2nd International MMPA Conference, November 2011, Martinique].

g) Provide technical input to development of strategic communication products, project website, fact sheets and a policy paper on MM migration and transboundary management and governance on collaboration with UNEP and project partners.

h) Assist dissemination of project communication products to relevant fora. i) Provide technical advice to project partners and target audience, incl.

presentations and consultations at intergovernmental meetings, as appropriate.

5  

j) Provide access to the CPPS SIBIMAP database for Lifeweb project activities, as appropriate.

k) Host a part-time technical coordinator to implement activities under point (a)-(j), including provide logistical and administrative support, as required.

IV. ACTIVITIES 4.1. Administrative matters The following contracts have been signed with regard to staffing and outsourcing.

Signing contract CPPS / UNEP (2 February 2011). Contract Mr. Fernando Felix as a consultant to coordinate the project for 12

months (9 March 2011 - February 9, 2012) (Annex 1). Contract Mr. Alfredo Loor as an assistant on data and information management

(March 18-May 30, 2011) (Annex 1). Contract Ms. Gabriela Escobar as an assistant on data and information

management (July 4-September 4, 2011) (Annex 1). Contract GRID-Arendal for integration, GIS mapping and analysis of available

information on marine mammals and the production of maps and information on migration routes, critical habitat and anthropogenic impacts on marine mammals in the eastern tropical Pacific (4 July 2011 - 31 April 2012) (Annex 2)

Contract reviewers for the document Atlas on distribution, migration routes, critical habitats and threats to large whales in the Eastern Pacific: Koen Van Waerebeek, Diane Gendron and Kristin Kaschner (April-June 2012) (CVs attached).

4.2. Inventory data and relevant socio-economic information. The information on marine mammals in the eastern Pacific region used for spatial analysis and modeling during the implementation of this project was compiled through the CPPS information system on marine biodiversity and protected areas (SIBIMAP). The collection of new information focused on increasing the geo-referenced and bibliographic databases of SIBIMAP. During the compilation period the (March 2011-October 2011) the SIBIMAP geo-referenced database increased 300% from 4,000 to 16,000 data, and the bibliographic database has increased by 10% to 484 references. In addition, information on the following topics was collected and processed: 1) conservation, national and regional relevant initiatives on conservation of marine mammals, conventions and management tools for highly migratory species, 2) socio-economic aspects, including human population, ports and shipping, and fishing, 3) biological-ecological, representative species, distribution, migration, population structure, 4) anthropogenic impacts, fishery interaction and ship strikes. 4.3. Organization of the Regional Workshop on Integration, Mapping and GIS

Analysis Of Large Cetacean Migration Routes, Critical Habitats And Human Threats In The Eastern Pacific

This workshop was held from 26 to 28 May 2011 in Salinas, Ecuador. Participants included 19 researchers and technicians from 17 institutions from Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and USA. The workshop was scheduled to take place following the CPPS Regional Marine Mammals Scientific Committee Meeting (May 25), whose participants were also invited to the workshop.

6  

The objectives of the workshop were the following:

1. Review and integrate existing information on distribution, migration, population

structure and behavior to identify critical habitats and migratory routes for some species / populations of migratory cetaceans in the eastern Pacific.

2. Identify conservation and management initiatives for migratory species in the region (AMP, Action Plans, etc.).

3. Identify threats to migratory whales and their link with socio-economic activities (fisheries, ship’s traffic, noise pollution, coastal development, etc.).

4. Define the message, products and audience for proper communication. Spanish and English versions of the workshop report are attached as part of the outputs of the project. 4.4. List of marine mammal experts of the region A list of experts was elaborated envisaging their participation in the regional workshop and the creation of an experts’ network to support the project implementation. The list includes scientists and managers from Canada to Chile, as well as members of the regional scientific committee created in the framework of CPPS in May 2011 (Annex 4). 4.5. Information and dissemination

4.5.1. Logo. A logo was elaborated to give this Project component own identity.

4.5.2. Web site. Project activities are disseminated through the CPPS website with own domain www.corredoresmarinos.net. So far, the site is the most important form of communication of project outputs and activities. The site includes several sections related to the conceptual framework of the project, activities, species, maps, relevant documents and photo gallery. All presentations and reports produced during the project can be downloaded from the site. Currently, the site is only in Spanish, however, more relevant documents are also available in English. The site contains 31 maps and 22 relevant documents, including informative documents (n=6), presentations (n=12) and technical reports produced during the implementation of this project component (n=4).

7  

4.6. Other activities

Participation on the project coordinator in the UNEP-CEP/LifeWeb Regional

Workshop on Integration, Mapping and GIS Analysis of Marine Mammal Migration Routes, Critical Habitats and Human Threats in the Wider Caribbean region. Miami, Florida, 9-11 May 2011. This was a coordination workshop with the people directly related with the implementation of this project in the Pacific and Caribbean.

Participation in the Workshop on Southern Hemisphere Right Whales, Buenos Aires, Argentina 13-16, and in the South American Southern Right Whale Conservation Management Plan Workshop, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 19-20 September 2011. These meetings were sponsored by the International Whaling Commission and the Government of Argentina. The document “Efforts in developing spatial planning analysis for the southeast pacific right whale (Eubalaena australis)” was presented in the first meeting. The document informed about the spatial analysis conducted on southern right whales in the Southeast Pacific as part of the implementation of the broad–scale marine spatial planning for marine mammals project (UNEP/Spain/CPPS). Available information on right whales included 172 records from Chile, Peru and the Antarctic Peninsula. Distribution maps showing oceanographic features such as sea surface temperature and depth generated in this first stage were presented.

Participation in the 2nd International Conference on Marine Mammal Protected Areas 7‐10 November 2011, Fort‐de-France, Martinique (ICMMPA)

The presentation “Challenges in addressing marine mammal spatial planning and management in the Eastern Pacific” was made in the Conference Workshop Broad-scale Marine Spatial Planning of Mammal Corridors and Protected Areas in Caribbean and Southeast & Northeast Pacific. The presentation included an overview of biophysical features, marine mammal species, socio-economic issues, and major threats for marine mammals in the region. Identified challenges included the spatial temporal and spatial scales, information availability, countries with different level of development, weak or non-existing legal frameworks for migratory species, lack of political will, little capacity for control and enforcement.

The presentation included a proposal for transboundary management to develop a memorandum of cooperation, or similar not-legally binding instrument, to define policies and promote the conservation and management of marine mammals in the region through an Action Plan. CPPS was also in charge to coordinate the participation of Julian Botero, Pro-tempore Secretary of the Eastern Pacific Corridor and Jorge Jiménez, director of Mar Viva.

8  

Abstract submitted to the 19th Biennial Conference on the biology of marine mammals, organized by the Society for Marine Mammals 27 November-December 2, 2011. The official communication and abstract submitted is shown in Annex 5. The meeting was not attended.

Presentation in the XVIII meeting to the Parties to the Lima Convention. 1st March 2012, Guayaquil, Ecuador. The convention issued the Decision 12 in support of the Project (Annex 6).

Abstract submitted to the Symposium and Workshops Living Whales in the

Southern Ocean. Puerto Varas, Chile, 27-29 March 2012. The workshop was made in the framework of the Australia/IWC Southern Ocean Research Partnership (SORP). The Abstract submitted is shown in Annex 7. The meeting was not attended.

Participation in the workshop UNEP LifeWeb Inter-regional Workshop on Broad-

Scale Marine Spatial Planning and Transboundary management, 21-24 May 2012, Panama. The coordinator made three powerpoint presentations, elaborated a document “Elements to be considered in future activities related tp scenarios on marine mammal management in the East Pacific (ANNEX 8), and facilitated the working group on “Development of conceptual framework for integrated spatial planning and management of human activities impacting marine mammals in the Tropical Eastern Pacific Marine Corridor region with emphasize on EBM-principles and transboundary solutions. Output: roadmap for scenario work between May-Dec 2012”.

V. OUTPUTS The following are the main outputs of the project. A summary is provided in Table 1. 5.1. Mapping and modeling.

Twenty six GIS-based maps were produced during the implementation of this project component, 23 by GRID-Arendal and three by Jessica Redfern from NOAA-SWFSC. Maps includes the following topics: distribution and migration, modeling, density prediction for three species, modeling suitability prediction for five species, human population, shipping and ports, fishing effort, interaction with fisheries, collision, cumulative impacts, and legal instruments that promote marine biodiversity conservation signed. GIS layers are included in a CD with this report.

5.2. Atlas. The document Atlas on distribution, migration routes, critical habitats and threats to large cetaceans in the Eastern Pacific (Atlas sobre distribución, rutas migratorias, hábitats críticos y amenazas para grandes cetáceos en el Pacífico Oriental) was prepared. The 75 pages document includes a description of the project, objectives, scope, methodology, biological and ecological information of five large cetacean species and the maps. The document is by now in Spanish with an executive summary in English. A hard copy of this document is included with this report as well as the digital version.

9  

5.3. Technical reports and presentations Several technical documents were prepared during the implementation of this project in order to diffuse results and activities in different fora. A list of these documents and where they were presented is provided below. These documents are also available from the web site (www.corredoresmarinos.net):

1. CPPS/UNEP. 2011. Informe del Taller regional sobre integración, Mapeo y

Análisis GIS de Rutas Migratorias, Hábitats Críticos y Amenazas para Grandes Cetáceos en el Pacífico Oriental. Salinas, Ecuador 26-28 de mayo 2011.

2. CPPS/UNEP. 2011Regional Workshop on Integration, Mapping and GIS Analysis of Large Cetacean Migration Routes, Critical Habitats and Human Threats in the Eastern Pacific. Salinas, Ecuador 26-28 May 2011.

3. Félix, F. & G. Escobar. 2011. Efforts in developing spatial planning analysis for the southeast pacific right whale (Eubalaena australis). Paper SC/S11/RW21 presented to the IWC Southern Right Whale Assessment Workshop, 13-16 September 2011, Buenos Aires Argentina.

4. Félix, F. 2011. Challenges in marine mammal spatial planning in the Eastern Pacific. Presentation at the 2nd International Conference on Marine Mammal Protected Areas, 7-10 Nvember 2011, Martinique.

5. Félix, F., & J.J. Poussart. 2011. Broad-scale marine spatial planning of marine mammal corridors in the Eastern Pacific. Abstract submitted to the 19th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Tampa, Florida, 26 November-2 December 2011.

6. Félix, F., L.T. Ballance, U.Gonzalez-Peral, R. Hucke-Gaete; L. Nichol, D. M. Palacios, J.N. Poussart, K. Rasmussen, J. Redfern, C. Sheredy, M. Tetley, J. Urbán, R. Williams. 2011. Modeling the habitat of large whale species in the eastern Pacific. Abstract submitted to the Living whales in the Southern Ocean: advances in methods for non-lethal cetacean research, Symposium and workshop. Puerto Varas, Chile, 27-29 March 2012.

7. CPPS/PNUMA. 2012. Atlas sobre distribución, rutas migratorias, hábitats críticos y amenazas para grandes cetáceos en el Pacífico Oriental. Final version submitted with this report.

8. Félix, F. 2012. Elements to be considered in future activities related to scenarios on marine mammal management in the East Pacific. Prepared for the Workshop on Broad-Scale Marine Spatial Planning and Transboundary management, 21-24 May 2012, Panama.

Table 1. Summary of activities os established in the UNEP/CPPS SSFA and level of accomplishment Output Results AccomplishmentGeo-referenced data collated on ecological, biophysical and socio-economic data and area-based management measures related to large MM migration corridors, critical habitats and human impacts in the Southeast and Northeast Pacific region

1. Information on ecological, biophysical, socio-economic,impact, etc. was compiled

2. 16,000 geo-referenced data were compiled through SIBIMAP

100%

Regional expert workshop on data integration and mapping

Workshop in May 2011 in Ecuador. Participants included 19 researchers and

100%

10  

technicians from 17 institutions from Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and USA.

Life-web ad-hoc data and mapping working group on MM migration and human impacts in Southeast and Northeast Pacific established

Established during the regional workshop and contributed with comments, photographs and advice

100%

Results of GIS-analysis on MM migration corridors, human threats, and existing area-based management measures available for planning

26 maps have been generated on distribution, migration routes, bycatch, ship strikes, cumulative impact, MPA, habitat modelling.

100%

Expert review of outputs with recommendations on final products

Inputs were received from the ad-hoc working group and by three independent reviewers (peer review)

100%

Input to Lifeweb strategic communication products and policy paper*

1. Presentations, technical reports and abstracts in six relevant fora (IWC, MMS, ICMMPA, Lifeweb, etc)

2. Information and photographs for fact sheets

100%

Project communication products disseminated to relevant fora and target audience

1. Web site: project objectives and scope, 31 maps, fact sheets on five large whales in the Eastern Pacific, 22 documents and presentations.

2. Atlas on large cetaceans in the Eastern Pacific.

100%

Technical advice provided to project partners and target audience

1. Reports and presentations in relevant fora (ICMMPA, IWC, Lifeweb meetings, etc.)

2. Lima Convention CoP Decision N°12 of the Parties to the Lima Convention (March 2012) supporting the project.

3. Proposal on marine mammals management to be included in CPPS countries Ministries of Foreign Affairs declaration (August 2012).

100%

*The police paper is being elaborated by Dr. Randall Reeves in contract with UNEP. VI. CHALLENGES 1) Major challenges for the implementing the project are related with information

availability (data gaps), the different sources and methodology used to capture data, the different platforms and the uneven research effort deployed. These constraints limited the type of analysis when modeling and introduce some bias that has not been complete assessed. However, the use of the Maxent model which requires presence-only data was useful to surpass most problems caused

11  

by data heterogeneity. Notwithstanding bias still persist. A discussion on the topic is presented in the Atlas.

2) The spatial temporal and spatial scales are also relevant challenges that we

addressed because they are directly related with management measures. This is a relevant topic in the case of highly mobile marine mammals because migration timing although predictable is highly complex, breeding areas of north and south populations overlap, and in the case of non-migratory cetaceans, they are also able to conduct large-scales movements in a non-regular fashion in response to changing environment conditions. Therefore, management of these species will probably require species-specific measures.

3) The representation of the migrating process in the maps with geo-referenced data

was difficult because the migration is a complex process and related with breeding state, food availability and other environment variables not well known yet. Another aspect difficult to represent in maps was fishing effort. Countries in general do not have good records of fishing vessels, particularly artisanal boats, neither fishing gear. Therefore the representation of this issue probably is highly biased.

4) Most information on marine mammals in the Eastern Pacific countries is produced

by NGO and independent researchers; only in Chile and Mexico research is conducted mainly by Universities. This has implications in both accessing information and validation of the results by national institutions.

5) There is a lack of knowledge on marine mammals biology and ecology among

governmental officers which difficult to internalise the topic within national institutions agenda. Topics as bycatch and ship strikes are practically unknown for governmental officers and authorities.

VII. LESSONS LEARNED 1) The participation of an intergovernmental organization such as CPPS as the

regional coordination office ensured the involvement of national institutions in the project. It also provides a neutral framework for collaboration.

2) There are regulations on marine mammals in almost every country in the region but little management. Threats caused by human activities are poorly known and usually not reported. In general there is a false sense of security that whales are safe.

3) Data owners (researchers) were willing to participate and got engaged in the

project once they understood the scope of the project and mechanisms for exchange data were created.

VIII. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 1) The modeling work done in implementation of this component is unprecedented

because the extensive coverage area. In this work used the most modern GIS tools available for modeling and mapping. Although improvements can be made regarding visualization, the results of modeling cannot be improved without a significant amount of new data, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction in the Southeast Pacific. This information may not be available in years, and probably it will demand of greater efforts to put satellite tags to the whales.

12  

2) The fifth component of the project proposes the development of management scenarios. Based on the information obtained at this stage it is difficult to envision scenarios where no urgent problem was identified. Although maps show the need for a transboundary approach management for these species, it is recommended that future activities focus on two threats: fishing interactions and collisions. It is suggested that the last part of this project includes training on risk analysis to address specifically these issues.

3) The working group in Panama1 (May 2012) suggested downscale the project and

focus on one species, the humpback whale in the breeding areas of the Eastern Pacific. Major reasons to downscale the project is because this species is coastal and therefore best known, is more affected by human threats particularly fishing activities, and in most countries of the Eastern Pacific there are whale watching programs on this species. Therefore, countries will be more interested in management issues on whales that are providing socio-economic benefits for them.

4) Addressing transboundary issues of whales jointly with relevant conventions CBD,

CMS and IWC. There are some processes within these Conventions for which the information produced in this project is of particular relevance, e.g. the CBD initiative to describe areas of ecologically and biologically significance (EBSA).

5) The involvement of national institutions on marine research is key to continue the process of diffusion and discussions on the necessity of transboundary management. Key messages still need to be prepared.

6) The atlas is a complete document with information on biology, ecology, biophysical, legal, etc. It is recommended its translation to English for diffusion. From the information contained in the atlas other sub-products can be prepared, e.g. fact sheets, maps, etc.

7) One important topic of discussion in the meeting in Panama was the necessity to

combine different layers of data on both marine biodiversity and oceanographic features. Therefore, GIS base layers on distribution and modelling obtained in the implementation of this project component should be available for other analysis.

.

                                                            1 Workshop report of the Panama meeting is not responsibility of CPPS but the UNEP regional office in Panama, therefore it is not included as an output of the UNEP-CPPS SSFA.

13  

ANNEX 1 REGIONAL COORDINATOR CONTRACT

CONTRATO DE PRESTACION DE SERVICIOS PROFESIONALES

CLAUSULA PRIMERA: INTERVINIENTES: En la ciudad de Guayaquil, a 21 días del mes de febrero de 2011, comparecen por una parte el Sr. Almirante (r) Héctor Soldi Soldi, Secretario General de la Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur (CPPS), en su calidad de Secretario Ejecutivo del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste, a quien en adelante se denominará “EL CONTRATANTE”, y el Dr. Fernando Félix Grijalva, a quien se denominará “EL CONSULTOR”, quienes por sus propios derechos convienen en celebrar el siguiente Contrato de Prestación de Servicios Profesionales, en los términos y condiciones siguientes: CLÁUSULA SEGUNDA: ANTECEDENTES En seguimiento a la Decisión N° 11 de la XVII Reunión de la Autoridad General del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste, llevada a cabo en Quito, Ecuador el 26 de noviembre de 2010, la Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur, celebró el día 8 de febrero de 2011, un Acuerdo de Cooperación Técnica con el Programa de la Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), con la finalidad de proceder a la implementación y coordinación del componente 1 del proyecto LifeWeb Marine Mammal & Marine Spacial Plannig: (Integración Mapeo y Análisis GIS de datos sobre rutas migratorias de mamíferos marinos, hábitats críticos y amenazas antropogénicas, en las regiones Pacífico Sudeste y Pacífico Norteste). Hechas las consultas a los Puntos Focales Nacionales del Plan de Acción mediante la CIRCULAR SG/CPPS/PA/006/2011 enviada con fecha febrero 24 de 2011, se designa al Sr. Fernando Félix Grijalva, Biólogo Marino y doctor en Ciencias biológicas, en consideración a su amplia experiencia en investigación científica de mamíferos marinos y dilatada trayectoria en la coordinación de proyectos en el marco del Plan de Acción del Pacífico Sudeste. CLÁUSULA TERCERA: OBJETO El CONTRATANTE contrata al CONSULTOR, para que efectúe la Coordinación del Proyecto LifeWeb Marine Mammal & Marine Spacial Plannig, que será implementado por la Oficina de Coordinación Regional del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste. CLÁUSULA CUARTA: FUNCIONES Y ACTIVIDADES El CONSULTOR deberá desarrollar las siguientes funciones:

14  

A) Elaborar un inventario e integrar información ecológica, biofísica y socio económica, como de las medidas de manejo existentes relativas a los corredores de migración de grandes mamíferos marinos, hábitats críticos e impactos antropogénicos en las regiones del Pacífico Sudeste y Nordeste.

B) Proveer apoyo técnico de Secretaría para el grupo de trabajo de datos y mapeo sobre migración de mamíferos marinos e impactos antropogénicos en el Pacífico Sudeste y Pacífico Nordeste, identificar e incorporar expertos relevantes en planificación marina de las regiones mencionadas.

C) Organizar un taller regional de agencias nacionales y organizaciones en el Pacífico Sudeste y Pacífico Nordeste, socios del proyecto y el PNUMA para facilitar la integración y mapeo de datos.

D) Organizar una consulta técnica con expertos y planificadores para revisar los logros de los puntos A – C.

E) Proporcionar insumos técnicos para el desarrollo de productos estratégicos de comunicación, sitio web del proyecto, material de difusión y un documento de política sobre la migración de mamíferos marinos y manejo transfronterizo y gobernanza, en colaboración con los socios del proyecto y PNUMA.

F) Contribuir a la difusión de los productos y logros del proyecto en foros relevantes. G) Articular el proyecto de corredores marinos para mamíferos marinos con otras

iniciativas similares en ejecución por parte de la CPPS. H) Proveer asesoría técnica a los socios del proyecto y a la audiencia objetivo, incluyendo

presentaciones y consultas en reuniones intergubernamentales, como apropiado. CLAUSULA QUINTA: SUPERVISIÓN DE LA CONSULTORÍA El Secretario General de la CPPS, con el apoyo del Coordinador Regional del Plan de Acción, supervisarán el desarrollo de las actividades del proyecto y a la vez, proveerán las facilidades de infraestructura, apoyo logístico, administrativo y de equipamiento al “CONSULTOR” para el desarrollo de sus funciones. CLÁUSULA SEXTA: DURACIÓN DEL CONTRATO La duración del presente contrato es de 12 meses contados desde su firma. “EL CONTRATANTE” podrá dar por terminado el presente contrato por incumplimiento del CONSULTOR, por deficiencias detectadas en el trabajo, por razones de fuerza mayor, o por decisión de las partes, comunicado con 15 días de anticipación. CLÁUSULA SÉPTIMA: TIPO DE CONTRATO Las partes convienen que la ejecución de las actividades de la consultoría, se realizará bajo la modalidad a “medio tiempo” o a “tiempo parcial”. CLÁUSULA OCTAVA: MONTO Y PRESUPUESTO El monto total designado para la ejecución de este contrato es de US $ 20,000.00 (veinte mil dólares).

15  

CLÁUSULA NOVENA: PAGOS El monto total será cancelado en 12 pagos mensuales de US $1,666.67 (mil seiscientos sesenta y seis dólares, con sesenta y siete centavos). CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA: EXCLUSION DE BENEFICIOS No existiendo relación de dependencia y dada la naturaleza del presente contrato el “CONTRATANTE” no asume ninguna obligación laboral con relación al “CONSULTOR”. En consecuencia, no tendrá derecho a ningún beneficio económico, ni el pago correspondiente a horas suplementarias y extraordinarias, ni pago de aportes a alguna institución de seguridad social, ni cualquier retribución correspondiente a una vinculación de naturaleza laboral. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA PRIMERA: DERECHOS DE AUTOR Los derechos de autor de propiedad intelectual y todos los derechos de cualquier naturaleza producidos en el marco de este contrato, serán entregados a la CPPS. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA SEGUNDA: LEGISLACION APLICABLE El “CONSULTOR” deberá obedecer todas las leyes locales de la República del Ecuador, incluyendo aquellas que hacen respetar las políticas, sociales y laborales. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA TERCERA: SOLUCIÓN DE CONTROVERSIAS, JURISDICCIÓN Y COMPETENCIA Negociaciones directas: Cualquier duda o ambigüedad en la interpretación de las cláusulas anteriores o cualquier asunto no determinado en el presente contrato, será resuelto de común acuerdo entre las Partes, en forma amistosa, de buena fe, mediante negociaciones directas informales. Arbitraje: De no existir entendimiento después de 20 días desde el inicio de las negociaciones directas (condición que se entenderá cumplida cuando una de las partes rechace por escrito la reclamación de la otra), las partes acuerdan someter las controversias al sistema de arbitraje y al centro de Arbitraje y Mediación de la Cámara de Comercio de Guayaquil de conformidad con el procedimiento previsto en la ley de Arbitraje y Medicación y al reglamento de dicho centro y las siguientes normas: 1. En materia sustancial las partes se someterán a las normas establecidas en la

legislación ecuatoriana. 2. El tribunal decidirá en derecho. 3. Las partes renuncian a la jurisdicción ordinaria, se obligan a acatar el laudo que

expida el tribunal arbitral y se someterán a no interponer ningún recurso contra el laudo arbitral.

4. El Tribunal Arbitral estará conformado por un árbitro quien resolverá en derecho. 5. El procedimiento arbitral será confidencial.

16  

6. El lugar de arbitraje será las instalaciones del Centro de Arbitraje y Mediación de la Cámara de Comercio de Guayaquil.

CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA CUARTA: ACEPTACIÓN En constancia de su aceptación y conformidad, las partes ratifican todas y cada una de las cláusulas que anteceden, sin reserva de ninguna clase, por así convenir a sus intereses, para constancia de lo cual firman el presente contrato por duplicado. CONTRATANTE CONSULTOR

HÉCTOR SOLDI SOLDI Secretario General CPPS Ejecutivo Plan de Acción del Pacífico Sudeste

DR. FERNANDO FÉLIX GRIJALVA C.I. 1703874204

Fecha: __________________________ Fecha: _______________________________

17  

CONTRACT MR. ALFREDO LOOR CONTRATO DE PRESTACION DE SERVICIOS PROFESIONALES CLAUSULA PRIMERA: INTERVINIENTES: En la ciudad de Guayaquil, a 18 días del mes de marzo de 2011, comparecen por una parte el Sr. Almirante (r) Héctor Soldi Soldi, Secretario General de la Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur (CPPS), en su calidad de Secretario Ejecutivo del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste, a quien en adelante se denominará “EL CONTRATANTE”, y el Sr. Alfredo Gabriel Loor Mera, ecuatoriano, mayor de edad, portador de la cédula de identidad número 0926434150, a quien se denominará “EL CONTRATADO”, quienes por sus propios derechos convienen en celebrar el siguiente Contrato de Prestación de Servicios Profesionales, en los términos y condiciones siguientes: CLÁUSULA SEGUNDA: ANTECEDENTES La Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur a través de la Oficina de Coordinación Regional del Plan de Acción del Pacífico Sudeste está implementando el componente 1 del proyecto LifeWeb Marine Mammal & Marine Spacial Plannig (PNUMA/España/CPPS) (Integración Mapeo y Análisis GIS de datos sobre rutas migratorias de mamíferos marinos, hábitats críticos y amenazas antropogénicas, en las regiones Pacífico Sudeste y Pacífico Nordeste) y actualizando el Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad Marina y Áreas Protegidas del Pacífico Sudeste SIBIMAP (UNESCO/COI/Flanders/CPPS) . La primera etapa del proyecto contempla la búsqueda y sistematización de información relativa a la presencia de mamíferos marinos en la región, instrumentos de gestión desarrollados para el manejo de especies altamente migratorias, acuerdos regionales, áreas marinas protegidas de importancia para mamíferos marinos, impacto de actividades humanas, entre otra información relevante. Para cumplir este cometido, se requiere la contratación de una persona con experiencia en organización de bases de datos para alimentar sistemas de información. El CONTRATADO ha venido trabajando como voluntario durante un año en la oficina del Plan de Acción preparando información y bases de datos para SIBIMAP, por lo que su experiencia en este campo será una valiosa contribución al desarrollo del proyecto sobre corredores para mamíferos marinos. CLÁUSULA TERCERA: OBJETO El CONTRATANTE contrata al CONTRATADO, para que asista al Coordinador Regional del Plan de Acción y al Coordinador del Proyecto LifeWeb Marine Mammal & Marine Spacial Plannig, en la colección y sistematización de información en implementación del proyecto. CLÁUSULA CUARTA: FUNCIONES Y ACTIVIDADES El CONTRATADO deberá prestar los siguientes servicios:

I) Extraer información georreferenciada de documentos publicados, informes técnicos, páginas web, etc.

18  

J) Organizar la información extraída en tablas y bases de datos para sistemas de información.

K) Realizar otras actividades relacionadas con la gestión de información y datos según lo requiera el desarrollo del proyecto.

CLAUSULA QUINTA: SUPERVISIÓN DEL TRABAJO El Coordinador Regional del Plan de Acción y el Coordinador del Proyecto, supervisarán el trabajo del CONTRATADO y le asignarán tareas y responsabilidades según se requiera. CLÁUSULA SEXTA: DURACIÓN DEL CONTRATO La duración del presente contrato es de 50 días calendario contados desde su firma. “EL CONTRATANTE” podrá dar por terminado el presente contrato por incumplimiento del CONTRATADO, por deficiencias detectadas en el trabajo, por razones de fuerza mayor, o por decisión de las partes, comunicado con 15 días de anticipación. CLÁUSULA SÉPTIMA: TIPO DE CONTRATO Las Partes convienen que la ejecución de las actividades se realice bajo la modalidad de prestación de servicios, con pagos de acuerdo a los días de trabajo efectivos, en horario de oficina de 8:30-17:30 de lunes a viernes, en las instalaciones del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste ubicado en Av. Carlos J. Arosemena km 3 Edificio Classic Piso 2. CLÁUSULA OCTAVA: REMUNERACION De acuerdo con los requerimientos de “El CONTRATADO” sobre la modalidad del trabajo que va a realizar, las Partes concuerdan que la remuneración diaria por día de trabajo será de US $20.00. CLÁUSULA NOVENA: FORMA DE PAGO El pago se realizará de forma quincenal de acuerdo a los días trabajados, para lo cual el Coordinador del Proyecto se encargará de hacer la liquidación respectiva. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA: EXCLUSION DE BENEFICIOS No existiendo relación de dependencia y dada la naturaleza del presente contrato el “CONTRATANTE” no asume ninguna obligación laboral con relación al “CONTRATADO”. En consecuencia, no tendrá derecho a ningún beneficio económico, ni el pago correspondiente a horas suplementarias y extraordinarias, ni pago de aportes a alguna institución de seguridad social, ni cualquier retribución correspondiente a una vinculación de naturaleza laboral. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA PRIMERA: DERECHOS DE AUTOR Los derechos de autor de propiedad intelectual y todos los derechos de cualquier naturaleza producidos en el marco de este contrato, serán entregados al Plan de Acción del Pacífico Sudeste. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA SEGUNDA: LEGISLACION APLICABLE

19  

El “CONTRATADO” deberá obedecer todas las leyes locales de la República del Ecuador, incluyendo aquellas que hacen respetar las políticas, sociales y laborales. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA TERCERA: SOLUCIÓN DE CONTROVERSIAS, JURISDICCIÓN Y COMPETENCIA Negociaciones directas: Cualquier duda o ambigüedad en la interpretación de las cláusulas anteriores o cualquier asunto no determinado en el presente contrato, será resuelto de común acuerdo entre las Partes, en forma amistosa, de buena fe, mediante negociaciones directas informales. Arbitraje: De no existir entendimiento después de 20 días desde el inicio de las negociaciones directas (condición que se entenderá cumplida cuando una de las partes rechace por escrito la reclamación de la otra), las partes acuerdan someter las controversias al sistema de arbitraje y al centro de Arbitraje y Mediación de la Cámara de Comercio de Guayaquil de conformidad con el procedimiento previsto en la ley de Arbitraje y Medicación y al reglamento de dicho centro y las siguientes normas:

1. En materia sustancial las partes se someterán a las normas establecidas en la legislación ecuatoriana.

2. El tribunal decidirá en derecho. 3. Las partes renuncian a la jurisdicción ordinaria, se obligan a acatar el laudo que

expida el tribunal arbitral y se someterán a no interponer ningún recurso contra el laudo arbitral.

4. El Tribunal Arbitral estará conformado por un árbitro quien resolverá en derecho.

5. El procedimiento arbitral será confidencial. 6. El lugar de arbitraje será las instalaciones del Centro de Arbitraje y Mediación

de la Cámara de Comercio de Guayaquil. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA CUARTA: ACEPTACIÓN En constancia de su aceptación y conformidad, las partes ratifican todas y cada una de las cláusulas que anteceden, sin reserva de ninguna clase, por así convenir a sus intereses, para constancia de lo cual firman el presente contrato por duplicado, en la ciudad de Guayaquil, a los dieciocho días del mes de marzo de 2011.

CONTRATANTE CONTRATADO

HÉCTOR SOLDI SOLDI Secretario General CPPS y Secretario Ejecutivo Plan de Acción del Pacífico

Sudeste

ALFREDO GABRIEL LOOR MERA (C.I. 0926434150

20  

CONTRACT MISS GABRIELA ESCOBAR

CONTRATO DE PRESTACION DE SERVICIOS PROFESIONALES CLAUSULA PRIMERA: INTERVINIENTES: En la ciudad de Guayaquil, a 4 días del mes de julio de 2011, comparecen por una parte el Sr. Almirante (r) Héctor Soldi Soldi, Secretario General de la Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur (CPPS), en su calidad de Secretario Ejecutivo del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste, a quien en adelante se denominará “EL CONTRATANTE”, y la Srta. María Gabriela Escobar Franco, ecuatoriana, mayor de edad, portadora de la cédula de identidad número 0926355983, a quien se denominará “EL CONTRATADO”, quienes por sus propios derechos convienen en celebrar el siguiente Contrato de Prestación de Servicios Profesionales, en los términos y condiciones siguientes: CLÁUSULA SEGUNDA: ANTECEDENTES La Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur a través de la Oficina de Coordinación Regional del Plan de Acción del Pacífico Sudeste está implementando el componente 1 del proyecto LifeWeb Marine Mammal & Marine Spacial Plannig (PNUMA/España/CPPS) (Integración Mapeo y Análisis GIS de datos sobre rutas migratorias de mamíferos marinos, hábitats críticos y amenazas antropogénicas, en las regiones Pacífico Sudeste y Pacífico Nordeste) y actualizando el Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad Marina y Áreas Protegidas del Pacífico Sudeste SIBIMAP (UNESCO/COI/Flanders/CPPS) . La primera etapa del proyecto contempla la búsqueda y sistematización de información relativa a la presencia de mamíferos marinos en la región, instrumentos de gestión desarrollados para el manejo de especies altamente migratorias, acuerdos regionales, áreas marinas protegidas de importancia para mamíferos marinos, impacto de actividades humanas, entre otra información relevante. Para cumplir este cometido, se requiere la contratación de una persona con experiencia en organización de bases de datos para alimentar sistemas de información. El CONTRATADO ha venido trabajando en la oficina del Plan de Acción preparando información y bases de datos para SIBIMAP, por lo que su experiencia en este campo será una valiosa contribución al desarrollo del proyecto sobre corredores para mamíferos marinos. CLÁUSULA TERCERA: OBJETO El CONTRATANTE contrata al CONTRATADO, para que asista al Coordinador Regional del Plan de Acción y al Coordinador del Proyecto LifeWeb Marine Mammal & Marine Spacial Plannig, en la colección y sistematización de información en implementación del proyecto. CLÁUSULA CUARTA: FUNCIONES Y ACTIVIDADES El CONTRATADO deberá prestar los siguientes servicios:

L) Extraer información georreferenciada de documentos publicados, informes técnicos, páginas web, etc.

21  

M) Organizar la información extraída en tablas y bases de datos para sistemas de información.

N) Realizar otras actividades relacionadas con la gestión de información y datos según lo requiera el desarrollo del proyecto.

CLAUSULA QUINTA: SUPERVISIÓN DEL TRABAJO El Coordinador Regional del Plan de Acción y el Coordinador del Proyecto, supervisarán el trabajo del CONTRATADO y le asignarán tareas y responsabilidades según se requiera. CLÁUSULA SEXTA: DURACIÓN DEL CONTRATO La duración del presente contrato es de 60 días calendario contados desde su firma. “EL CONTRATANTE” podrá dar por terminado el presente contrato por incumplimiento del CONTRATADO, por deficiencias detectadas en el trabajo, por razones de fuerza mayor, o por decisión de las partes, comunicado con 15 días de anticipación. CLÁUSULA SÉPTIMA: TIPO DE CONTRATO Las Partes convienen que la ejecución de las actividades se realice bajo la modalidad de prestación de servicios, con pagos de acuerdo a los días de trabajo efectivos, en horario de oficina de 8:30-17:30 de lunes a viernes, en las instalaciones del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste ubicado en Av. Carlos J. Arosemena km 3 Edificio Classic Piso 2. CLÁUSULA OCTAVA: REMUNERACION De acuerdo con los requerimientos de “El CONTRATADO” sobre la modalidad del trabajo que va a realizar, las Partes concuerdan que la remuneración diaria por día de trabajo será de US $20.00. CLÁUSULA NOVENA: FORMA DE PAGO El pago se realizará de forma quincenal de acuerdo a los días trabajados, para lo cual el Coordinador del Proyecto se encargará de hacer la liquidación respectiva. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA: EXCLUSION DE BENEFICIOS No existiendo relación de dependencia y dada la naturaleza del presente contrato el “CONTRATANTE” no asume ninguna obligación laboral con relación al “CONTRATADO”. En consecuencia, no tendrá derecho a ningún beneficio económico, ni el pago correspondiente a horas suplementarias y extraordinarias, ni pago de aportes a alguna institución de seguridad social, ni cualquier retribución correspondiente a una vinculación de naturaleza laboral. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA PRIMERA: DERECHOS DE AUTOR Los derechos de autor de propiedad intelectual y todos los derechos de cualquier naturaleza producidos en el marco de este contrato, serán entregados al Plan de Acción del Pacífico Sudeste.

22  

CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA SEGUNDA: LEGISLACION APLICABLE El “CONTRATADO” deberá obedecer todas las leyes locales de la República del Ecuador, incluyendo aquellas que hacen respetar las políticas, sociales y laborales. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA TERCERA: SOLUCIÓN DE CONTROVERSIAS, JURISDICCIÓN Y COMPETENCIA Negociaciones directas: Cualquier duda o ambigüedad en la interpretación de las cláusulas anteriores o cualquier asunto no determinado en el presente contrato, será resuelto de común acuerdo entre las Partes, en forma amistosa, de buena fe, mediante negociaciones directas informales. Arbitraje: De no existir entendimiento después de 20 días desde el inicio de las negociaciones directas (condición que se entenderá cumplida cuando una de las partes rechace por escrito la reclamación de la otra), las partes acuerdan someter las controversias al sistema de arbitraje y al centro de Arbitraje y Mediación de la Cámara de Comercio de Guayaquil de conformidad con el procedimiento previsto en la ley de Arbitraje y Medicación y al reglamento de dicho centro y las siguientes normas:

1. En materia sustancial las partes se someterán a las normas establecidas en la legislación ecuatoriana.

2. El tribunal decidirá en derecho. 3. Las partes renuncian a la jurisdicción ordinaria, se obligan a acatar el laudo que

expida el tribunal arbitral y se someterán a no interponer ningún recurso contra el laudo arbitral.

4. El Tribunal Arbitral estará conformado por un árbitro quien resolverá en derecho.

5. El procedimiento arbitral será confidencial. 6. El lugar de arbitraje será las instalaciones del Centro de Arbitraje y Mediación

de la Cámara de Comercio de Guayaquil. CLÁUSULA DÉCIMA CUARTA: ACEPTACIÓN En constancia de su aceptación y conformidad, las partes ratifican todas y cada una de las cláusulas que anteceden, sin reserva de ninguna clase, por así convenir a sus intereses, para constancia de lo cual firman el presente contrato por duplicado, en la ciudad de Guayaquil, a los dieciocho días del mes de marzo de 2011.

CONTRATANTE CONTRATADO

HÉCTOR SOLDI SOLDI Secretario General CPPS y Secretario Ejecutivo Plan de Acción del Pacífico

Sudeste

MARÍA GABRIELA ESCOBAR FRANCO (C.I. 0926355983)

23  

ANNEX 2 CONTRAT WITH GRID-ARENDAL

AGREEMENT

Between

The Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (CPPS), Executive Secretariat of the Plan of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the Southeast Pacific, having its office at Km 2,5 Carlos J. Arosemena Av, Classic Bld. Floor 2, Guayaquil, Ecuador, Tel +593-4222 1202, Fax +593-4222 1201

and GRID-Arendal, Postboks 183, N-4802 Arendal, Norway, Tel +47 47 64 45 55, Fax: +47 37 03 50 50 The budget in Annex I is an integral part of this agreement Under the terms of this Agreement, it is hereby agreed that: CPPS and GRID-Arendal shall collaborate to implement the Component 1: integration, mapping and GIS analysis of data on large marine mammal migration routes, critical habitats and human threats in the Southeast & Northeast Pacific regions, of the project “Broad-scale marine spatial planning of mammal corridors & Protected Areas in Wider Caribbean & Southeast & Northeast Pacific”. Project objectives: Under the auspices of the Spain-UNEP Partnership for the LifeWeb Initiative, and specifically to support implementation of the project on Marine Mammal Corridors and Spatial Planning in Latin America and Caribbean, the objectives of this project component are: (1) Provide an overview of essential habitats and regional-scale migration routes for marine mammals in need of better management in Southeast and Northeast Pacific, Wider Caribbean and adjacent regions through collation and GIS-mapping of existing data, including socio-economic information; (2) Introduce integrated planning approaches, including providing technical guidance, regional training and learning exchanges on marine spatial planning, MMPA networks design, transfer of skills, tools and good practices on transboundary governance and equitable sharing of MMPA benefits; (3) Apply integrated marine spatial planning and management approaches and tools in two demonstration projects (Southeast and Northeast Pacific Region & Wider Caribbean) that showcase different stages of planning for the management of critical marine mammal habitats and migration routes across jurisdictional boundaries involving local planners, scientists and decision-makers from relevant line-ministries; (4) Develop strategic communication products to ‘Make the Case’ for integrated, transboundary management of marine mammal migration routes and critical habitats; (5) Promote the implementation of the two Marine Mammal Action Plans and related instruments in the Wider Caribbean and Southeast and Northeast Pacific via collaborative initiatives, sub-regional and inter-regional science-policy dialogues, consultations with relevant stakeholders in design of transboundary governance and management options, and targeted dissemination of lessons, good practices and strategic information for policy support.

24  

Activities to be carries out by GRID-Arendal with the support of this funding agreement include:

1. Identification and collection of existing data on marine mammals in the Southeast Pacific Region, in collaboration with the CPPS to further develop the Information System on Marine Biodiversity and Protected Areas for the Southeast Pacific; SIBIMAP (http://cpps-int.org/sibimap/), with this newly identified data on selected marine mammals;

2. Selection and aggregation of relevant data with respect to the objectives of the

overall project’s Component 1, extraction of appropriate data in identified sources (publications and databases);

3. Statistical and spatial analysis (GIS) of data on key marine mammal documented presence and abundance, in view of producing maps and synthetic factsheets of their hotspots (habitats) and migration patterns for the Southeast Pacific Region; Aggregation of results with identified and selected existing products for the Northeast Pacific Region.

4. The development of GIS layers depicting various identified and selected socio-

economic data, environmental variables, human threats and relevant regulatory frameworks, in view of associating such data and information to the marine mammal data for analysis, as appropriate and agreed upon with CPPS;

5. Support to CPPS for the planning and execution of one expert workshop on

integration, mapping and GIS analysis of large cetaceans migration routes, critical habitats and human threats in the Eastern Pacific Region;

6. Delivery of all GIS layers and analysis results in adequate format;

7. Production of final maps and fact sheets for selected key species, including

layout design. All activities mentioned above will be implemented in close collaboration with CPPS and UNEP, and will be subject to frequent exchanges on their preparation, progresses, and on the validation of the various necessary steps. Articulation with the experts invited for the technical workshop mentioned in point 4 above will also be sought, through their regular consultation. Expected outputs: This agreement is established for 2011 and for a period of 8 months after the date of signature by the two partners. GRID-Arendal shall submit to CPPS, no later than 31st January 2012:

All data collected and produced, including databases and GIS layers; results of data analysis; final GIS-mapping of marine mammal corridors, habitats and human threats; synthetic outputs and products (fact sheets and maps);

a final report on the implementation of this Agreement; a detailed breakdown of expenditures.

25  

Schedule for payments: Considering the estimated costs presented in Annex I for each of the above activities, CPPS will, with the approval of UNEP, provide GRID-Arendal a financial support amounting to US$17,500. The disbursement of funds will be as follows:

60% upon signature of this Agreement, equaling US$ 10,500.; and 40% at the receipt of the final report, equaling US$ 7,000.

A separate account for any disbursements pertaining to this Agreement will be maintained. If the expenditures are lower than the estimated amount mentioned above, CPPS will pay a balance corresponding to the total of the effective expenditures minus the first payment. Data ownership: All documents, reports and maps produced through the project will be considered as the property of CPPS, UNEP and GRID-Arendal, and all data providers will be acknowledged appropriately. CPPS, UNEP and GRID-Arendal, and potentially others as noted above, will have a copy of all raw and final data produced under this agreement and will be allowed, subject to the permission granted from the data owners, to use them in later projects with the additional consideration that they mention the names in each case of all the partners involved and their respective roles. Bank references Bank references are: Bank Account Name: Sparebanken Sor Bank Account Address: Vesterveien1, 4836, ARENDAL, NORWAY Bank Account nr: 2801 14 78508 Swift Code: AASPN022 IBAN: NO5128011478508 Signatory: Peter Prokosh Correspondence The Agreement name and project account number should be quoted in all correspondences. All correspondence regarding this Agreement between GRID-Arendal and CPPS should be addressed to: GRID-Arendal Mr. Jean-Nicolas Poussart Project manager Postboks 183 N-4802 Arendal Norway Tel: +47-9204 7626 Fax: +47-3703 5050 E-mail : jean-nicolas.poussart@grida.no

26  

CPPS Mr. Fernando Félix Project Coordinator Plan of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the South Pacific Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (CPPS) Km 2.5 Carlos J. Arosemena Av. Classic Bld., Floor 2 Guayaquil, Ecuador Tel : +593-4222 1200 Fax: +593-4222 1201 Email: ffelix@cpps-int.org Resolution of controversies Direct Negotiations: Any doubt or ambiguity in the interpretation of the above provisions or any matter not determined in this contract shall be resolved by mutual agreement between the Parties, in a friendly manner, in good faith, by direct informal negotiations. CPPS, as an international organization with juridical personality is not subject to the jurisdiction of any court, national and international procurement. Annulation and penalties Either party may terminate this Agreement before the expiry date of the Agreement by giving notice in writing to the other party. The period of notice shall be 30 days. In case of no execution or incomplete execution of the activities CPPS could ask GRID-Arendal to reimburse part or totality of the cash advances on a pro rata basis.

______________________ _______________________

Managing Director, GRID-Arendal Executive Secretary, CPPS Peter PROKOSCH Hector Soldi Soldi

Date : __________________ Date: ___________________

27  

ANNEX 3 LIST OF MARINE MAMMAL EXPERTS AND MPA MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC

Name Country Institution E-mail Field of expertise/species

MARINE MAMMALS Rodrigo Hucke Chile Universidad Austral de

Chile rhucke@uach.cl Southeast Pacific Humpback whales and blue whales

Lilián Florez Colombia Fundación Yubarta yubarta@emcali.net.co Humpback whales, human impacts on MM, Godfrey Merlen Ecuador WildAid merlenway@gmail.com Galapagos sperm, blue, Bryde's, humpback whales Ben Haase Ecuador Museo de Ballenas bhaase@ecua.net.ec Southeast Pacific/Galápagos Humpback whales Úrsula González México UABCS ugonz@uabcs.mx Northeast Pacific humpback whales, genetics, Ignacio García Godos Perú CEPEC ag_godos@yahoo.com Southeast Pacific sperm whales Daniel Palacios USA NOAA Daniel.Palacios@noaa.gov galapagos sperm, blue, Bryde & humpback whales Kristin Rassmusen USA/Panama Panacetacea Krill@aol.com; panamakristin@gmail.com Southeast and Northeast Pacific humpback whales Linda Nicols Canada Fisheries and Oceans

Canada linda.nichol@dfo-mpo.gc.ca Northeast Pacific humpback, blue, fin whales

MANAGEMENT/PLANNING Ricardo Meneses Costa Rica ETP Marine Corridor ricardo.meneses@sinac.go.cr management Eugenia Arguedas Costa Rica ETP Marine Corridor eugeniaarguedas@yahoo.com ETP Marine mammal , statial planning Luis Suáreaz Ecuador CI l.suarez@conservation.org Management, planning Francisco Arias Colombia INVEMAR fariasis@invemar.org.co Management, planning Adrián Arias Costa Rica MarViva adrian.arias@marviva.net spatial planning George Shillinger USA Center for Ocean

Solutions georges@stanford.edu spatial planning

Nancy Daves USA NOAA Nancy.Daves@noaa.gov Marine Resources Management Specialist Jean Nicolas Pousart Noruega GRID-Arendal Jean-Nicolas.Poussart@grida.no Spatial planning , Resources Management

PNUMA Alessandra Vanzella avk@cep.unep.org Monika Thiele monika.thiele@unep.org<monika.thiele@unep.org

28  

Helene Souan helene.souan.carspaw@guadeloupe-parcnational.fr

CPPS

Héctor Huerta hhuerta@cpps-int.org Southeast Pacific Regional Coordinator Fernando Félix CPPS ffelix@cpps-int.org Coordinator Marine Mammal Corridor Project/ Southeast

Pacific humpback whales

Geovanni Tapia CPPS gtapia@cpps-int.org spatial planning Magaly Valencia CPPS mvalencia@cpps-int.org spatial planning CPPS SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Álvaro Vicencio Chile DIRECTEMAR avicencio@directemar.cl Management Alberto Fuentes Chile SUBPESCA afuentes@subpesca.cl Management RAMIREZ, Andrea Colombia RAMIREZ, Andrea aramirez@minambiente.gov.co Management GRACIA, Maria Colombia GRACIA, Maria agracia@invemar.org.co Spatial planning ITURRALDE, Gustavo Ecuador ITURRALDE, Gustavo giturralde@ambiente.gob.ec Spatial planning CASTRO, Cristina Ecuador CASTRO, Cristina cristinacastro@pacificwhale.org Southeast Pacific humpback whales JARAMILLO, Yira Perú JARAMILLO, Yira yirada@yahoo.com Biodiversity, marine resources TREJOS, Lissette Perú TREJOS, Lissette ltrejos@arap.gob.pa Biodiversity, marine resources BOUCHON, Marilu Panamá BOUCHON, Marilu mbouchon@imarpe.gob.pe Biodiversity, marine resources VEGA, Delia Panamá VEGA, Delia delisofi@hotmail.com Biodiversity, marine resources

 

29  

ANNEX 4 AGREEMENT ON TERMS OF USE OF DATA AND CONFIDENTIALITY

ACEPTACIÓN DE TÉRMINOS DE USO Y CONFIDENCIALIDAD DE LOS PROVEEDORES INDEPENDIENTES DE DATOS ORIGINALES EN FAVOR DE LA COMISIÓN PERMANENTE DEL PACÍFICO SUR (CPPS)

1. INTRODUCCIÓN La Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur (CPPS) es un organismo intergubernamental de los países del Pacífico Sudeste (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú) que tiene como objetivos, entre otros, promover la conservación de los recursos vivos en la zona marítima de soberanía y jurisdicción de los Estados Partes y fomentar el desarrollo de la investigación científica marina. CPPS es además la Secretaría del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste. En implementación de diferentes instrumentos regionales de gestión, como son el Plan de Acción para la Conservación de los Mamíferos Marinos en el Pacífico Sudeste (1991), el Programa Regional para la Conservación de las Tortugas Marinas (2007) y la Red Regional de Áreas Marinas y Costeras Protegidas (1991), CPPS ha desarrollado el Sistema de Información Regional sobre Biodiversidad Marina y Áreas Marinas Protegidas (SIBIMAP), herramienta en línea que contiene información georeferenciada y bibliográfica sobre cetáceos, tortugas marinas y áreas marinas y costeras protegidas. Este documento establece los procedimientos y condiciones bajo las cuales investigadores independientes contribuyen con datos originales para el sistema de información regional gestionado por CPPS.

2. PROPÓSITO La información proporcionada a CPPS alimentará el sistema de información regional SIBIMAP, a través del cual se generan mapas de distribución de especies para uso público. Adicionalmente, CPPS utilizará la información para desarrollar mapas sobre rutas migratorias, análisis de riesgo, identificación de hábitats críticos y modelación, en el marco del proyecto corredores y hábitats críticos de mamíferos marinos (PNUMA/España/CPPS), el cual ha sido desarrollado para promover la gestión transfronteriza de especies altamente migratorias.

3. TERMINOS DE USO

CPPS se convierte en custodio de los datos proporcionados voluntariamente por el proveedor que ha firmado este documento.

CPPS no utilizará la base de datos de SIBIMAP en publicaciones o productos diferentes a los descritos en el numeral 2 sin el consentimiento de los proveedores de datos.

La contribución de los proveedores de datos será reconocida públicamente por CPPS en todos los productos que se generen a partir de este acuerdo, incluyendo SIBIMAP, mapas, presentaciones en talleres/reuniones, etc.

La información proporcionada por el proveedor debe estar asociada a una cita bibliográfica (artículo científico, informe técnico, libro, etc.), lo que permitirá identificar al proveedor del cada dato.

 

30  

CPPS no se responsabiliza por errores en la información original proporcionada.

4. REQUERIMIENTOS Y FORMATOS PARA LA METADATA ASOCIADA

Información de contacto del proveedor Nombre: Título: Organización: Dirección: Ciudad: País: Teléfono: E-mail: Metadata La siguiente información debe acompañar a los datos: Especie (nombre común y científico) Lugar (área del registro) País Tipo de dato (avistamiento o varamiento) Posición geográfica (de preferencia en coordenadas UTM, datum WGS84) Fecha (año/mes/día) Fuente (referencia bibliográfica completa e informando si se trata de un artículo científico, informe técnico, libro o tesis)

5. APROBACIÓN Estoy de acuerdo con los términos de uso propuestos por CPPS Firma_____________________________ Fecha:

 

31  

ANNEX 5

ABSTRACT SUBMITTED TO THE 19TH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE

 

32  

ANNEX 8

DECISIÓN Nº 122

PROYECTO PLANIFICACIÓN ESPACIAL DE LARGA ESCALA PARA RUTAS MIGRATORIAS Y HÁBITATS CRÍTICOS DE MAMÍFEROS MARINOS EN EL

PACÍFICO ORIENTAL (PNUMA/ESPAÑA)

CONSIDERANDO

Que la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Plan de Acción ha tenido a su cargo la responsabilidad de implementar el Componente 1 del Proyecto Planificación Espacial de Larga Escala para Rutas Migratorias y Hábitats Críticos de Mamíferos Marinos en el Pacífico Oriental (PNUMA/España): integración de datos y mapeo.

Que a través de este proyecto se intenta obtener una visión general de los hábitats esenciales y rutas migratorias a escala regional para mamíferos marinos que necesitan protección en el Pacífico Oriental a través de mapeo de datos con sistemas de información geográfica e introducir un enfoque de planificación espacial transectorial, facilitar los diálogos y consultas con actores relevantes en el diseño de opciones de gestión regionales y transectoriales para la protección de mamíferos marinos migratorios.

Que este proyecto guarda estrecha concordancia con prioridades regionales establecidas en el Plan de Acción para la Conservación de los Mamíferos Marinos del Pacífico Sudeste, en relación a planificación espacial, definición de rutas migratorias y hábitats críticos, gestión de información, y amenazas de orden antrópico.

Que pese a las limitaciones, el sesgo y vacíos de la información existente en la región sobre grandes cetáceos, se ha logrado compilar una importante cantidad de información con la que se ha elaborado mapas de distribución, migración, modelación de hábitat, amenazas y principales actividades socio-económicas.

LA XVIII REUNIÓN DE LA AUTORIDAD GENERAL DECIDE:

1. Instar a la Secretaría Ejecutiva, para que siga apoyando al PNUMA, en la implementación de las siguientes fases del proyecto.

2. Instar a la Secretaría Ejecutiva a promover actividades relacionadas con la planificación espacial de larga escala para grandes cetáceos a fin de evaluar diferentes opciones de gestión y gobernanza.

3. Instar a las instituciones nacionales a utilizar la información generada en este proyecto para la planificación y gestión de mamíferos marinos en la región.

4. Instruir a la Secretaría Ejecutiva a agradecer a los integrantes del grupo regional de trabajo que ha venido apoyando las actividades en implementación del proyecto.

                                                            2 XIII Reunión de la Autoridad General del Plan de Acción para la Protección del Medio Marino y Áreas Costeras del Pacífico Sudeste. 1 de marzo de 2012. Guayaquil, Ecuador. 

 

33  

ANNEX 7

ABSTRACT SUBMITTED TO SYMPOSIUM AND WORKSHOPS THE LIVING WHALES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN

MODELING THE HABITAT OF LARGE WHALE SPECIES IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC Fernando Félix1, Lisa T. Ballance2, Ursula Gonzalez-Peral3, Rodrigo Hucke-Gaete4; Linda Nichol5, Daniel M. Palacios6, Jean-Nicolas Poussart7, Kristin Rasmussen8, Jessica Redfern2, Corey Sheredy2, Michael Tetley9, Jorge Urbán3, Rob Williams10. 1 Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur. Av. C.J. Arosemena km 3 Ed. Classic, Piso 2 Guayaquil, Ecuador. 2 NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center. 3333 N Torrey Pires Court, La Jolla, CA, USA 3 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur. Carretera al Sur Km 5.5 Col. Mezquitito, México. 4 Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas. Universidad Austral de Chile. Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile. 5 Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canadá. 6 NOAA / JIMAR. 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. 7 UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Teaterplassen 3, N-4836, Arendal, Norway. 8 Panacetacea. 376 Ramsey Street, St. Paul, MN 55102. USA. 9 WDCS. Brookfield House. 38 St Paul Street. Chippenham. Wiltshire. SN 15 1LJ, UK 10 University of St. Andrews, St Andrews Fife KY 168LB, UK Habitat modelling of several large whale species are being conducted in the Pacific, a research effort associated with the “Broad–Scale Marine Spatial Planning for Marine Mammal Corridors in the Eastern Pacific (Spain/UNEP/CPPS) Project”. This project aims to provide an overview of essential habitats and regional-scale migration routes for marine mammals in need of protection in the eastern Pacific whilst introducing cross-sectoral spatial planning approaches and management options. Information available for this work has been compiled through a regional information system on marine biodiversity and marine protected areas (SIBIMAP) and includes datasets provided by researchers, and government research and management agencies. We selected five focal species: northeast and southeast populations of humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), the Southeast Pacific population of right whales (Eubalaena australis), and the low-latitude populations of Bryde’s (B. edeni) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). We compiled 11,600 geo-referenced records and conducted habitat modeling using two different approaches: 1) Density prediction modeling used marine mammal survey and ecosystem data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) surveys conducted between 1986 and 2006 in the oceanic eastern tropical Pacific for blue, humpback and Bryde’s whales; 2) Habitat suitability (MaxEnt) used presence-only data and six environmental variables (sea surface temperature, surface salinity, depth, slope, surface chlorophyll a and persistent pelagic surface fronts). This later approach included both northern and southern hemisphere populations. Both modeling approaches show that in most cases areas identified as of highest density matched well with overlapping areas identified as of highest potentially suitable environmental conditions. Sperm, Bryde’s and blue whales are widely distributed in the eastern tropical Pacific with major concentrations in areas of high productivity in both coastal and offshore waters. The distribution of southern right whales and humpback whales is restricted to coastal and mid-depth waters along the continental shelves, even during migration. Biological and socio-economic information is currently processed and integrated to generate distribution maps and fact sheets on migration routes and human threats, with a focus on bycatch and ship strikes, in order to identify hotspots of potential conflict with these activities.

 

34  

ANNEX 8

ELEMENTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN FUTURE ACTIVITIES RELATED TO

SCENARIOS ON MARINE MAMMAL MANAGEMENT IN THE EAST PACIFIC3 Fernando Félix Coordinator of the Marine Mammal Corridors and Critical Habitats Project in the Tropical Eastern Pacific Permanent Commission for the South Pacific Guayaquil, Ecuador www.corredoresmarinos.net 1. Introduction Widely distributed marine mammals represent an enormous management challenge not only because they occur throughout the territories of many countries, but because in most cases their presence is seasonal, which means that a dynamic management approach should be considered. Because they are highly mobile animals, large whales require vast ocean spaces to complete the different phases of their life cycle. Their distribution is not limited to territorial waters nor are their migratory movements exclusively latitudinal, and in many cases these movements are due to specific environmental conditions. Even in species with markedly seasonal migrations and relatively well-known destination sites, such as the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) and southern right whale (Eubalaena australis), there are many information gaps, in particular regarding migratory routes and the manner in which the population is structured. Available information generally comes from specific sites on which research efforts have focused, leaving large areas uncovered. We have even less knowledge on widely distributed ocean species such as the sperm whale and the Bryde's whale since the tracking coverage is more limited, spatially and temporally. The importance of marine mammals within the ecosystem structure is still being debated. Being predators at the top of the food chain, they act as regulators of their prey populations, contribute to evolutionary processes and recycle nutrients, and their carcasses serve as food and substrate to benthic communities when they sink (Katona and Whitehead, 1988). In general, they are good indicators of ecosystem productivity and health because their fatty tissues accumulate organochlorines and other toxic substances. The project "Broad-scale Spatial Planning for Migratory Routes and Critical Marine Mammal Habitats in the East Pacific" provides an opportunity to address a series of issues associated with these species and their interaction with other human activities, and to introduce a transectoral spatial planning approach and facilitate consultations with relevance stakeholders in designing regional and transectoral management options for the protection of migratory marine mammals. 2. Principal threats While whaling activities have decreased considerably and are restricted to certain species whose populations remain healthy or are recovering, incidental mortality in fishing activities, in particular with gill nets, is currently the greatest threat to these mammals worldwide (Real and others, 2006). The East Pacific is no exception, since

                                                            3 Translated By Monica Borobia 

 

35  

important industrial fishing fleets operate in its waters, including tuna fleets in the tropical portion of this region and small pelagic fleets in the Northeast and Southeast Pacific, in addition to intense small-scale fishing. The impact occurs both from direct mortality as well as from indirect factors, since animals that survive interaction are often wounded or mutilated or suffer various types of injuries. Overfishing and competition for marine resources is associated with fishing activities. Although this aspect has not yet been fully evaluated with regard to marine mammals, it is likely to be directly related to the recovery of one-time drastically reduced populations and to have a negative effect in synergy with other threats such as marine pollution (microbiological, chemical, acoustic and nutrient-related); habitat degradation caused by anthropogenic activities, such as port facilities, oil rigs, spills, infrastructure and coastal development; maritime traffic that leads to collisions with animals and introduces noise into the ocean; and irresponsible tourism, among others (Reeves and others, 2003). 3. Elements to be considered in preparing scenarios on management Consultations with experts from the region who participated in a regional workshop in Ecuador in May 2011 (CPPS/UNEP, 2011) and other initiatives in the region on marine spatial planning (Williams and others, 2011) point to the need to consider the following options for scenarios on management relative to large whales in the East Pacific:

- Vision and clear objectives �- Biological and ecological aspects (distribution, migration, food, reproduction,

population structure) - Scales (spatial and temporal) - Alternative uses (direct/indirect, high/low) - Interaction with other human activities (fishing, maritime transport, mariculture,

coast and port development) - Emerging threats (climate change, noise and ocean acidification) - Legal framework and ongoing initiatives

Environmental agreements (regional and global) Other governmental conservation initiatives (e.g., East

Pacific Corridor, marine protected area networks) Regional conservation strategies and action plans Management-tool gaps

- Risks (political, social and economic cost, mismanagement) - Financing �- Concessions (acceptable levels, national development goals)

�4. Goal The goal of the scenario exercise is to attain maximum efficiency, in cost-benefit terms, in managing migratory marine mammals such as large whales. This entails the following:

- Laying the foundations for the transboundary governance of marine mammals, through the definition of responsibilities and the identification of relevant governmental and sectoral stakeholders �

- Reducing to a minimum the impacts of human activities on marine mammals, in terms of mortality, animal well-being and the continued integrity of their critical habitats

- Allowing populations of marine mammals to recover and maintaining optimal population levels over the long term

 

36  

- Encouraging scientific research and integrating information on a regional scale with relevant socio-economic sectors in order to fill existing information gaps �

- Magnifying the economic and ecological benefits provided by marine mammals - Helping to provide the appropriate framework for the management and

continuity of other economic activities �6. Management scenarios The management scenarios to be considered will depend largely on available information and previously defined conservation objectives. There are numerous options, which might range from policy statements of intent to binding legal instruments. Some examples are given below:

1. Policy statements on the intention to protect (identification of migration corridors for marine mammals, critical habitats, nursing areas, food, etc.)

2. Nonbinding regional agreements (memorandum of understanding, regional action plan) to identify courses of action

3. Identification of and joint statement on regional protection areas (marine protected areas, sanctuaries)

6. Principles Conservation principles that are widely accepted and have been adopted by the countries of the region through regional and global instruments should be taken into account.

- Ecosystem approach (maintaining the functional integrity of the ecosystem) �- Precautionary principle (decisions are taken despite a lack of data and the

uncertainty on ecological thresholds) - Ethics - Economic realism - Trust for cooperation between countries as well as between the principal acting

socio-economic sectors - The process takes into account the different uses and threats and evaluates the

concessions that should be made. �8. References CPPS/PNUMA. 2011. Informe del taller regional sobre integración, mapeo y análisis GIS de

rutas migratorias, hábitats críticos y amenazas para grandes cetáceos en el Pacífico oriental. Salinas, Ecuador, 26-28 May 2011. 29 pp.

Katona, S. & Whitehead, H. 1988. Are cetaceans ecologically important? Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 26:553-568.

Read, A.J., Drinke, P. & Northridge, S. 2006. Bycatch of marine mammals in U.S. and global fisheries. Conservation biology 20(1):163-169.

Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo, E. A. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (compilers). 2003. Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002–2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World’s Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC. Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 139pp.

Williams, R., Kaschner, K., Hoyt, E., Reeves, R., & Ashe, E. 2011. Mapping large-scale spatial patterns in cetacean density: preliminary work to inform systematic conservation planning and MPA network design in the northeastern Pacific. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Chippenham, UK, 53pp.

�